Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

REMODELING TOURISM DEMAND USING OPTIMAL PREDICTORS: THE CASE OF MUĞLA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 135 - 163, 31.12.2024

Öz

Although there have been many studies that have approached the tourism phenomenon from an economic perspective, most of these studies ignore environmental, historical and infrastructural factors. The study aims to create the most optimal regression that can be created by including all the factors that play a role in the realization of tourism demand in the model. In the empirical process, algorithms of statistical package programs are used in accordance with the econometric methodology. While the sample is a panel dataset, the time period extends from 2014 to 2021. The horizontal section consists of the districts of Muğla. First, the variables most related to tourism are determined, then the existence of unobserved heterogeneity is investigated. The variables with the most significant coefficients are added to the model with the forward-stepwised method. The econometric findings of the study are not very surprising, but they also reject some hypotheses that can be considered hypothetically correct. As a matter of fact, it is seen that the highest coefficients after the lagged foreign visitor and time-specific dummy variables (COVID-19 restrictions and post-pandemic normalization) belong to the environmental variables. Having a great historical and cultural depth, it hosted the Carian Civilization, Lelegians, Persians, Hellenistic Period, Romans and Byzantines from 2000 BC to 1280 BC. It is a historically and culturally rich destination that came under Turkish sovereignty with the establishment of Menteşe Principality. However, historical elements do not have an important place among the demand factors of tourists. The reason may be the ineffective marketing of the existing historical assets. Empirical results show that number of visitors in the previous year, the blue flag beaches and forest density are the environmental factors that stand out in tourism demand elements. There are also findings that infrastructure variables are one of the factors affecting tourism demand.

Kaynakça

  • Agiomirgianakis, G., Bertsatos, G. and Tsounis, N. (2018). Asymmetric responses in the tourism demand function, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 18(C).
  • Aslan, A., Kaplan, M. and Kula, F. (2008). International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach, MPRA Paper 10601, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Baltagi, B., H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, Springer, edition 6, number 978-3-030-53953-5, April.
  • Carvache-Franco, M., Carvache-Franco, O. D., Carvache-Franco, W., Villagomez-Buele, C. & Penafiel, M. A. (2018). The Tourist Demand From The Perspective Of The Motivation, Assessment And Satisfaction In A Sun And Beach Destination: The Manta Case, Ecuador. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 22(2), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22224-311
  • Cevik, S. (2022). Dirty Dance: Tourism and Environment. IMF Working Paper No. 2022/178, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4224066 Access date: 17.05.2023.
  • Croes, R. and Vanegas, M. (2005). An econometric study of tourist arrivals in Aruba and its Implications. Tourism Management, 26(6), 879-890.
  • Çakar, Ö., Durmuş, E., & Arslan, H. (2011). Muğla Zeytin Üretiminde Milas Ilçesi'nin Yeri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Dalaman District Governorship. (2023). District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry report. Access date: 19.12.2023. http://www.dalaman.gov.tr/ilce-gida-tarim-ve-hayvancilik-mudurlugu#:~:text=%C4%B0l%C3%A7e%20merkezi%20y%C3%BCkseltisi%2014%20metredir,%2C06%20km.'dir.
  • Datca Municipality. (2021). About the District. https://www.mugla.bel.tr/sayfa/datca-hakkinda. Access date: 17.05.2021.
  • Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020). Tourism Economics and Policy. Channel View Publications, 2nd Edition.
  • Eicker, F. (1967) Limit Theorems for Regressions with Unequal and Dependent Errors. Proceedings of Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, No. 1, 59-82.
  • Fethiye Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2007). Annual Economic Report 2007. https://www.ftso.org.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/2007.pdf Access date: 24.01.2024.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. (2006). Inbound International Tourism to Canary Islands: A Dynamic Panel Data Model. Tourism Management, 27 (2), 281 – 291.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. (2007). German Demand for Tourism in Spain. Tourism Management 28 (1), 12-22.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. & Montero-Martin L. F. (2007) Tourism in the Balearic Islands: A dynamic model for international demand using panel data. Tourism Management 28 (5), 1224-1235.
  • Global Forest Watch. (2021). Annual Dashboards 2021. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/TUR/?map=eyJjYW5Cb3VuZCI6dHJ1ZX0%3D Access date: 01.12.2022.
  • Gonzalez, P. and Moral, P. (1995). An analysis of the international tourism demand in Spain, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 11 (2), 233-251.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014), Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd edition. Cambridge, University Press.
  • Hsiao, C., and B. Sun (2000) To Pool or Not to Pool Panel Data, in J. Krishnakumar and E. Ronchetti, eds., Panel Data Econometrics: Future Directions. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, pp. 181–198.
  • Huber, P.J. (1967) The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates under Nonstandard Conditions. 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, University of California Press, Berkeley, Vol. 1, 221-223. Köyceğiz Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. (2024). About Köyceğiz. https://mugla.csb.gov.tr/koycegiz-dalyan-i-5223#:~:text=K%C3%B6yce%C4%9Fiz%20G%C3%B6l%C3%BC%20ile%20deniz%20aras%C4%B1ndaki,uzunlu%C4%9Funda%20bir%20k%C4%B1y%C4%B1%20okundan%20olu%C5%9Fmaktad%C4%B1r Access date: 17.09.2024.
  • Liang, K. and Zeger, S. (1986) Longitudinal Data Analysis Using Generalized Linear Models. Biometrika, 73, 13-22.
  • Liu, A. and Wu D., C. (2019) Tourism productivity and economic growth. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 76, issue C, 253-265.
  • Marmaris District Governorship. (2022). History of Marmaris. https://www.marmaris.gov.tr/kaymakamligimizin-tarihcesi#:~:text=Daha%20sonra%20MARMAR%C4%B0S%20ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20alm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r,72%20km%20k%C4%B1y%C4%B1%20uzunlu%C4%9Fu%20vard%C4%B1r. Access date: 10.07.2022.
  • Menteşe District Governorship. (2022). About Menteşe. http://mentese.gov.tr/ilcemiz-hakkinda. Access date: 03.10.2022.
  • Milas District Governorship. (2024). History of Milas. http://www.milas.gov.tr/milasin-tarihcesi. Access date: 03.04.2024.
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Türkiye. (2021). Capacities of accommodation establishments 2014-2021. Obtained via personal communication.
  • Muğla Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. (2022). Geography of Ortaca. https://mugla.ktb.gov.tr/TR-270793/cografya-konum-iklim-ulasim.html Access date: 03.04.2022.
  • Muğla Social Security Institution Directorate. (2021). Number of registered workers and businesses in districts 2014-2021. Obtained via personal communication.
  • MUSKİ. (2015-2021). Yıllık Faaliyet Raporları. https://www.muski.gov.tr/faaliyet-raporu Access date: 01.05.2023.
  • Park, H.M. (2011) Practical Guides to Panel Data Modeling: A Step-by-Step Analysis Using Stata. Tutorial Working Paper. International University of Japan, Minami Uonuma.
  • Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L. (2014) Microeconomics. 8th Edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Say, J.-B. (1803). Traité d'économie politique: ou, Simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se composent les richesses. Paris: Deterville.
  • Schubert, S. F. and Brida, J. G. (2009). A Dynamic Model of Economic Growth in a Small Tourism Driven Economy, MPRA Paper 16737, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Song, H., and Witt, S.F., and Li, G. (2008). The Advanced Econometrics of Tourism Demand (1st ed.). Routledge. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. (2023). World Heritage List, https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tr Access date: 01.03.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Population statistics by districts. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1 Access date: 12.02.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Education statistics by districts. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1 Access date: 08.11.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Geographic Statistics Portal. https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ Access date: 08.11.2023.
  • Unur, K., İskenderoğlu, Ö., and Şeker, F. (2019). The Analyze of The Factors Affecting Tourism Demand: A Research on The Mediterranean Basin Countries. Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal 5(20):1054-1063 DOI:10.31576/smryj.311.
  • White, H. (1980). A Heteroscedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroscedasticity. Econometrica, 48, 817-838.
  • Witt, S.F. and Witt, C.A. (1995). Forecasting Tourism Demand: A Review of Empirical Research. International Journal of Forecasting, 11, 447-475.
  • Wolf, M. J., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C., de Sherbinin, A., & Wendling, Z. A., et al. (2022). Environmental Performance Index. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. https://epi.yale.edu/
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. 2nd Edition, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • World Economic Forum. (2013). The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013, 6th issue. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. and Gül, H. (2020) Analysis of tourism demand using a multi-dimensional panel gravity model. Tourism Review 75 (2), 433-447, 2020.

TURİZM ÇIKTISININ TAHMİNİNDE OPTİMUM DEĞİŞKEN SEÇİMİ: EKONOMİK, ÇEVRESEL, TARİHSEL VE ​​ALTYAPISAL FAKTÖRLERİN MODELLEMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 135 - 163, 31.12.2024

Öz

Şimdiye kadar turizm olgusuna iktisadi perspektifle yaklaşan birçok çalışma bulunmakla birlikte, bu çalışmaların büyük kısmında çevresel, tarihi ve altyapısal faktörler yok sayılmaktadır. Çalışma turizm talebinin gerçekleşmesinde rol oynayan tüm faktörleri modele dahil ederek oluşturulabilecek en optimal regresyonu oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ampirik süreçte ekonometrik metodolojiye uygun olarak istatistik paket programların algoritmalarından faydalanılmaktadır. Örneklemi panel veri kümesi oluştururken, zaman 2014’ten 2021’e uzanmaktadır. Yatay kesiti ise Muğla’nın ilçeleri oluşturmaktadır. Önce turizm ile en ilişkili değişkenler tespit edilir, sonrasında gözlemlenemeyen heterojenitenin varlığı araştırılmaktadır. Sonrasında ise forward-stepwised metot ile en anlamlı katsayılara sahip değişkenler modele eklenmektedir. Çalışmanın ekonometrik bulguları ise çok şaşırtıcı olmamakla birlikte hipotetik olarak doğru kabul edilebilecek bazı hipotezleri de reddetmektedir. Nitekim, bir önceki yılın yabancı ziyaretçi sayısı ve zamana özgü kukla değişkenlerden (COVID-19 kısıtlamaları ve pandemi sonrası normalleşme) sonra en yüksek katsayıların çevresel değişkenlere ait olduğu görülmektedir. Tarihi ve kültürel derinliği oldukça fazla olan, MÖ 2000’lerden 1280 yılına kadar Karya Uygarlığına, Leleglere, Perslere, Helenistik döneme, Romalılara ve Bizanslılara ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Sonrasında kurulan Menteşe Beyliği ile Türk egemenliğine girmiş tarihi ve kültürel olarak zengin bir destinasyondur. Ancak turistlerin talep faktörleri arasında tarihi unsurlar önemli bir yer tutmamaktadır. Sebebi, mevcut tarihi varlığın etkin pazarlanamaması olabilir. Ampirik sonuçlar, bir önceki yılki ziyaretçi sayısının, sahip olunan mavi bayraklı plajların ve orman yoğunluğunun turizm talebi unsurlarında ön plana çıkan çevresel faktörler olduğunu göstermektedir. Altyapı değişkenlerinin de turizm talebine tesir eden unsurlardan biri olduğuna dair bulgular bulunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

Teşekkür

Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisindeki 2024 yılı sayı 2’deki makalemizin değerlendirme sürecine zaman ayırarak değerli katkılarını sunan tüm hocalarımıza teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Agiomirgianakis, G., Bertsatos, G. and Tsounis, N. (2018). Asymmetric responses in the tourism demand function, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 18(C).
  • Aslan, A., Kaplan, M. and Kula, F. (2008). International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach, MPRA Paper 10601, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Baltagi, B., H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, Springer, edition 6, number 978-3-030-53953-5, April.
  • Carvache-Franco, M., Carvache-Franco, O. D., Carvache-Franco, W., Villagomez-Buele, C. & Penafiel, M. A. (2018). The Tourist Demand From The Perspective Of The Motivation, Assessment And Satisfaction In A Sun And Beach Destination: The Manta Case, Ecuador. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 22(2), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22224-311
  • Cevik, S. (2022). Dirty Dance: Tourism and Environment. IMF Working Paper No. 2022/178, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4224066 Access date: 17.05.2023.
  • Croes, R. and Vanegas, M. (2005). An econometric study of tourist arrivals in Aruba and its Implications. Tourism Management, 26(6), 879-890.
  • Çakar, Ö., Durmuş, E., & Arslan, H. (2011). Muğla Zeytin Üretiminde Milas Ilçesi'nin Yeri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Dalaman District Governorship. (2023). District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry report. Access date: 19.12.2023. http://www.dalaman.gov.tr/ilce-gida-tarim-ve-hayvancilik-mudurlugu#:~:text=%C4%B0l%C3%A7e%20merkezi%20y%C3%BCkseltisi%2014%20metredir,%2C06%20km.'dir.
  • Datca Municipality. (2021). About the District. https://www.mugla.bel.tr/sayfa/datca-hakkinda. Access date: 17.05.2021.
  • Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020). Tourism Economics and Policy. Channel View Publications, 2nd Edition.
  • Eicker, F. (1967) Limit Theorems for Regressions with Unequal and Dependent Errors. Proceedings of Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, No. 1, 59-82.
  • Fethiye Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2007). Annual Economic Report 2007. https://www.ftso.org.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/2007.pdf Access date: 24.01.2024.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. (2006). Inbound International Tourism to Canary Islands: A Dynamic Panel Data Model. Tourism Management, 27 (2), 281 – 291.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. (2007). German Demand for Tourism in Spain. Tourism Management 28 (1), 12-22.
  • Garin-Munoz, T. & Montero-Martin L. F. (2007) Tourism in the Balearic Islands: A dynamic model for international demand using panel data. Tourism Management 28 (5), 1224-1235.
  • Global Forest Watch. (2021). Annual Dashboards 2021. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/TUR/?map=eyJjYW5Cb3VuZCI6dHJ1ZX0%3D Access date: 01.12.2022.
  • Gonzalez, P. and Moral, P. (1995). An analysis of the international tourism demand in Spain, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 11 (2), 233-251.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014), Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd edition. Cambridge, University Press.
  • Hsiao, C., and B. Sun (2000) To Pool or Not to Pool Panel Data, in J. Krishnakumar and E. Ronchetti, eds., Panel Data Econometrics: Future Directions. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, pp. 181–198.
  • Huber, P.J. (1967) The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates under Nonstandard Conditions. 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, University of California Press, Berkeley, Vol. 1, 221-223. Köyceğiz Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. (2024). About Köyceğiz. https://mugla.csb.gov.tr/koycegiz-dalyan-i-5223#:~:text=K%C3%B6yce%C4%9Fiz%20G%C3%B6l%C3%BC%20ile%20deniz%20aras%C4%B1ndaki,uzunlu%C4%9Funda%20bir%20k%C4%B1y%C4%B1%20okundan%20olu%C5%9Fmaktad%C4%B1r Access date: 17.09.2024.
  • Liang, K. and Zeger, S. (1986) Longitudinal Data Analysis Using Generalized Linear Models. Biometrika, 73, 13-22.
  • Liu, A. and Wu D., C. (2019) Tourism productivity and economic growth. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 76, issue C, 253-265.
  • Marmaris District Governorship. (2022). History of Marmaris. https://www.marmaris.gov.tr/kaymakamligimizin-tarihcesi#:~:text=Daha%20sonra%20MARMAR%C4%B0S%20ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20alm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r,72%20km%20k%C4%B1y%C4%B1%20uzunlu%C4%9Fu%20vard%C4%B1r. Access date: 10.07.2022.
  • Menteşe District Governorship. (2022). About Menteşe. http://mentese.gov.tr/ilcemiz-hakkinda. Access date: 03.10.2022.
  • Milas District Governorship. (2024). History of Milas. http://www.milas.gov.tr/milasin-tarihcesi. Access date: 03.04.2024.
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Türkiye. (2021). Capacities of accommodation establishments 2014-2021. Obtained via personal communication.
  • Muğla Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. (2022). Geography of Ortaca. https://mugla.ktb.gov.tr/TR-270793/cografya-konum-iklim-ulasim.html Access date: 03.04.2022.
  • Muğla Social Security Institution Directorate. (2021). Number of registered workers and businesses in districts 2014-2021. Obtained via personal communication.
  • MUSKİ. (2015-2021). Yıllık Faaliyet Raporları. https://www.muski.gov.tr/faaliyet-raporu Access date: 01.05.2023.
  • Park, H.M. (2011) Practical Guides to Panel Data Modeling: A Step-by-Step Analysis Using Stata. Tutorial Working Paper. International University of Japan, Minami Uonuma.
  • Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L. (2014) Microeconomics. 8th Edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Say, J.-B. (1803). Traité d'économie politique: ou, Simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se composent les richesses. Paris: Deterville.
  • Schubert, S. F. and Brida, J. G. (2009). A Dynamic Model of Economic Growth in a Small Tourism Driven Economy, MPRA Paper 16737, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Song, H., and Witt, S.F., and Li, G. (2008). The Advanced Econometrics of Tourism Demand (1st ed.). Routledge. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. (2023). World Heritage List, https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tr Access date: 01.03.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Population statistics by districts. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1 Access date: 12.02.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Education statistics by districts. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1 Access date: 08.11.2023.
  • TURKSTAT. (2021). Geographic Statistics Portal. https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ Access date: 08.11.2023.
  • Unur, K., İskenderoğlu, Ö., and Şeker, F. (2019). The Analyze of The Factors Affecting Tourism Demand: A Research on The Mediterranean Basin Countries. Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal 5(20):1054-1063 DOI:10.31576/smryj.311.
  • White, H. (1980). A Heteroscedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroscedasticity. Econometrica, 48, 817-838.
  • Witt, S.F. and Witt, C.A. (1995). Forecasting Tourism Demand: A Review of Empirical Research. International Journal of Forecasting, 11, 447-475.
  • Wolf, M. J., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C., de Sherbinin, A., & Wendling, Z. A., et al. (2022). Environmental Performance Index. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. https://epi.yale.edu/
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. 2nd Edition, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • World Economic Forum. (2013). The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013, 6th issue. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. and Gül, H. (2020) Analysis of tourism demand using a multi-dimensional panel gravity model. Tourism Review 75 (2), 433-447, 2020.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Çağrı Arslan 0000-0002-0229-2882

Nihal Tuncer

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, Ç., & Tuncer, N. (2024). REMODELING TOURISM DEMAND USING OPTIMAL PREDICTORS: THE CASE OF MUĞLA. Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 135-163.