Utopian, Dystopian and Apocalyptic Metaphors in Robinsonade Novels and “Children’s Literature” - Robinson Crusoe, The Coral Island, Lord of the Flies

Öz

Robinson Crusoe, first published in 1719, in England, as an epoch-making novel, received an extraordinary interest and became a bestseller. Many writers, inspired by the novel, have produced texts that are derivatives or variations; this was how robinsonades were formed. From the 1850s onwards, Robinson Crusoe came to be read as a work of children’s literature and the robinsonades came to be classified as children’s or adult literature according to the reception of the metaphors used in the source text. In the fields of political economy, pedagogy, anti- and post-colonial cultural studies, theories inspired by the images of the novel were put forward. At the center of this tremendous “Robinson Crusoe discourse” that was constructed in the literary and non-literary fields is the “re-metaphorization” of the metaphors of the source text, especially “island” metaphors. These re-metaphorizations are usually utopian and partly dystopian or apocalyptic. The aim of this article is to examine how utopian and dystopian re-metaphorizations function in the classification of robinsonades as children’s or adult literature. To this end, The Coral Island (1858), Lord of the Flies (1954), and Robinson Crusoe (the source text of the two former texts) were analyzed, from a post-colonial perspective and through the techniques of comparative literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• re-metaphorization
• robinsonades
• utopia and dystopia
• transformation into children’s literature
• post-colonial theory

Robinsonade Romanlarında Ütopya, Distopya, Mahşer Metaforları ve “Çocuk Edebiyatı” - Robinson Crusoe, Mercan Adası ve Sineklerin Tanrısı

Öz

Robinson Crusoe 1719’da, İngiltere’de çığır açıcı bir roman olarak doğdu, olağanüstü ilgi görerek bestsellere dönüştü. Romandan esinlenen birçok yazar onun türevi ya da varyasyonu olan eserler üretti; robinsonade’ler böyle oluştu. Öte yandan, Robinson Crusoe, özellikle 1850’lerden itibaren bir çocuk edebiyatı eseri olarak okunmaya ve robinsonadeler de kaynak metindeki metaforları alımlayış tarzlarına göre çocuk ya da yetişkin edebiyatı olarak tasnif edilmeye başlandı. Ayrıca ekonomi-politik, pedagoji, anti- ve post-kolonyal kültür incelemeleri gibi alanlarda da romandaki imgelerden esinlenen kuramlar ortaya atıldı. Edebiyat ve edebiyat-dışı alanlarda inşa edilen bu muazzam “Robinson Crusoe söylemi”nin merkezinde, kaynak metindeki metaforların, bilhassa “ada” metaforunun “yeniden-metaforlaştırılması” olgusu vardır. Bu yeniden-metaforlaştırmalar genellikle ütopik ve kısmen distopik ya da mahşerî niteliktedir. Bu makalede amacımız robinsonadelerin çocuk ya da yetişkin edebiyatı olarak tasniflenmesinde ütopik ve distopik yeniden-metaforlaştırmaların nasıl bir işlev gördüğünü incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Robinson Crusoe ve onu referans alan Mercan Adası (1858) ve Sineklerin Tanrısı (1954) romanları post-kolonyal bir perspektiften karşılaştırmalı edebiyat teknikleriyle çözümlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yeniden-metaforlaştırma
• robinsonadeler
• ütopya
• distopya
• çocuk edebiyatına dönüştürme

Kaynakça

1. Baldick, C. (2001) The Concise Oxford dictionary of literary terms. New York: Oxford University.
2. Ballantyne, R. M. (1884) The Coral island—A tale of the Pacific Ocean. Edinburgh: Thomas, Nelson and Sons.
3. Çörekçioğlu, H. (2015) Modernite ve ütopya—Ütopya, 1984 ve Mülksüzler üzerinden. İstanbul: Sentez.
4. Defoe, D. (2007) Robinson Crusoe, T. Keymer & J. Kelley (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford World Classics.
5. Engels, F. (1987) Anti-Dühring. K. Marx & F. Engels. Collected works 25. E. Burns (Çev.) (ss.5-298) içinde. New York: International Publishers.
6. Golding, W. (2001) Lord of the flies. New York: Penguin.
7. Golding, W. (2017) Sineklerin tanrısı. M. Urgan (Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür.
8. Green, M. (1991) Seven types of adventure tale: An etiology of a major genre. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.

9. Hunter, J. P. (1994) The ‘Occasion’ of Robinson Crusoe. M. Shinagel (Ed.), Robinson Crusoe içinde (ss. 331-344). New York: Norton.
10. Keane, P. J. (1997) Slavery and the slave trade: Crusoe as Defoe’s representative. R. D. Lund (Ed.), Critical essays on Daniel Defoe içinde (ss. 97-120). New York: G. K. Hall. Manuel, F. E. ve Manuel, F. P. (2009) Utopian thought in the western world. Massachusetts: Harvard University.
11. Marx, K. (1993) Grundrisse. (Çev. M. Nicolaus). London: Penguin.
12. More, T. (2003) Utopia. G. M. Logan & R. M. Adams (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University. Nagle, J. (2014) Authors of the 19th century. New York: Britannica Educational.
13. Novak, M. E. (1963) Robinson Crusoe and economic utopia. The Kenyon Review, 25 (3), 474-490. Ōe, K. (2004) Me mushiri, ko uchi. Tokyo: Shinchō-sha.
14. Patte, D. (Ed.). (2010) The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
15. Phillips, R. (1997) Mapping men and empire: a geography of adventure. New York: Routledge.
16. Pohl, N. ve Tooley, B. (2016) Gender and utopia in the eighteenth century: Essays in English and French utopian writing. New York: Routledge.
17. Richards, J. (Ed.) (1989) Imperialism and juvenile literature. Manchester: Manchester University.
18. Rousseau, J. J. (1966) Émile ou de l›éducation. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.
19. Said, E. W. (1994) Culture and imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
20. Siemens, E. (2014) Constructing and deconstructing paradise: Robinsonades and British imperialism (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Rijksuniversiteit: Groningen. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2017.http://scripties.let.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/Master/DoorstroomMasters/Letterkunde/ WritingEditingandMed/2015/E.Siemens/MA-1801252-E.Siemens.pdf.
21. Takada, H. (2013) Innocent empire: robinsonade and modernism in the Edwardian age. (Doktora Tezi). Hitotsubashi University: Tokyo. http://doi.org/10.15057/2593. TDK Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2017. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index. php?option=com_gts&view=gts.
22. Verne, J. (1909) Deux ans de vacances. Paris: Collection Hetzel.
23. Webster’s new world college dictionary (2010) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
24. Winkler, L. (2015) Stories of the southern sea. Victoria: First Choice.
25. Winter, Y. (2014) Debating violence on the desert island: Engels, Dühring and Robinson Crusoe, Contemporary Political Theory, 13(4), 318–338.