Araştırma Makalesi
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Beşeri Coğrafyaya Feminist İtirazlar

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 78 - 90, 01.01.2012
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000065

Öz

Bu makalede feminizmle coğrafya arasındaki etkileşimi incelemeyi ve kadınların beşeri coğrafya alanında var olma mücadelelerini ortaya koymayı amaçlıyorum. Daha çok Britanya ve ABD kökenli iki büyük literatürü değerlendirerek, feminist akademisyenlerin yeni teorik ve metodolojik yaklaşımlarla beşeri coğrafya disiplinini nasıl etkileyip şekillendirdiklerine odaklanacağım. Bu niyetle, feminizm ve coğrafya arasındaki ilişkiyi, feminist coğrafyacıların bu disiplindeki rollerini tartışarak temel olarak bu alanda öne çıkmış belirli feminist coğrafyacıların çalışmalarını ele alacağım. Bu sayede feminist coğrafyanın gelişimini, zaman içinde farklı coğrafi odak noktaları olan çeşitli akımların ortaya çıkışını, zayıf ve güçlü yanlarını inceleyeceğim. Bunların ışığında feminizmin ve kadın coğrafyacıların beşeri coğrafya disiplininde varolma ve kabul edilme serüveninin izlerini süreceğim

Kaynakça

  • Afsaruddin, Asma (ed.) Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female Public Space in Islamic/ate Societies (Cambridge, Massachusetts; Londra, İngiltere: Harvard University Press, 1999).
  • Akşit, Elif Ekin.The women's quarters in the historical hammam” Gender, Place Culture 18, no. 2 (2011): 277-293.
  • Akşit, Elif Ekin. “Kadınların Mekansal Davranışlarının Siyasal Niteliği,” Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları: Eşitsizlikler, Mücadeleler, Kazanımlar, ed. Hülya Durudoğan, Fatoş Gökşen, Bertil Emrah Oder, Deniz Yükseker (İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları: 2010).
  • Alkan, Ayten. “Şehircilik Çalışmalarının Zayıf Halkası: Cinsiyet,” Birkaç Arpa Boyu... 21. Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye'de Feminist Çalışmalar / Prof. Dr. Nermin Abadan Unat'a Armağan der. Serpil Sancar (İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011): 535-569.
  • Alkan, Ayten. (ed.) Cins Cins Mekan (İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları, 2009).
  • Baydar, Gülsüm. “Tenuous Boundaries: Women, Domesticity and Nationhood in 1930s Turkey” The Journal of Architecture 7 (Sonbahar 2002): 229-244.
  • Blunt, A. ve Rose, G. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies (New York: The Gulford Press, 1994).
  • Boles, J.(ed.) The egalitarian city: issues of rights, distribution, access and power (New York: Praeger, 1986).
  • Bondi, L. “Gender Symbols and Urban Landscapes” Progress in Human Geography 16 (1992a): 157-70.
  • Bondi, L. ve Domosh, M. “Other Figures in Other Places: on feminism, postmodernism and geography” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992): 98-104.
  • Bruegal, I. “Cities, women and social class: a comment” Antipode 5, (1973): 62-3.
  • Burnett, P. “Social change, the status of women and models of city form and development” Antipode 5 (1973): 57-62.
  • Datta, Ayona. “Spatialising Performance: Masculinities and Femininities in a ‘Fragmented’ Field,” Gender, Place, and Culture, Vol. 15, no. 2 (Nisan, 2008): 189-204.
  • Di Stefano, Christine. “Dilemmas of Difference: Feminism, Modernity, and Postmodernism,” Feminism/Postmodernism ed. Nicholson, L. (London: Routledge, 1990): 63-82.
  • Falah, Ghazi-Walid ve Nagel, Caroline. Geographies of Muslim Women: Gender, Religion and Space (New York ve Londra: The Guilford Press: 2005).
  • Ghannam, Farha. Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the Politics of Identity in a Global Cairo (Berkeley and Los Angeles. California: University of California Press, 2002).
  • Gökarıksel, Banu. “The Intimate Politics of Secularism and the Headscarf: The Mall, the Neighborhood, and the Public Square in Istanbul” Gender, Place, and Culture 19, no. 1 (2012): 1-20.
  • Hanson, Susan. “Is Feminist Geography Relevant” Scottish Geographical Journal, C. 115, no.2 (1999): 133-141.
  • Haraway, Donna (ed.). Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (London: Free Association Books, 1991).
  • Harding, Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
  • Hayden, D. The grand domestic revolution: a history of feminist designs for American homes, neighborhoods and cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press., 1982).
  • Hayford, A. M. “The Geography of Women: an historical introduction” Antipode, 6 (1974): 1-19.
  • Johnston, Ronald John. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Oxford, Birleşik Krallık; Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, c2000 [4. Basım]).
  • Koning, Anouk de. “Gender, Public Space and Social Segregation in Cairo: Of Taxi Drivers, Prostitutes, and Professional Women,” Antipode 41, no. 3 (2009): 533-556.
  • Lopata, H. “The Chicago woman: a study of patterns of mobility and transportation,” Women and the American city ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1981), 158-66.
  • Loyd, B. “Women’s place, man’s place” Landscape 20 (1975): 10-13.
  • Mackenzie, S. “Women’s responses to economic structuring: changing gender, changing space,” The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Canadian society ed. M. Barrett & R. Hamilton (London: Verso, 1986a).
  • Mackenzie, S. ve. Rose, D. “Industrial change, the domestic economy and home life,” Redundant Spaces in Cities and Regions ed. J. Anderson, S. Duncan & R. Hudson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 155-99.
  • Mackenzie, S. Visible Histories (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1989).
  • Massey, Doreen. “A Global Sense of Place” Marxism Today 38 (1991): 24-29.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Women in British Geography” Area 11, no.2. (1979): 151-154.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Towards an understanding of the gender division of urban space” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no.1 (1983).
  • McDowell, L. ve Massey, D. “A Woman's Place?,” Geography Matters ed. D. Massey and, J. Allen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 128-47.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Multiple Voices: on being inside and outside the project” Antipode 24: 56-72.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Doing Gender: Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, C. 17, no. 4. (1992): 399-416.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Space, place, and gender relations: Part I. Feminist empiricism and the geography of social relations” Progress in Human Geography 17, no.2 (1993): 157-179.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Space, place, and gender relations: part. II. Identity, difference, feminist geometries and geographies”, Progress in Human Geography 17, no.3 (1993): 305-318.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Women/Gender/Feminisms: doing feminist geography” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, C. 21, no.3 (1997): 381-400.
  • Mills, Amy. “Gender and Mahalle (Neighborhood) Space in Istanbul” Gender, Place, and Culture 14, no.3 (2007): 335-354.
  • Monk, Janice ve Hanson, Susan. “On Not Excluding Half of the Human in Human Geography,” Professional Geographer 34, no.1, 1982: 11- 23.
  • Monk, Janice. “Place Matters: Comparative International Perspectives on Feminist Geography” Professional Geographer 46, no: 3 (1994): 277-288.
  • Monk, Janice. “Changing Expectations and Institutions: American Women Geographers in the 1970s” The Geographical Review 96, no. 2 (Nisan 2006): 259-277.
  • Moss, Pamela. “A Bodily Notion of Research: Power, Difference, and Specificity in Feminist Methodology,” A Companion to Feminist Geography (Malden, ABD; Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
  • Nelson, Lisa ve Seager Joni. “Introduction,” A Companion to Feminist Geography (Malden, ABD; Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
  • Nelson, Lisa K. “Geographies of State Power, Protest, and Women’s Political Identity Formation in Michaocan, Mexico,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96, no. 2 (2006): 366-389.
  • Newcomb, Rachel. “Gendering the City, Gendering the Nation: Contesting Urban Space in Fes, Morocco,” City & Society 18, no. 2 (2006): 288-311.
  • Norwood, V. ve Monk, J. (ed.) The Desert is No Lady (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1987).
  • Özbay, Ferhunde. “Gendered Space: A New Look at Turkish Modernization” Gender & History 11, no.3, (Kasım 1999): 555-568.
  • Özgüç, Nazmiye. Kadınların Coğrafyası (İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi, 1998).
  • Peake, Linda. “In, out and unspeakably about: taking social geography beyond an Anglo-American positionality,” Social and Cultural Geography 12, no.7: 757-773.
  • Pearson, R. “Latin American Women and the New International Division of Labour: A Reassessment,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 5 (1986): 67-79.
  • Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art (London: Routledge, 1988).
  • Rose, Gillian. “Feminist Voices and Geographical Knowledge” Antipode 24 (1992): 230-33.
  • Rose, Gillian. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (Minneosota: Minneosata Press, 1993).
  • Saegart, S. “Masculine cities and feminine suburbs: polarized ideas, contradictory realities,” Women and the American City, ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
  • Sanders, Rickie. “Integrating Race and Ethnicity into Geographic Gender Studies” Professional Geographer 42, no.2 (1990): 228-231.
  • Secor, Anna J. “Towards a Feminist Counter Geopolitics: Gender, Space and Islamist Politics in Istanbul”in Space & Polity 5, no.3 (2001): 191-211.
  • Staeheli, Lynn A., Kofman, Eleonore, ve Peake, Linda (ed.) Mapping Women, Making Politics: Feminist Perspectives on Political Geography (Londra, New York: Routledge, 2004).
  • Thompson, Elizabeth. “Public and Private in Middle Eastern Women’s History,” Journal of Women’s History 15, no.1 (Bahar 2003): 52-69.
  • Tivers, J. “How the other half lives: the geographical study of women” Area, 10 (1978): 302-6.
  • Tivers, J. Women Attached: the daily lives of women with young children (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
  • Walby, S. “Spatial and historical variations in women’s unemployment and employment,” Localities, class and gender ed. L. Murgatroyd, M. Savage, D. Shapiro et al., (London: Pion, 1985), 161-76.
  • Wekerle, G. “Women in the urban environment,” Women and the American city ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981): 185-211.
  • Wilson, E. Women and the Welfare State (London: Tavistock Publications, 1977).
  • Wilson, E. The Sphinx and the City (London: Virago, 1991).
  • Woolf, J. “The Invisible Flaneuse: Women and the literature of modernity” Theory, Culture and Society 2 (1985): 37-48.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur. “The Strange Case of the Missing Female Geographer” The Professional Geographer 25, no.2 (Mayıs 1973): 101-105.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur. “Women in Geography: A Brief Factual Account” The Professional Geographer 25, no.2 (Mayıs 1973): 151-165.

Feminist Challenges to Human Geography

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 78 - 90, 01.01.2012
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000065

Öz

In this paper, I will attempt to examine the interaction between feminism and geograph and reveal women’s struggles to take part in the discipline of human geography. Considering mostly two largest literatures from Britain and United States , I will focus on how feminist scholars have influenced and shaped the discipline of human geography through new theoretical and methodological approaches. For that purpose, I will look at mainly the works of certain feminist geographers discussing the relation between feminism and geography, the roles of feminist geographers in the discipline. In this way, I will be able to examine the development of feminist geography, the rise of diverse strands with different geographical focuses in the course of time, their weaknesses and strengthes. In the light of all these, I will trace the journey of women geographers to take place and be accepted in the discipline of human geography

Kaynakça

  • Afsaruddin, Asma (ed.) Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female Public Space in Islamic/ate Societies (Cambridge, Massachusetts; Londra, İngiltere: Harvard University Press, 1999).
  • Akşit, Elif Ekin.The women's quarters in the historical hammam” Gender, Place Culture 18, no. 2 (2011): 277-293.
  • Akşit, Elif Ekin. “Kadınların Mekansal Davranışlarının Siyasal Niteliği,” Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları: Eşitsizlikler, Mücadeleler, Kazanımlar, ed. Hülya Durudoğan, Fatoş Gökşen, Bertil Emrah Oder, Deniz Yükseker (İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları: 2010).
  • Alkan, Ayten. “Şehircilik Çalışmalarının Zayıf Halkası: Cinsiyet,” Birkaç Arpa Boyu... 21. Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye'de Feminist Çalışmalar / Prof. Dr. Nermin Abadan Unat'a Armağan der. Serpil Sancar (İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011): 535-569.
  • Alkan, Ayten. (ed.) Cins Cins Mekan (İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları, 2009).
  • Baydar, Gülsüm. “Tenuous Boundaries: Women, Domesticity and Nationhood in 1930s Turkey” The Journal of Architecture 7 (Sonbahar 2002): 229-244.
  • Blunt, A. ve Rose, G. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies (New York: The Gulford Press, 1994).
  • Boles, J.(ed.) The egalitarian city: issues of rights, distribution, access and power (New York: Praeger, 1986).
  • Bondi, L. “Gender Symbols and Urban Landscapes” Progress in Human Geography 16 (1992a): 157-70.
  • Bondi, L. ve Domosh, M. “Other Figures in Other Places: on feminism, postmodernism and geography” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992): 98-104.
  • Bruegal, I. “Cities, women and social class: a comment” Antipode 5, (1973): 62-3.
  • Burnett, P. “Social change, the status of women and models of city form and development” Antipode 5 (1973): 57-62.
  • Datta, Ayona. “Spatialising Performance: Masculinities and Femininities in a ‘Fragmented’ Field,” Gender, Place, and Culture, Vol. 15, no. 2 (Nisan, 2008): 189-204.
  • Di Stefano, Christine. “Dilemmas of Difference: Feminism, Modernity, and Postmodernism,” Feminism/Postmodernism ed. Nicholson, L. (London: Routledge, 1990): 63-82.
  • Falah, Ghazi-Walid ve Nagel, Caroline. Geographies of Muslim Women: Gender, Religion and Space (New York ve Londra: The Guilford Press: 2005).
  • Ghannam, Farha. Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the Politics of Identity in a Global Cairo (Berkeley and Los Angeles. California: University of California Press, 2002).
  • Gökarıksel, Banu. “The Intimate Politics of Secularism and the Headscarf: The Mall, the Neighborhood, and the Public Square in Istanbul” Gender, Place, and Culture 19, no. 1 (2012): 1-20.
  • Hanson, Susan. “Is Feminist Geography Relevant” Scottish Geographical Journal, C. 115, no.2 (1999): 133-141.
  • Haraway, Donna (ed.). Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (London: Free Association Books, 1991).
  • Harding, Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
  • Hayden, D. The grand domestic revolution: a history of feminist designs for American homes, neighborhoods and cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press., 1982).
  • Hayford, A. M. “The Geography of Women: an historical introduction” Antipode, 6 (1974): 1-19.
  • Johnston, Ronald John. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Oxford, Birleşik Krallık; Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, c2000 [4. Basım]).
  • Koning, Anouk de. “Gender, Public Space and Social Segregation in Cairo: Of Taxi Drivers, Prostitutes, and Professional Women,” Antipode 41, no. 3 (2009): 533-556.
  • Lopata, H. “The Chicago woman: a study of patterns of mobility and transportation,” Women and the American city ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1981), 158-66.
  • Loyd, B. “Women’s place, man’s place” Landscape 20 (1975): 10-13.
  • Mackenzie, S. “Women’s responses to economic structuring: changing gender, changing space,” The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Canadian society ed. M. Barrett & R. Hamilton (London: Verso, 1986a).
  • Mackenzie, S. ve. Rose, D. “Industrial change, the domestic economy and home life,” Redundant Spaces in Cities and Regions ed. J. Anderson, S. Duncan & R. Hudson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 155-99.
  • Mackenzie, S. Visible Histories (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1989).
  • Massey, Doreen. “A Global Sense of Place” Marxism Today 38 (1991): 24-29.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Women in British Geography” Area 11, no.2. (1979): 151-154.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Towards an understanding of the gender division of urban space” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no.1 (1983).
  • McDowell, L. ve Massey, D. “A Woman's Place?,” Geography Matters ed. D. Massey and, J. Allen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 128-47.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Multiple Voices: on being inside and outside the project” Antipode 24: 56-72.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Doing Gender: Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, C. 17, no. 4. (1992): 399-416.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Space, place, and gender relations: Part I. Feminist empiricism and the geography of social relations” Progress in Human Geography 17, no.2 (1993): 157-179.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Space, place, and gender relations: part. II. Identity, difference, feminist geometries and geographies”, Progress in Human Geography 17, no.3 (1993): 305-318.
  • McDowell, Linda. “Women/Gender/Feminisms: doing feminist geography” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, C. 21, no.3 (1997): 381-400.
  • Mills, Amy. “Gender and Mahalle (Neighborhood) Space in Istanbul” Gender, Place, and Culture 14, no.3 (2007): 335-354.
  • Monk, Janice ve Hanson, Susan. “On Not Excluding Half of the Human in Human Geography,” Professional Geographer 34, no.1, 1982: 11- 23.
  • Monk, Janice. “Place Matters: Comparative International Perspectives on Feminist Geography” Professional Geographer 46, no: 3 (1994): 277-288.
  • Monk, Janice. “Changing Expectations and Institutions: American Women Geographers in the 1970s” The Geographical Review 96, no. 2 (Nisan 2006): 259-277.
  • Moss, Pamela. “A Bodily Notion of Research: Power, Difference, and Specificity in Feminist Methodology,” A Companion to Feminist Geography (Malden, ABD; Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
  • Nelson, Lisa ve Seager Joni. “Introduction,” A Companion to Feminist Geography (Malden, ABD; Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
  • Nelson, Lisa K. “Geographies of State Power, Protest, and Women’s Political Identity Formation in Michaocan, Mexico,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96, no. 2 (2006): 366-389.
  • Newcomb, Rachel. “Gendering the City, Gendering the Nation: Contesting Urban Space in Fes, Morocco,” City & Society 18, no. 2 (2006): 288-311.
  • Norwood, V. ve Monk, J. (ed.) The Desert is No Lady (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1987).
  • Özbay, Ferhunde. “Gendered Space: A New Look at Turkish Modernization” Gender & History 11, no.3, (Kasım 1999): 555-568.
  • Özgüç, Nazmiye. Kadınların Coğrafyası (İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi, 1998).
  • Peake, Linda. “In, out and unspeakably about: taking social geography beyond an Anglo-American positionality,” Social and Cultural Geography 12, no.7: 757-773.
  • Pearson, R. “Latin American Women and the New International Division of Labour: A Reassessment,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 5 (1986): 67-79.
  • Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art (London: Routledge, 1988).
  • Rose, Gillian. “Feminist Voices and Geographical Knowledge” Antipode 24 (1992): 230-33.
  • Rose, Gillian. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (Minneosota: Minneosata Press, 1993).
  • Saegart, S. “Masculine cities and feminine suburbs: polarized ideas, contradictory realities,” Women and the American City, ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
  • Sanders, Rickie. “Integrating Race and Ethnicity into Geographic Gender Studies” Professional Geographer 42, no.2 (1990): 228-231.
  • Secor, Anna J. “Towards a Feminist Counter Geopolitics: Gender, Space and Islamist Politics in Istanbul”in Space & Polity 5, no.3 (2001): 191-211.
  • Staeheli, Lynn A., Kofman, Eleonore, ve Peake, Linda (ed.) Mapping Women, Making Politics: Feminist Perspectives on Political Geography (Londra, New York: Routledge, 2004).
  • Thompson, Elizabeth. “Public and Private in Middle Eastern Women’s History,” Journal of Women’s History 15, no.1 (Bahar 2003): 52-69.
  • Tivers, J. “How the other half lives: the geographical study of women” Area, 10 (1978): 302-6.
  • Tivers, J. Women Attached: the daily lives of women with young children (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
  • Walby, S. “Spatial and historical variations in women’s unemployment and employment,” Localities, class and gender ed. L. Murgatroyd, M. Savage, D. Shapiro et al., (London: Pion, 1985), 161-76.
  • Wekerle, G. “Women in the urban environment,” Women and the American city ed. C. Stimpson, E. Dixler, M. Nelson & K. Yatrakis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981): 185-211.
  • Wilson, E. Women and the Welfare State (London: Tavistock Publications, 1977).
  • Wilson, E. The Sphinx and the City (London: Virago, 1991).
  • Woolf, J. “The Invisible Flaneuse: Women and the literature of modernity” Theory, Culture and Society 2 (1985): 37-48.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur. “The Strange Case of the Missing Female Geographer” The Professional Geographer 25, no.2 (Mayıs 1973): 101-105.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur. “Women in Geography: A Brief Factual Account” The Professional Geographer 25, no.2 (Mayıs 1973): 151-165.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Selda Tuncer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tuncer, Selda. “Beşeri Coğrafyaya Feminist İtirazlar”. Fe Dergi 4, sy. 1 (Ocak 2012): 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000065.