İnsan Hakları İhlallerinin İncelenmesinde Hakikat Komisyonlarının İşlevi ve Gerekliliği

Öz

Cezalandırıcı ve dağıtıcı adalet sistemlerinden kavramsal ve pratiksel olarak farklılaşan onarıcı adalet sistemi, bir suç karşısında adaletin tesis edilmesi için failin cezalandırılmasından öte mağdurun zararının tazmin edilmesini esas alır. Onarıcı adalet anlayışına göre suç, devlete ve kanuna karşı değil; bireye ve topluma karşı işlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla, onarıcı adalete göre, failin ve mağdurun aynı düzlemde bir araya getirilip diyalog ve anlaşma çerçevesinde uzlaştırılması esastır. Onarıcı adalet anlayışına göre, diyalog ve uzlaşma çerçevesinde sadece mağdurun zararının tazmin edilmesi yeterli değildir. Aynı zamanda failin iyileştirilerek gelecekte bu suçu bir daha işlememesine yönelik kökten bir çözüm arayışı temel alınmaktadır. 1970’li yıllardan itibaren modern hukukta yer edinmeye başlayan onarıcı adalet anlayışına başvuran en önemli mekanizmalardan biri hakikat ve uzlaşma komisyonlarıdır. Hakikat komisyonları, otoriter rejimlerden, iç savaşlardan, soykırımlardan ve ağır insan hakları ihlallerinden çıkan toplumların geçmişleriyle yüzleşmeleri ve demokratik bir geleceğe ulaşmaları için bir geçiş dönemi süreci sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, onarıcı adalet anlayışının uygulama alanı bulduğu hakikat komisyonlarının insan hakları ihlallerinin incelenmesindeki işlevini irdelemekte ve bu komisyonların kurulmasının gerekliliğini sorgulamaktadır. Onarıcı adalet anlayışına ve hakikat komisyonlarına yöneltilen eleştirilerden ve bugüne kadar onarıcı adalet anlayışıyla kurulan hakikat komisyonları deneyimlerinden hareketle, bu çalışma cezalandırıcı adalet sistemiyle onarıcı adalet sisteminin bir arada işletilmesini önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Onarıcı adalet
• hakikat komisyonları
• insan hakları ihlalleri

The Role and Necessity of Truth Commissions in Investigating Human Rights Violations

Öz

The restorative justice system, which differs conceptually and practically from retributive and distributive justice systems, prioritizes compensation for the victim's harm rather than punishing the offender for a crime. According to the restorative justice perspective, a crime is committed not against the state and the law, but against an individual and the society. Therefore, the essential principle of restorative justice is to bring the offender and the victim together on an equal level and reach reconciliation through dialogue and agreement. In addition to compensating the victim's harm through dialogue and agreement, restorative justice seeks a fundamental solution by rehabilitating the offender to prevent them from committing the same crime again in the future. One of the most significant mechanisms that has been employed in modern law since the 1970s, based on the restorative justice concept, is truth and reconciliation commissions. Truth commissions provide a transition period for societies emerging from authoritarian regimes, civil wars, genocides, and serious human rights violations to confront their past and reach a democratic future. This study examines the function of truth commissions in investigating human rights violations within the framework of the restorative justice concept and questions the necessity of establishing such commissions. Based on criticism directed towards the restorative justice and truth commissions' experiences established so far, this study proposes the simultaneous operation of retributive justice system and restorative justice system

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Restorative justice
• truth commissions
• violation of human rights

Kaynakça

1. Bakıner, O. (2016). Truth Commissions: Memory, Power, and Legitimacy. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2. Chapman, A. & Ball, P. (2001). The Truth Of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala, Human Rights Quarterly, 23(1), 1-43.
3. Cunneen, C. (2006). Exploring the relationship between reparations, the gross violations of human rights, and restorative justice. Sullivan, D. & Tifft, L. (der.), The Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective (ss. 355-368) içinde, Abingdon: Routledge.
4. Daly, K. (2006)., The Limits of Restorative Justice in Handbook of Restorative Justice, Abingdon: Routledge.
5. Daniels, G. (2013). Restorative justice: Changing the paradigm, Probation Journal, 60(3), 302–315.
6. Eglash, A. (1997). Restitution in Criminal Justice: A Critical Assessment of Sanctions, Washington: Lexington Books, 1997.
7. Freeman, M. (2006). Truth Commissions and Procedural Fairness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
8. Hakikat, Adalet, Hafıza Merkezi. (2013). Hakikat Komisyonları. Çelikkan, M (der.). İstanbul: Anadolu Kültür Yayınları.

9. Hayner, P. (1994). Fifteen Truth Commissions--1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study, Human Rights Quarterly, 16(4), 1994, 597-655.
10. Hayner, P. (2011). Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions, Abingdon: Routledge.
11. Kaplan, M. (2015). Onarıcı Adalet ve Türk Ceza Hukukuna Yansımaları, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 59-86.
12. Lewellyn, J. (2007). Truth Commissions and Restorative Justice. Johnstone, G. & Vas Ness, D. (der.) Handbook of Restorative Justice (ss.351-371) içinde, London: Willan Publishing.
13. Lewellyn, J. (2005). Restorative Justice in Transitions and Beyond. Borer, T (der) Telling the Truths: Truth Telling and Peacebuilding in Post-conflict Societies (ss.83-113) içinde, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
14. Marshall, T. (1999). Restorative Justice An Overview, London: Home Office Report, 1999.
15. McCold, P. (2006). The Recent History of Restorative Justice: mediation,circles, and conferencing. Sullivan, D. & Tifft, L. (der.), The Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective (ss. 23-51) içinde, Abingdon: Routledge.
16. McEvoy K., Mika, H. & Hudson, B. (2002). Practice, Performance and Prospects for Restorative Justice, The British Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 469–475.
17. Miers, D. (2001). An International Review of Restorative Justice, Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 10, London: Home Office.
18. Morris, A. (2002). Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of restorative justice, The British Journal of Criminology, 42, 596-615.
19. Neier, A. (1990). What Should be Done About the Guilty?, New York: The New York Review Of Books.
20. Office of the United Nations High Comissioner for Human Rights. (2006). Rule-of-Law Tools For Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions, HR/PUB/06/1, 2006.
21. Roche, D. (2007). Retribution and restorative justice. Johnstone, G & Van Ness, D. (der.), Handbook of Restorative Justice (ss.75-90) içinde, Devon: Willan Publishing.
22. Transitional Justice Database Project. (1998). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 1. Erişim: April, 7, 2022, from www.tjdbproject.com
23. United Nations. (2006). Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, Criminal Justice Handbook Series. New York: United Nations Publications.
24. TRC Report, (2003). The TRC Report. Erişim: 20.05.2023, https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/
25. United Nations Congress. (2000). Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. Erişim: April, 9. 2022, from https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/4r3e.pdf.
26. Van Ness, D. W. & Strong, K. H. (2015). Restoring Justice: An Introduction to Restorative Justice, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
27. Van Ness, D. (1996). Restorative Justice and International Human Rights. Galaway, B. & Hudson, J. (der.), Restorative Justice: International Perspectives (ss.17-35) içinde, Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
28. Von Hirsch, A., Ashworth, A., & Shearing, C. (2003). Specifying Aims and Limits for Restorative Justice: a ‘Making Amends’ Model?’ in Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003.
29. Wenzel, M. & Okimoto, G. (2008). Retributive and Restorative Justice, Law and Human Behavior, 32(5), 375-389
30. Wiebelhaus-Brahm, E. (2007). Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success and Impact, International Studies Perspectives, 8(1), 16-35.
31. Woolford, A. & Nelund, A. (2019). The Politics Of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
32. Zernova, M. (2007). Restorative Justice Ideals and Realities, Farnham: Ashgate Book, 2007.