Hong Kong’da Yaşayan Filipinli Ev İşi ve Bakım Çalışanları ile Kadın İşverenlerin Annelik Deneyimleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 82 - 95, 01.06.2020

Deniz Kemik

https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.745825

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu makale, Hong Kong’da yaşayan Filipinli ev işi ve bakım çalışanlarının ve kadın işverenlerinannelik deneyimlerini anlamayı amaçlar ve bu deneyimlerin sınıf, etnisite ve göç politikalarıkesişiminde nasıl farklılaştığını tartışır. Bu amaçla feminist duruş noktası epistemolojisindenyararlanılarak niteliksel bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada onsekiz Filipinli işçi ve onsekizkadın işveren ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmış ve her iki gruptan beşer kadının katılımıyla dörtodak grup görüşmesi düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre Filipinli ev işi ve bakımçalışanlarının ve kadın işverenlerin “iyi anneliği” sınıfsal konumları, etnik kökenleri ve göçdeneyimleri çerçevesinde farklı tanımladıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Filipinli yardımcıların annelikdeneyimlerini çocuklarından ayrı yaşıyor olmaları, Hong Kong’un göç politikaları ve işverenleriylekurdukları ilişkiler dönüştürürken; kadın işverenlerin annelik deneyimlerini ise Hong Kong’dakirekabetçi çocuk yetiştirme pratikleri, eğitime verilen önem ve göçmen yardımcılarından aldıklarıdesteğin şekillendirdiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Annelik, ev işi ve bakım emeği, sınıf, etnisite, Hong Kong

Kaynakça

• Anderson, Bridget. Doing the Dirty Work? The Global Politics of Domestic Labour, (New York:Zed Books.2000).
• Anthias, Floya. “Hierarchies of social location, class and intersectionality: Towards a translocational frame”; International Sociology 28, No.1 (2012):121–138.
• Badinter, Elisabeth. Kadınlık mı Annelik mi? (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2011).
• Boccagni Paolo. “Practising Motherhood at a Distance: Retention and Loss in Ecuadorian Transnational Families”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38, No.2 (2012):261-277.
• Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (London: Routledge. 1994, [1984]).
• Bourdieu, Pierre. (1986), “The forms of capital”. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education ed. Richardson John G. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 241–258.
• Castles, Stephen, Haas, de Hein ve Miller Mark, J. The Age of Migration, (New York: The Guilford Press, 2014).
• Cheng, Shu-Ju. Ada, “Right to Mothering: Motherhood as a Transborder Concern in the Age of Globalization” Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering, Vol.6, No.1 (2003):135-144.
• Cheng, Shu-Ju. Ada., Serving the Household and the Nation: Filipina Domestics and the Politics of Identity in Taiwan. (MD: Lexington Books, 2006).
• Choi ve Ting, “A Gender Perspective on Families in Hong Kong”, ed. Cheung Fanny and Holroyd Eleanor, Mainstreaming Gender in Hong Kong Society. (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2009).
• Collins, Hills, Patricia, “Shifting the Center, Race, Class and Feminist Theories about Motherhood”, ed. Glenn, Evelyn, Nakano, Chang, Grace and Forcey, R. Linda Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency. (New York: Routledge: 1994): 45-65.
• Cox, Rosie. “Some Problems and Possibilities of Caring” Ethics, Place and Environment 13, No.2, (2010): 113- 130.
• Constable, Nicole. Maid to Order in Hong Kong, (Londra: Cornell University Press: 2007).
• Crenshaw, Kimberle., “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Colour”, Standford Law Review 43, 6, (1991):1241-1299.
• DiQuinzio, Patricie. “Mothering and Feminism” Maternal Theory: Essential Readings ed. O’Reilly Andrea (Canada: Demeter Press: 2007). (New York: Routledge: 1999):542-555.
• Donovan, Josephine. Feminist Teori (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları: 1997).
• Ehrenreich, Barbara ve Hochschild, Arlie. “Introduction”, Global woman: Nannies, maids, and sex workers in the new economy, ed. Ehrenreich, B. & Hochschild Arlie, (New York: Henry Holt and Company: 2002):21-33.
• Fresnoza-Flot, Asuncion. “Migration Status and Transnational Mothering: The Case of Filipino Migrants in France” Global Networks 9, 2, (2009): 252–270.
• Francisco, Valerie. “Moral Mismatch: Narratives of Migration from Immigrant Filipino Women in New York City and the Philippine State”, Philippine Sociological Review 57, (2009): 105-135.
• Francisco-Menchavez, Valerie. “A Mother Who Leaves is A Mother Who Loves: Labor Migration as Part of the Filipina Life Course and Motherhood”, Journal of Asian American Studies 22, No.1 (2019): 85-102.
• Gillies, Val. “Raising the Meritocracy: Parenting and The Individualisation of Social Class”, Sociology 39, No.5 (2005): 835-853.
• Gilligan, Carol. “In a Different Voice” (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press: 1982).
• Glenn Evelyn, Nakano. “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labour”, Signs 18, No. 1 (1992):1-43.
• Glenn, Evelyn. Nakano. (1994). "Social Constructions of Mothering: A Thematic Overview," Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency. ed. Evelyn. Nakano Chang, Grace and Forcey, R. Linda (New York: Routledge:1994):1-29.
• Harding, Sandra. “Introduction” The Standpoint Theory Reader, (New York: Routledge: 2004):1-13.
• Hays, Sharon. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press:1996).
• Hochschild, Arlie. Russell. “Global care chains and emotional surplus value,” On the edge: Living with Global Capitalism ed. Hutton, Will. & Giddens, Anthony. (London: Jonathan Cape: 2000):130-146.
• Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierette. ve Avila, Ernestine. “I am here, but I am there”: the meanings of Latina transnational motherhood” Gender and Society 11, 5 (1997):548-71.
• Lareau, Anette., Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life, (Berkeley: University of California Press: 2011).
• Madianou, Mirca. “Migration and the Accentuated Ambivalence of Motherhood: The Role of ICTs in Filipino Transnational Families” Global Networks 12, No.3, (2012): 277-295.
• Madianou, Mirca. “Ambient co-presence: transnational family practices in polymedia environments” Global Networks 16, 2 (2016): 183–201.
• Madianou, Mirca. ve Miller, Daniel. “Mobile Phone Parenting: Reconfiguring Relationships between Filipina Migrant Mothers and Their Left-Behind Children”, New Media & Society 13, No.3, (2011):457-470.
• Maher, JaneMaree. ve Saugeres, Lisa. “To be or not to be a mother? Women negotiating cultural representations of mothering”, Journal of Sociology 43, No.1, (2007):5–21.
• Medina, Belen, T.G. The Filipino Family: A Text with Selected Readings (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press: 1992).
• O’Reilly, Andrea. “Feminist Mothering” Maternal Theory: Essential Readings ed. O’Reilly Andrea (Canada: Demeter Press: 2007):792-821.
• Parreñas, Rachel.S. Servants of Globalization: Women, migration and domestic work. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press: 2001a [2014]).
• Parreñas, Rachel.S., “Mothering from a Distance: Emotions, Gender, and Intergenerational Relations in Filipino Transnational Families” Feminist Studies, 27, No.2 (2001b):361-39.
• Parreñas, Rachel.S. “Long Distance Intimacy: Class, Gender and Intergenerational Relations between Mothers and Children in Filipino Transnational Families” Global Networks 5, No.4 (2005):317-336.
• Parrenas, Rachel.S. “Transnational Mothering: A Source of Gender Conflicts in The Family” North Carolina Law Review 88, (2010), 1825-1856.
• Parrenas, Rachel.S. “The intimate labour of transnational communication”, Families, Relationships and Societies, 3, No.3 (2014):425-42.
• Pertierra, Raul. “Mobile Phones, Identity and Discursive Intimacy”, Human Technology 1, No.1 (2005):23-44.
• Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution, (London: Virago: 1976).
• Rodriguez, Robin, Magalit., “Migrants for Export: How the Philippine State Brokers Labour to the World”. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 2010).
• Ruddick, Sarah. “Maternal Thinking”, Feminist Studies, 6, No. 2, (1980):342-367.
• Sassen, Saskia. “Global Cities and Survival Circuits” ed. Zimmerman Mary, Litt, Jacquelyn. Bose, Christine. Global Dimension of Gender and Carework, (CA: Stanford University Press:2006), 30-36. Sancar, Serpil., Türk Modernleşmesinin Cinsiyeti, (İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları: 2012).
• Scott, Joan.W, “The Evidence of Experience”, Critical Inquiry, 17, No.4: (1991):773-797.
• Skeggs, Beverly. Formations of Class and Gender, (London: Sage:1997).
• Suner, Asuman. Hong Kong İstanbul, (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları:2018).
• Tungohan, Ethel. “Reconceptualizing Motherhood, Reconceptualizing Resistance”, International Feminist Journal of Politics 15, No.1, (2013):39–57.
• Tyuldum, Guri. “Motherhood, Agency and Sacrifice in Narratives on Female Migration for Care Work”, Sociology 49, No. 1 (2015):56–71.
• Wee, Vivienne ve Sim, Amy. “Hong Kong as a Destination for Migrant Domestic Workers” Asian Women as Transnational Domestic Workers, ed. Huang, Shirlena, Yeoh, Brenda. ve Abdul Rahman, Noor (2005): 175- 209.
• Wong, C. K. ‘Economic Growth and Welfare Provision: The Case of Child Day Care in Hong Kong’, International Social Work No.35, (1992): 389–404.
• Yeoh, Brenda. ve Huang, Shirlena. “Mothers on the move: Children’s education and transnational mobility in global- city Singapore” ed. Chavkin, Wendy. ve Maher, JaneMaree. The Globalization of Motherhood: Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Biology and Care, (New York: Routledge.2010): 31-54.