TÜRKİYE’DE YENİLENEBİLİR VE YENİLENEMEYEN ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Öz

Ülke ekonomilerinde sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda enerji kaynaklarının etkin, verimli ve çevreye duyarlı kullanımı büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca teknolojik gelişme de açıklayıcı değişken olarak modele ilave edilmiştir. Türkiye ekonomisi için 1978-2016 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verilerin kullanıldığı çalışmada seriler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkilerin tespiti için ARDL sınır testi kullanılmıştır. Bir sonraki aşamada ARDL modeline ek olarak DOLS, FMOLS ve CCR yöntemleriyle değişkenlere ilişkin uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, yenilenemeyen enerji tüketimi, teknolojik gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme değişkenleri arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkilerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Uzun dönem katsayı tahmini sonuçları, yenilenebilir enerji ve yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca kontrol değişkeni olarak modele dahil edilen teknolojik gelişme değişkeninin de ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli politika çıkarımlarının yapılmasına imkan vermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yenilenebilir Enerji,Yenilenemeyen Enerji,Ekonomik Büyüme,ARDL

Kaynakça

1. Adak, M. (2015). Technological Progress, Innovation and Economic Growth; the case of Turkey, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195: 776-782.
2. Altınay, G. ve Karagöl, E. (2004). Structural break, unit root, and the causality between energy consumption and GDP in Turkey, Energy Economics, 26(6): 985-994.
3. Apergis, N. ve Danuletiu, D.C. (2014). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Sign of Panel Long-run Causality, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4): 578-587.
4. Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2011). The Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1): 343-347.
5. Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model, Energy Economics, 34 (3): 733-738.
6. BP (2019). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2019, http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview, (03.05.2019).
7. Brown, R.L., Durbin, J. ve Evans, J.M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(2): 149-163.
8. Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74: 427-431.

9. Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller, W.A. (1981). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root, Econometrica, 49(4): 1057-1072.
10. Doğan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: A study of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52: 534-546.
11. Elliot, G., Rothenberg, T.J. ve Stock, J.H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64: 813-836.
12. Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M. ve Teulon, F. (2014). The role of natural gas consumption and trade in Tunisia's output, Energy Policy, 66: 677-684.
13. Gozgor, G. (2018). A New Approach to The Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus: Evidence From the USA, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(17): 16590-16600.
14. Gozgor, G., Lau, Chi K.M. ve Lu, Z. (2018). Energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from the OECD countries, Energy, 153: 27-34.
15. Hansen, B.E. ve Phillips, P.C.B. (1990). Estimation and Inference in Models of Cointegration: A Simulation Study, Advances in Econometrics, 8: 225-248.
16. IEA (2019). International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2019, https://www.iea.org/ (22.03.2020).
17. Ito, K. (2017). C02 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from panel data for develpoing countries, International Economics, 151: 1-6.
18. Kumar, R. R., Stauvermann, P.J., Loganathan, N. ve Kumar, R.D. (2015). Exploring the role of energy, trade and financial development in explaining economic growth in South Africa: A revisit, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52: 1300-1311.
19. Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M., Anwar, S. ve Masood, S. (2015). The energy-growth nexus in Thailand: Does trade openness boost up energy consumption? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46: 265-274.
20. La Vina, A.G.M., Hoff, G. ve DeRose, A.M. (2002). The Successes and Failures of Johannesburg: A Story of Many Summits. World Resources Institute 1-24. http://pdf.wri.org/wssd_joburg_english.pdf (07.05.2019).
21. Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4): 1082-1089.
22. Maji, İ.K., Sulaiman, C. ve Abdul-Rahim, A.S. (2019). Renewable energy consumption and Economic growth nexus:A fresh evidence from West Africa, Energy Reports, 5: 384-392.
23. Menegaki, A.N. (2011). Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis, Energy Economics, 33(2): 257-263.
24. Ocal, O. ve Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28: 464-499.
25. OECD, www.oecd.org, (03.05.2019).
26. Öztürk, S. ve Saygın, S. (2017). 1973 Petrol Krizinin Ekonomiye Etkileri ve Stagflasyon Olgusu, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(12): 1-12.
27. Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions, Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
28. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3): 389-326.
29. Phillips, P.C.B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2): 335-346.
30. Rafindadi, A.A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2017). Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on the German Economic Growth: Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75: 1130-1141.
31. Rahman, M.M. ve Velayutham, E. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economicgrowth nexus: New evidence from South Asia, Renewable Energy, 147: 399-408.
32. Saad, W. ve Taleb, A. (2018). The Causal Relationship Between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence From Europe, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20: 127-136.
33. Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries, Energy Economics, 31(3): 456-462.
34. Salim, R.A., Hassan, K. ve Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economicactivities: Further evidence from OECD countries, Energy Economics, 44: 350-360.
35. Shahbaz, M., Khan, S. ve Tahir, M.I. (2013). The Dynamic Links Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade in China: Fresh Evidence From Multivariate Framework Analysis, Energy Economics, 40: 8-21.
36. Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M. ve Zaman, K. (2015). Does Renewable Energy Consumption add in Economic Growth? An application of AutoRegressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44: 576-585.
37. Stock, J.H. ve Watson, M.W. (1993). A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems, Econometrica, 61(4): 783-820.
38. Tsani, S.Z. (2010). Energy consumption and economic growth: A causality analysis for Greece, Energy Economics, 32: 582-590.
39. Voigt, S., De Cian E., Schymura, M. ve Verdolini, E. (2014). Energy intensity developments in 40 major economies: Structural change or technology improvement? Energy Economics, 41: 47-62.
40. World Bank (2019). World Development Indıcator, www.worldbank.org, (05.05.2019).