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Canli Fakat Kültürü Yapilamayan Bakteriler ve G1da Güvenliği Yönünden Önemi

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1-2, 61 - 74, 01.12.2004

Öz

Bakteriler, uygun olmayan koşullarla karşılaşınca kendilerine özgü bir uyum mekanizması
geliştirirler. Bu koşullarda bakteriler genellikle katı besi yerinde kolani oluşturma yeteneğini kaybederler
fakat canlılıklarını korurlar. Bu duruma mikroorganizmalar için, canlı fakat kültürü yapılamayan
(Viable But Non Culturable, VBNC) hal denir. Soğuğa maruz kalmak ve besin maddelerinin
yokluğu bakterilerin VBNC hale girmelerine neden olan temel faktörlerdir. Çubuk formundaki
Gram negatif bir bakteri VBNC hale girdiğinde kok veya kısa çubuk şekline dönüşmekte ve boyutu
küçülmektedir. Bazı araştırmacılara göre VBNC hale geçmiş olan bakteriler uygun koşullarla karşılaşınca
tekrar kültürü yapılabilir hale geçmektedirler ve bu durum resuscitation olarak adlandirılmaktadır.
VBNC bakteriler arasında gıda güvenliği ve halk sağlığı yönünden önemli olan
Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Vibrio choferae ve Legionella
pneumophila gibi patojen bakteriler yer almaktadır. Son yıllarda VBNC bakteriler ile ilgili yapılan
çalışmalar etkili, pratik ve duyarlılığı yüksek saplama metotlarının geliştirilmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmış
ve bunların neticesinde PCR, DVC (Direct Viable Count) gibi moleküler tekniklerin güvenilir
metotlar oldukları vurgulanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ALEXANDER E, PHAM D, STECK TR (1999). The viable bul- nonculturable candilian is induced by copper in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Appl. Environ . Microbiol. 65: 3754-3756.
  • ALLEIN-AUTIN D, AUSTIN B, COLWELL R R (I 984 ). Surviva/ of A eromonas salmonicida in river water. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 21: 143-146.
  • ARANA L, MUELA A, IRIBERRI J, EGEA L, BARCINA I (1992). Role ofhydrogen peroxide in lass of culturability mediated by visible light in Escherichia coli in freshwater ecosystem. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 3903-3907.
  • ASAKURA H, W AT ARAl M, SHIRAHAT A T, MAKINO S I (2002). Viable but nonculturable Salmonella species recovery and systemic infection in morphine-treated mice. J. Inf. Dis. 186: 15 26- 1529.
  • S. BESNARD V, FEDERIGHI M, CAPPELJER J M (2000). Development of a direct viable count procedure for the investigation of VBNC st ale in Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. MicrobioL 31 : 77-81.
  • BIANCHI A, GIULIANO L (1996). Emtmeration of viable bacteria in the marine pelajik environnıent. Appl. Environ . MicrobioL 62: 174- 177.
  • BINNERUP S J, SoRENSEN J (1993). Longterm oxidant deficiency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA0303 results in cells which are nonculturable under aerobic conditions. FEMS Microbiol. EcoL 13: 79-84.
  • BLOOMFIELD S F, STEWART G S A B, DODD C E R, BOOTH I R, POWER E G M (I 998). The viable but non-culturab/e phenomenon explained? Microbiol. 144: 1 -3.
  • BOGOSIAN G, MORRIS P J L, O'NEIL J P (1 998). A mixed culture recove1y method indicates that enieric bacteria do not enter the viab/e bul nonculturable state. Appl. Environ. MicrobioL 64: 1736-1742.
  • BRAYTON P R, TAMPLIN M L, HUQ A, COLWELL R R (1987). Enumeration of Vibrio cholerae O I in Bangladesh waters by fluorescentantibody direct viable count. Appl. Environ . Microbiol. 53: 2862-2865.
  • BUTTON D K, SCHUT F, QUANG P, MARTIN R, ROBERTSON B R ( 1993).Viability and isolation of marine bacteria by dilution culture :theory,procedures, and initial results. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 881 -891.
  • BYRD J J, COLWELL R R (1990). Maintenance of plasmids pBR322 and pUC8 in nonculturable Escherichia coli in the marine environınent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2104-2107.
  • CHOC J, KIM S J (1999). Green flourescent protein based dirct viable count to verify a viable but non-culturable state of Salmonella Typhi in enviromental samples. J. Microbiol. Met. 36: 227- 235.
  • CHOWDHURY MAR, RA YEL J, HILL R T, HUQ A, COLWELL R R (1994). Physiology and molecular genetics of viable but nonculturable microorganisms. 105-122. In :. M. Levi n, C. Grim, and J. Scott Angle eds. Biotechnology Risk Assesment: USEPA/USDA Environment Canada,. University ofMaryland, College Park, Maryland.
  • COLWELL R R, BRAYTON P R, GRIMES D J , ROSZAK D B, HUG S A, PALMER L M ( 1985). Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae and relaled palhogens in the environment implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Bio/Technology. 3: 817-820. In: THOLOZAN J L, CAPPELIER J M, TISSIER J P, DELATTRE G, FEDERIGHI M (1999). Physiological characterization of viable but nonculturable Campylobacter jejumi cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(3): 1110-1116.
  • COLWELL R R, TAMPLIN ML, BRAYTON P R, TAVGENS AL, TALL B D, HERRINGTON D, LEVINE M M, HALL S, HUG A, SACK DA ( 1 990). Environmemal aspecls ol Vibrio cholerae in transmission of cholerae. p.327-343. In: R. B. Sack and R. Zinnaki eds. Advances on cholera and related diarrheas. Yol: 7, KTK. Scientific, Tokyo, Japan .
  • COLWELL R R, HUQ H (1994). Vibrios in the environmenl: viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae, 117-133. In: I. K. Wachsmıth, ·o. Olsvik and P. A. Blake eds. Yibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM. Washington D.C.
  • COLWELL R R, BRAYTON P, HERINGTON D, T ALL B, HUQ A, LEVINE M M ( 1996) Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O 1 revert to a cultivable state in the human inlestine. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 12: 28-31. In: CARO A. GOT P, LESNE J, BINARD S, BALEUX B ( 1999). Viability and virıt!ence of experimenlally slressed noncu/turab/e Salmonella Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(7): 3229-3232.
  • COLWELL R R (2000). Bacterial death revisited. p.325-342 . In: Colwell, R. R. and D. J. Grimes eds. Nonculturable ınicroorganisnıs in the environment ASM Press, Washington D.C.
  • FAUCHERE J L, ROSENAU A, VERON M, MOYEN E N, RICHARD S, PFISTER A ( 1986). Association with HeLa cells ol Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces. lnfect. Immun. 54: 283-287.
  • FORDHAM W D, GILVARG C (1974). Kinetics of crass-linking peptidoglycan in Bacillus megaterium. J. Biol. Cheın. 259:2478-2482.
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Viable But Non Culturable Bacteries and Their lmportance For Food Safety

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1-2, 61 - 74, 01.12.2004

Öz

When bacteries are exposed to conditions that are not suitable for growing, they
present an adaptalian strategy. The bacteries in such unsuitable conditions generally lose their
growing abilities in culture media but they are still living. This is called, ''viable but non culturable
., (VB N C) st at e for microorganisms. Cold and law nutrien conditions, are the main factors for
the bacteries to enter the VBNC state. When rod shaped Gram negative bacteries enter the VBNC
stale, they acquire a coccal or very short rod morphology and reduced in size. For same investigators,
when VBNC state bacteries are exposed to suitable conditions for growing, they become culturable again, this is called ''resuscitation ". Inside the VBNC same foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Vibrio cholerae and Legionella pneumophila are playing significant role in food safety and pubfic health. In recent years. studies
with VBNC state bacteries focused on for developing effective, practical and sensitive detection
methods. So that same malecular technics such as PCR and D VC (Direct Viable Count) are mentioned as reliable methods.

Kaynakça

  • ALEXANDER E, PHAM D, STECK TR (1999). The viable bul- nonculturable candilian is induced by copper in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Appl. Environ . Microbiol. 65: 3754-3756.
  • ALLEIN-AUTIN D, AUSTIN B, COLWELL R R (I 984 ). Surviva/ of A eromonas salmonicida in river water. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 21: 143-146.
  • ARANA L, MUELA A, IRIBERRI J, EGEA L, BARCINA I (1992). Role ofhydrogen peroxide in lass of culturability mediated by visible light in Escherichia coli in freshwater ecosystem. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 3903-3907.
  • ASAKURA H, W AT ARAl M, SHIRAHAT A T, MAKINO S I (2002). Viable but nonculturable Salmonella species recovery and systemic infection in morphine-treated mice. J. Inf. Dis. 186: 15 26- 1529.
  • S. BESNARD V, FEDERIGHI M, CAPPELJER J M (2000). Development of a direct viable count procedure for the investigation of VBNC st ale in Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. MicrobioL 31 : 77-81.
  • BIANCHI A, GIULIANO L (1996). Emtmeration of viable bacteria in the marine pelajik environnıent. Appl. Environ . MicrobioL 62: 174- 177.
  • BINNERUP S J, SoRENSEN J (1993). Longterm oxidant deficiency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA0303 results in cells which are nonculturable under aerobic conditions. FEMS Microbiol. EcoL 13: 79-84.
  • BLOOMFIELD S F, STEWART G S A B, DODD C E R, BOOTH I R, POWER E G M (I 998). The viable but non-culturab/e phenomenon explained? Microbiol. 144: 1 -3.
  • BOGOSIAN G, MORRIS P J L, O'NEIL J P (1 998). A mixed culture recove1y method indicates that enieric bacteria do not enter the viab/e bul nonculturable state. Appl. Environ. MicrobioL 64: 1736-1742.
  • BRAYTON P R, TAMPLIN M L, HUQ A, COLWELL R R (1987). Enumeration of Vibrio cholerae O I in Bangladesh waters by fluorescentantibody direct viable count. Appl. Environ . Microbiol. 53: 2862-2865.
  • BUTTON D K, SCHUT F, QUANG P, MARTIN R, ROBERTSON B R ( 1993).Viability and isolation of marine bacteria by dilution culture :theory,procedures, and initial results. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 881 -891.
  • BYRD J J, COLWELL R R (1990). Maintenance of plasmids pBR322 and pUC8 in nonculturable Escherichia coli in the marine environınent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2104-2107.
  • CHOC J, KIM S J (1999). Green flourescent protein based dirct viable count to verify a viable but non-culturable state of Salmonella Typhi in enviromental samples. J. Microbiol. Met. 36: 227- 235.
  • CHOWDHURY MAR, RA YEL J, HILL R T, HUQ A, COLWELL R R (1994). Physiology and molecular genetics of viable but nonculturable microorganisms. 105-122. In :. M. Levi n, C. Grim, and J. Scott Angle eds. Biotechnology Risk Assesment: USEPA/USDA Environment Canada,. University ofMaryland, College Park, Maryland.
  • COLWELL R R, BRAYTON P R, GRIMES D J , ROSZAK D B, HUG S A, PALMER L M ( 1985). Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae and relaled palhogens in the environment implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Bio/Technology. 3: 817-820. In: THOLOZAN J L, CAPPELIER J M, TISSIER J P, DELATTRE G, FEDERIGHI M (1999). Physiological characterization of viable but nonculturable Campylobacter jejumi cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(3): 1110-1116.
  • COLWELL R R, TAMPLIN ML, BRAYTON P R, TAVGENS AL, TALL B D, HERRINGTON D, LEVINE M M, HALL S, HUG A, SACK DA ( 1 990). Environmemal aspecls ol Vibrio cholerae in transmission of cholerae. p.327-343. In: R. B. Sack and R. Zinnaki eds. Advances on cholera and related diarrheas. Yol: 7, KTK. Scientific, Tokyo, Japan .
  • COLWELL R R, HUQ H (1994). Vibrios in the environmenl: viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae, 117-133. In: I. K. Wachsmıth, ·o. Olsvik and P. A. Blake eds. Yibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM. Washington D.C.
  • COLWELL R R, BRAYTON P, HERINGTON D, T ALL B, HUQ A, LEVINE M M ( 1996) Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O 1 revert to a cultivable state in the human inlestine. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 12: 28-31. In: CARO A. GOT P, LESNE J, BINARD S, BALEUX B ( 1999). Viability and virıt!ence of experimenlally slressed noncu/turab/e Salmonella Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(7): 3229-3232.
  • COLWELL R R (2000). Bacterial death revisited. p.325-342 . In: Colwell, R. R. and D. J. Grimes eds. Nonculturable ınicroorganisnıs in the environment ASM Press, Washington D.C.
  • FAUCHERE J L, ROSENAU A, VERON M, MOYEN E N, RICHARD S, PFISTER A ( 1986). Association with HeLa cells ol Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces. lnfect. Immun. 54: 283-287.
  • FORDHAM W D, GILVARG C (1974). Kinetics of crass-linking peptidoglycan in Bacillus megaterium. J. Biol. Cheın. 259:2478-2482.
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Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

N. Deniz Ayaz Bu kişi benim

İrfan Erol Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2004
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2004
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2004 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1-2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ayaz, N. D., & Erol, İ. (2004). Canli Fakat Kültürü Yapilamayan Bakteriler ve G1da Güvenliği Yönünden Önemi. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 15(1-2), 61-74.


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