Avrupada Kırmızı Tilkilerin (Vulpes Vulpes L)Ağız Yoluyla İmmunizasyonu

Yıl 1998, Cilt: 9 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 35 - 59, 01.06.1998

Thomas Müller Hartmut Schlüter

Öz

Attenüe virus aşısı kullanılarak kırmızı tilkilerin kuduza karşı immunize
edilebilirliğinin prensiplerini gösteren. birçok deneysel çalışmadan
sonra tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu ile ilgili ilk saha çalışması.
1978 yılında İsviçre'de başarıyla yürütülmüştür. Geçmişte yürütülen alışılagelmiş
kuduz kontrol yöntemlerinin aksine attenüe aşıların potansiyel
kullanımı kuduzun kontrolünde yeni bir perspektif sunar görünmektedir.
Bundan sonra tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu modifiye canlı aşıların
bait üretim sistemlerinin , aşılama stratejilerinin ve bait dağıtımı geliştirilmesi
ile ilgili uluslararası araştırmalardaki yoğun çabalardan dolayı
Avrupa'da kuduzun kontrolunde seçilen bir metot olarak gelişmiştir. Dünya
Sağlık Örgütü ve Avrupa Birliği tarafından desteklenen uluslararası bir
işbirliğinin sonucu olarak, tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu uygulamasının katılan ülkelerede kuduzun insidansı belirgin şekilde düşmüştür.
Vahşi hayvanlardaki hastalık kontrolüne yönelik bu modern yöntem, temel
alınarak tilkilerdeki kuduzun yakın bir gelecekte elemine edileceği tahmin
edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte son yıllarda muhtelif Avrupa ülkelerinde aşılama stratejilerindeki eksiklik ve maddi imkanlar nedeniyle kuduz insidansında
çok az bir artış görülmüştür. Bu deneyimler göstermektedir ki tilkilerin
ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu ile kuduzun tamamen eradikasyonu
tahmin edilenden daha uzun sürmekte ve daha komplike olmaktadır. Bu
sorunların çözülmesinde gelecekte uluslararası işbirliği (kontrol programları
ve araştırmaya yönelik) son derece önemli olup, Avrupa'daki vahşi hayvanlardaki
kuduzun eradikasyonu için tilkilerin oral yolla immunizasyonu amacına ulaşılması için güçlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etlik Veterinerlik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Avrupa, Kırmızı Tilki, Ağız Yolu, İmmunizalosyon

Oral immunization of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes L) in Europe - A Review-

Öz

Many experimental studies showeel the principle possibility of
immunizing red foxes against rabies using attenuated virus vaccines. The
first field trial concerning oral immunization of foxes (OIF) against rabies
was successfully carried out in Switzerland in 1978. In contrast to
conventional rnethods of rabies control conducted in the past. the potential
use of a tlenuatecl vaccines appeared to offer a new perspective in rabies
control. Since then the OIF has been developed into the method of choice
in rabies control in Europe due to intensive efforts in international research
con cerning iınprovement and further development of modified live virus
vaccines. baiting systems. vaccination strategies. and bait distribution
systems. As a result of international cooperation with support of the World
Healt Organization and the European Union the rabies ineidence has
drastically decreased in OIF -participating countries. It is estimatecl that.
with this modern method of disease control in wildlife. rabies in foxes could
be eliminateel in the near future . However. in recent years, several set-backs
were observed resulting in a slight increase in the rabies incidence of
cer1ain European counties. These were mainly due to lack of funding and
the appliecl vaccination strategies. These experiences indicate that the
complete eradication of rabies virus with OIF is more protracted anel more
complicatecl than originally assumed. In order to solve these problems.
international cooperation (control programmes and research) is of utmost
.importance and needs to be strengthened to reach the aim of OIF. the
eraclication of rabies in wildlife in Europe.

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