Problems of Liberal Constitutionalism in the Context of Extended Orders

Öz

In the tradition of classical liberalism, public choice theorists have called for the most consistent and holistic constitutional reform. American authors in particular argue that existing conventional institutions of separation of powers and checks and balances do not sufficiently limit the ability of individuals to create negative externalities on each other and that liberal democracies are rapidly moving towards rent-seeking societies. In this context, the authors propose that constitutions should impose strict constraints on democratic procedures through epistemic moral propositions. This paper explains why, in the context of Hayekian knowledge and social theory, external constraints cannot protect the liberal principles necessary for constitutions. It will be argued why Hayek's proposal for a bicameral parliament instead of external constraints is a more important constitutional amendment proposal for the discovery of liberal principles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hayek
• public choice
• rational ignorance
• utilitarianism
• constitutionalism

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ DÜZENLER BAĞLAMINDA LİBERAL ANAYASACILIĞIN SORUNLARI

Öz

Klasik liberalizm geleneğinde en istikrarlı ve bütüncül anayasal reform talebi kamu tercihi teorisyenleri tarafından yapılmaktadır. Özellikle Amerikalı yazarlar mevcut konvansiyonel kuvvetler ayrılığı ve denge-denetleme kurumlarının bireylerin birbirleri üzerinde negatif dışsallık yaratma imkanlarını yeterince sınırlandıramadığını ve liberal demokrasilerin rant kollayan toplumlara doğru hızla ilerlediğini ileri sürmektedirler. Bu bağlamda yazarlar anayasaların epistemik ahlaki önermelerle demokratik prosedürlerin sert bir şekilde kısıtlanmasını teklif etmektedirler. Bu çalışmada Hayekyen bilgi ve sosyal teori bağlamında dışsal sınırlamaların neden anayasalar için gerekli olan liberal ilkeleri koruyamayacağı açıklanmaktadır. Dışsal sınırlamalar yerine Hayek’in iki kamaralı meclis teklifinin liberal ilkelerin keşfi için neden daha önemli bir anayasal tadilat teklifi olduğu tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hayek
• kamusal tercih
• rasyonel cehalet
• faydacılık
• anayasacılık

Kaynakça

1. Arrow, K. J. (1963). Social Choice and Individual Values, USA: Martino Fine Books.
2. Barry, W. (2016). Exposing the Neoclassical Fallacy: McCloskey on Ideas and the Great Enrichment, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 64 (3): pp. 189–201.
3. Berry, C. (1997). Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
4. Boettke, P. J. (2019). F. A. Hayek: Economics, Political Economy and Social Philosophy, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
5. Boykin, S. (2010). Hayek on Spontaneous Order and Constitutional Design. The Independent Review. 15 (1), pp. 19-34.
6. Brennan J. (2016). Against Democracy. New Jersey: Princeton University.
7. Brennan J. & Landemore H (2022). Debating Democracy: Do We Need More or Less. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Buchanan J. (1967). Public Finance in Democratic Process, Fiscal Institutions and Individual Choice, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.

9. Buchanan, J. M.& Gordon, T (1962). Calculus of Consent: The Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, New York: Liberty Foundation.
10. Caplan, B. (2008). The Myth of Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies. New York: Princeton University Press.
11. Coase, R.H. (1974). The Lighthouse of Economics. The Journal of Law and Economics, 17(2), pp. 357-376. Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
12. Elits, W. A. (1975). “Adam Smith’s Theory of Economic Growth”, Essays on Adam Smith, Andrew S. Skinner, Thomas Wilson (Ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 426-454.
13. Grofman, B. (2008). “Anthony Downs, (1930-)”, Readings in Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy, Charles K. Rowley, Friedrich Schneider (ed.), USA: Springer.
14. Hamowy, R. (2018). The Hayekian Model of Government in an Open Society, Libertarian Studies, 6 (2), pp. 137-143.
15. Hayek F. A. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty. USA: University of Chicago Press.
16. Hayek F. A. (1979). Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Volume 3 The Political Order of Free People, USA: University of Chicago Press.
17. Hayek, F. A (1980). ‘The Complex Phenomena’, Readings in the Philosophy of Social Sciences, Michail Martin, Lee C. McIntyre (ed.), USA: IMT Press.
18. Hayek, F. A. (1935). ‘The Nature and History of the Problem and The State of the Debate’, Collectivist Economic Planning, London: Routledge.
19. Hayek, F. A. (1937). Economics and Knowledge. Economica, 4, pp. 33-54.
20. Hayek, F. A. (1940). Socialist Calculation: The Competitive `Solution’. Economica, 7(26).
21. Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review, 35(4), pp. 519-30.
22. Hayek, F. A. (1976). Law, Legislation and Liberty, A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Volume 2 The Mirage of Social Justice, USA: University of Chicago Press.
23. Hayek, F. A. (1980). “Rules, Perception and Intelligibility”, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Chicago: Unversity of Chicago Press.
24. Hayek, F.A. (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty, A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Volume 1 Rules and Order, USA: University of Chicago Press.
25. Hayek, F.A. (1988). The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hayek, F.A. (1994). The Road to Serfdom, USA: University of Chicago Press.
26. Hume, D. (2008). “Of Commerce”, Political Discourses, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought: David Hume, Political Essays, USA: Cambridge University Press.
27. Hume, D. (2009). İnsan Doğası Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Deneysel Akıl Yürütme Yöntemini Moral Konulara Uygulamaya Yönelik Bir Çalışma, çev. Ergun Baylan, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayınları.
28. Kalkan, B. (2016). James M. Buchanan, Demokrasinin Patolojileri ve Anayasal Çözüm Önerileri. Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
29. Marsh, L. (2010) .‘Hayek: Cognitive Scientist Avant la Lettre’, The Social Science of Hayek’s ‘Sensory Order’, William N. Butos (ed.), UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
30. Mises, L. V. (2008). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, New Jersey: Mises Institute.
31. Mill, J.S. (2009). Considerations on Representative Government. New Jersey: Cosimobooks.
32. Mueller, D. C. (2008). “Public Choice: An Introduction”, Readings in Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy, Charles K. Rowley, Friedrich Schneider (ed.), USA: Springer.
33. Olson, M. (1967). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and Theory of Groups, New York: Harvard University Press.
34. Oppenheimer, J. (2012). Principles of Politics A Rational Choice Theory Guide to Politics and Social Justice, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35. Smith, A. (1992). Lectures on Jurisprudence, R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael ve P. G. Stein (ed.), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
36. Somin I. (2020). Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom. NewnYork: Oxford University Press.
37. Somin I. (2016). Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter. New York: Stanford Law Books.