Araştırma Makalesi
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ŞEHİR SAKİNLERİNİN KENTSEL MARKA ALGISI: GAZİ MAĞUSA VE GİRNE (KUZEY KIBRIS) ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 636 - 650, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.969357

Öz

Şehir Markası literatürü, çeşitli Avrupa ülkelerinde nispeten olumlu marka imajına sahip tanınmış şehirlerin marka imajını ve kamuoyu algılarını yaygın olarak değerlendirmektedir. Ancak sorunlu geçmişlere sahip daha az bilinen ve daha küçük şehirlerin nasıl algılandıklarını göz önünde bulunduran araştırma nadirdir. Bu çalışma, nispeten olumsuz bir marka imajına sahip ve az bilinen bir yere odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla sadece Türkiye tarafından tanınan Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nde bulunan Gazimağusa ve Girne seçilmiştir. Çalışmada profesyoneller ve lisansüstü öğrenciler olmak üzere 40 sakinle yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmış; bu şehirlerde yaşayan sakinlerin şehirlerini nasıl algıladıkları sorgulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ın siyasi ve ekonomik dezavantajlarına rağmen, Girne ve Gazimağusa sakinlerinin yaşadıkları şehre dair hem olumsuz (örneğin, zayıf şehir planlaması ve altyapı, kirlilik) hem de olumlu çağrışımları (örneğin, deniz, plajlar, limanlar, güvenlik, samimiyeti, sessiz) olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AAKER, D.A. (2010). Building Strong Brands. New York: Simon & Schuster Ltd.
  • ACHARYA, A., and RAHMAN, Z. (2016). Place branding research: A thematic review and future research agenda. International Review on Public and Non-Profit Marketing, 13, 289-317. ANHOLD, S. (2007). Competitive identity - The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. New York: Palgrave McMillan. ASHWORTH, G., and KAVARATZIS, M. (2009). Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16(8): 520-531.
  • BAROWIEC, A. (2000). Cyprus: A troubled island. London: Praeger Publishers.
  • BRAUN, E., KAVARATZIS, M., and ZENKER, S. (2013). My city – my brand: The different roles of residents in place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 18-28.
  • BRAUN, E. (2012). Putting city branding into practice. Journal of Brand Management, 19, 257–267. CALOTYCHOS, V. (Ed.). (1998). Cyprus and its people: Nation, identity, and experience in an unimaginable community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • CARSON, D., GILMORE, A., PERRY, C., and GRONHAUG, K. (2001). Qualitative marketing research. London: Sage Publication.
  • CHAN, C., and MARAFA, L. (2016). Perceptional content analysis for city image: A case study of Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(12), 1285-1299.
  • CONSTANTINOU, C. M., and PAPADAKIS, Y. (2001). The Cypriot state(s) in situ: Cross-ethnic contact and the discourse of recognition. Global Society, 15(2), 125-148.
  • DE CARLO, M., CANALI, S., PRITCHARD, A., and MORGAN, N. (2009). Moving Milan towards Expo 2015: Designing culture into a city brand. Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 8-22. FLICK, U. (1998). An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
  • GARTNER, D. (2011). Unfolding and configuring two decades of research and publications on place marketing and place branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7(2), 91-106.
  • GOVVANARDI, M., LUCARELLI, A., and PASQUINELLI, C. (2013). Towards brand ecology: An analytical semiotic framework for interpreting the emergence of place brands. Marketing Theory, 13(3), 365-383.
  • GLINSKA, E., RYCIUK, U. and JESEVICIUTE-UFARTIENE, L. (2015). Current versus desired attributes of the city used in the process of its branding: The perspectives of city marketers in Poland. Transformation in Business & Economics, 14(2B), 430-449.
  • GOVERS, R., and GO, F. (2009). Place branding: Virtual and physical identities, glocal, imagined and experienced. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan.
  • GÜNÇAVDİ, Ö., and KÜÇÜKÇİFTÇİ, S. (2009). Economic growth under embargoes in North Cyprus: An input‐output analysis. Turkish Studies, 10(3), 365-392.
  • HABERKIBRIS (2010, October 7). Julio Iglesias’a Rum engeli (Julio Iglesias faces Greek Cypriot barrier). Retrieved from: http://haberkibris.com/b780ba71-2010_10_07.html
  • HAMID-TURKSOY, N., KUIPERS, G. and VAN ZOONEN, L. (2014). “Try a taste of Turkey”: An analysis of Turkey’s representation in British newspapers’ travel sections. Journalism Studies, 15(6), 743-758.
  • HAVADİSKIBRIS (2016, June 29). Hardwell konseri iptal (Hardwell concert has been canceled). Retrieved from: https://www.havadiskibris.com/hardwell-konseri-iptal/
  • HERTMAN, E.S., and Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. USA: Pantheon Books. HERSTEIN, R., and JAFFE, E. (2008). The children’s city – The transition from a negative to a positive city image. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(1), 76-84.
  • INSCH, A., and FLOREK, M. (2008). A great place to live, work and play: Conceptualising place satisfaction in the case of a city’s residents. Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(2), 138-149.
  • JOHNSON, M. (2016). Branding In Five and A Half Steps. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • KALANDIDES, A. (2011). City marketing for Bogota: A case study in integrated place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(3), 282-291.
  • KALANDIDES, A. (2011a). The problem with spatial identity: Revisiting the ‘sense of place’. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 28-39.
  • KAEVELYTE, K., and CHIU, J.H. (2011). Planning process of city brands: A case study of Taipei city. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7, 257-270.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., KALANDIDES, A. (2015). Rethinking the place brand: The interactive formation of place brands and the role of participatory place branding. Environment and Planning A, 47, 1368-1382.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., and HATCH, M. J. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 13(1), 69-86.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2009). Cities and their brands: Lessons from corporate branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5, 26-37.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., and ASHWORTH, G.J. (2007). Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam. Cities, 24(1), 16-25.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2007). City marketing: The past, the present and some unresolved issues. Geography Compass, 1(3), 695-712.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2004). “From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands”. Place Branding, 1(1): 58-73.
  • KERR G., and OLIVER J. (2015). Rethinking place identities. In Kavaratzis M., Warnaby G. and Ashworth G.J. (Eds.), Rethinking place branding (pp.61-72). New York: Springer.
  • KHIRFAN, L., and MOMANI, B. (2013). (Re)branding Amman: a ‘lived’ city’s values, images and identity. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 9(1), 49-65.
  • LAAKSONEN, P., LAAKSONEN, M., BORISOV, P., and HALKOAHO, J. (2006). Measuring image of a city: A qualitative approach with case example. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2(3), 210–219.
  • LEE, H. and JAIN, D. (2009). Dubai’s brand assessment success and failure in brand management - Part 1. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5 (3), 234-246.
  • MOMMAS, E. (2003). City branding. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers.
  • MORGAN, N., PRITCHARD, A., and PRIDE, R. (Eds.) (2002). Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • NAVARO-YASHIN, Y. (2003). `Life is dead here’: Sensing the political in `no man's land’. Anthropological Theory, 3(1), 107-125.
  • NORTHOVER, J. (2010). A brand for Belfast: How can branding a city influence change? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6, 104-111.
  • NTOUNIS, N., and KAVARATZIS, M. (2017). Re-branding the High Street: The place branding process and reflections from three UK towns. Journal of Place Management and Development, 10(4), 392-403.
  • OGUSTIMUR, S., and AKTURAN, U. (2016). Synthesis of city branding literature (1998-2014) as a research domain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 357-372.
  • OKUMUS, F., ALTINAY, M. and ARASLI, H. (2005). The impact of Turkey's economic crisis of February 2001 on the tourism industry in Northern Cyprus. Tourism Management, 26(1), 95-104.
  • PARKERSON, B., and SAUNDERS, J. (2005). City branding: Can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities? Place Branding 1(3), 242-264.
  • PHILIPS, L., and SCHOFIELD, P. (2007). Pottery, pride, and prejudice: Assessing resident images for city branding. Tourism Analysis 12(5-6), 397-407.
  • RICHARDS, G., and WILSON, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931-1951.
  • RUIZ, E.C., DE LA CRUZ, E.R.R., and VAZQUEZ, F.J.C. (2019). Sustainable tourism and residents’ perception towards the brand: The case of Malaga (Spain). Sustainability, 11, 292-307.
  • SHOAIB, T., and KEIVANI, R. (2015). “Branding the new city: Exploring place branding in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(3), 254-265.
  • SIMOES, C., and DIBB, S. (2001). Rethinking the brand concept: New brand orientation. Corporate Communications, 6(4), 217-224.
  • STARKIBRIS (2010, July 10). “Rum lobisine boyun eğdi” (Obeyed to the Greek Cypriot lobby). Retrieved from: http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=64101
  • SUPPHELLEN, M. (2000). Understanding core brand equity: Guidelines for in-depth elicitation of brand associations. International Journal of Marketing Research, 42(3), 319-338.
  • TAŞIRAN, A.C., and ÖZOĞLU, B. (2017, December 15). Northern Cyprus economy competitiveness report 2016-2017. Retrieved from: http://www.ktto.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/KTTO2016-2017-eng.pdf
  • TOROS, E., and GAZIBEY, Y. (2018). Priorities of the citizens in city brand development: Comparison of two cities (Nicosia and Kyrenia) by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. Quality & Quantity, 52, 413-437.
  • TRUEMAN, M., M., CORNELIUS, N., and KILLINGVECK-WIDDUP, A.J. (2007). Urban corridors and the lost city: Overcoming negative perceptions to reposition city brands. Journal of Brand Management, 15(1), 20-31.
  • VUIGNIER, R. (2017). Place branding & place marketing 1976–2016: A multidisciplinary literature review. International Review on Public and Non-profit Marketing, 14(4), 447-473.
  • WANG, H., XIAOKAITI, M., ZHOU, Y., YANG, Y., LIU, Y., and ZHAO, R. (2012). Mega-events and city branding: A case study of Shanghai World Expo 2010. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9 (11), 1283-1293.
  • WHEELER, A. (2017). Designing Brand Identity: An Essential Guide for the Whole Branding Team. 5th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • YAGA (2017, November 28). Cyprus Turkish Investment Development Agency. Retrieved from: https://yaga.gov.ct.tr/en-us/ ZENKER, S., and BRAUN, E. (2015). Rethinking the measurement of place brands. In Kavaratzis M., Warnaby G. and Ashworth G.J. (Eds.), Rethinking place branding (pp.211-223). New York: Springer.
  • ZENKER, Z., and BECKMANN, S.C. (2013). My place is not your place – different place brand knowledge by different target groups. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 6-17.
  • ZENKER, S., EGGERS, F., and FARSKY, M. (2013). Putting a price tag on cities: Insights into the competitive environment of places. Cities, 30, 133-139.
  • ZENKER, S. (2011). How to catch a city? The concept and measurement of place brands. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 40-52.
  • ZENKER, S., and PETTERSON, S. (2011). An integrative theoretical model for improving resident–city identification. Environment and Planning A, 46(3), 715-729.
  • ZHANG, L., and ZHAO, S.X. (2009). City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing. Cities, 26, 245-254.

CITY RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE BRAND: THE CASE OF FAMAGUSTA AND KYRENIA (NORTHERN CYPRUS)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 636 - 650, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.969357

Öz

City Branding literature commonly evaluates the brand image and public perceptions of well-known cities with a relatively positive brand image in various European countries. But they fail to consider how less known and smaller cities with troubled pasts, can be branded. This study focuses on an unknown place with a relatively negative brand image. To this end, we selected two cities in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus; recognized only by Turkey. The study questions how residents perceive their city. Two groups of residents – professionals versus graduate students – living in Famagusta and Kyrenia are selected, and face-to-face interviews with 40 residents are conducted. The results show that despite the political and economic drawbacks of Northern Cyprus, residents of Kyrenia and Famagusta have both negative (e.g., poor city planning and infrastructure, pollution) as well as positive associations (e.g., the sea, beaches, harbours, safety, friendliness, quiet) with the city in which they live.

Kaynakça

  • AAKER, D.A. (2010). Building Strong Brands. New York: Simon & Schuster Ltd.
  • ACHARYA, A., and RAHMAN, Z. (2016). Place branding research: A thematic review and future research agenda. International Review on Public and Non-Profit Marketing, 13, 289-317. ANHOLD, S. (2007). Competitive identity - The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. New York: Palgrave McMillan. ASHWORTH, G., and KAVARATZIS, M. (2009). Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16(8): 520-531.
  • BAROWIEC, A. (2000). Cyprus: A troubled island. London: Praeger Publishers.
  • BRAUN, E., KAVARATZIS, M., and ZENKER, S. (2013). My city – my brand: The different roles of residents in place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 18-28.
  • BRAUN, E. (2012). Putting city branding into practice. Journal of Brand Management, 19, 257–267. CALOTYCHOS, V. (Ed.). (1998). Cyprus and its people: Nation, identity, and experience in an unimaginable community, 1955-1997. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • CARSON, D., GILMORE, A., PERRY, C., and GRONHAUG, K. (2001). Qualitative marketing research. London: Sage Publication.
  • CHAN, C., and MARAFA, L. (2016). Perceptional content analysis for city image: A case study of Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(12), 1285-1299.
  • CONSTANTINOU, C. M., and PAPADAKIS, Y. (2001). The Cypriot state(s) in situ: Cross-ethnic contact and the discourse of recognition. Global Society, 15(2), 125-148.
  • DE CARLO, M., CANALI, S., PRITCHARD, A., and MORGAN, N. (2009). Moving Milan towards Expo 2015: Designing culture into a city brand. Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 8-22. FLICK, U. (1998). An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
  • GARTNER, D. (2011). Unfolding and configuring two decades of research and publications on place marketing and place branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7(2), 91-106.
  • GOVVANARDI, M., LUCARELLI, A., and PASQUINELLI, C. (2013). Towards brand ecology: An analytical semiotic framework for interpreting the emergence of place brands. Marketing Theory, 13(3), 365-383.
  • GLINSKA, E., RYCIUK, U. and JESEVICIUTE-UFARTIENE, L. (2015). Current versus desired attributes of the city used in the process of its branding: The perspectives of city marketers in Poland. Transformation in Business & Economics, 14(2B), 430-449.
  • GOVERS, R., and GO, F. (2009). Place branding: Virtual and physical identities, glocal, imagined and experienced. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan.
  • GÜNÇAVDİ, Ö., and KÜÇÜKÇİFTÇİ, S. (2009). Economic growth under embargoes in North Cyprus: An input‐output analysis. Turkish Studies, 10(3), 365-392.
  • HABERKIBRIS (2010, October 7). Julio Iglesias’a Rum engeli (Julio Iglesias faces Greek Cypriot barrier). Retrieved from: http://haberkibris.com/b780ba71-2010_10_07.html
  • HAMID-TURKSOY, N., KUIPERS, G. and VAN ZOONEN, L. (2014). “Try a taste of Turkey”: An analysis of Turkey’s representation in British newspapers’ travel sections. Journalism Studies, 15(6), 743-758.
  • HAVADİSKIBRIS (2016, June 29). Hardwell konseri iptal (Hardwell concert has been canceled). Retrieved from: https://www.havadiskibris.com/hardwell-konseri-iptal/
  • HERTMAN, E.S., and Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. USA: Pantheon Books. HERSTEIN, R., and JAFFE, E. (2008). The children’s city – The transition from a negative to a positive city image. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(1), 76-84.
  • INSCH, A., and FLOREK, M. (2008). A great place to live, work and play: Conceptualising place satisfaction in the case of a city’s residents. Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(2), 138-149.
  • JOHNSON, M. (2016). Branding In Five and A Half Steps. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • KALANDIDES, A. (2011). City marketing for Bogota: A case study in integrated place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(3), 282-291.
  • KALANDIDES, A. (2011a). The problem with spatial identity: Revisiting the ‘sense of place’. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 28-39.
  • KAEVELYTE, K., and CHIU, J.H. (2011). Planning process of city brands: A case study of Taipei city. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7, 257-270.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., KALANDIDES, A. (2015). Rethinking the place brand: The interactive formation of place brands and the role of participatory place branding. Environment and Planning A, 47, 1368-1382.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., and HATCH, M. J. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 13(1), 69-86.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2009). Cities and their brands: Lessons from corporate branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5, 26-37.
  • KAVARATZIS, M., and ASHWORTH, G.J. (2007). Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam. Cities, 24(1), 16-25.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2007). City marketing: The past, the present and some unresolved issues. Geography Compass, 1(3), 695-712.
  • KAVARATZIS, M. (2004). “From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands”. Place Branding, 1(1): 58-73.
  • KERR G., and OLIVER J. (2015). Rethinking place identities. In Kavaratzis M., Warnaby G. and Ashworth G.J. (Eds.), Rethinking place branding (pp.61-72). New York: Springer.
  • KHIRFAN, L., and MOMANI, B. (2013). (Re)branding Amman: a ‘lived’ city’s values, images and identity. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 9(1), 49-65.
  • LAAKSONEN, P., LAAKSONEN, M., BORISOV, P., and HALKOAHO, J. (2006). Measuring image of a city: A qualitative approach with case example. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2(3), 210–219.
  • LEE, H. and JAIN, D. (2009). Dubai’s brand assessment success and failure in brand management - Part 1. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5 (3), 234-246.
  • MOMMAS, E. (2003). City branding. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers.
  • MORGAN, N., PRITCHARD, A., and PRIDE, R. (Eds.) (2002). Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • NAVARO-YASHIN, Y. (2003). `Life is dead here’: Sensing the political in `no man's land’. Anthropological Theory, 3(1), 107-125.
  • NORTHOVER, J. (2010). A brand for Belfast: How can branding a city influence change? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6, 104-111.
  • NTOUNIS, N., and KAVARATZIS, M. (2017). Re-branding the High Street: The place branding process and reflections from three UK towns. Journal of Place Management and Development, 10(4), 392-403.
  • OGUSTIMUR, S., and AKTURAN, U. (2016). Synthesis of city branding literature (1998-2014) as a research domain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 357-372.
  • OKUMUS, F., ALTINAY, M. and ARASLI, H. (2005). The impact of Turkey's economic crisis of February 2001 on the tourism industry in Northern Cyprus. Tourism Management, 26(1), 95-104.
  • PARKERSON, B., and SAUNDERS, J. (2005). City branding: Can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities? Place Branding 1(3), 242-264.
  • PHILIPS, L., and SCHOFIELD, P. (2007). Pottery, pride, and prejudice: Assessing resident images for city branding. Tourism Analysis 12(5-6), 397-407.
  • RICHARDS, G., and WILSON, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931-1951.
  • RUIZ, E.C., DE LA CRUZ, E.R.R., and VAZQUEZ, F.J.C. (2019). Sustainable tourism and residents’ perception towards the brand: The case of Malaga (Spain). Sustainability, 11, 292-307.
  • SHOAIB, T., and KEIVANI, R. (2015). “Branding the new city: Exploring place branding in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(3), 254-265.
  • SIMOES, C., and DIBB, S. (2001). Rethinking the brand concept: New brand orientation. Corporate Communications, 6(4), 217-224.
  • STARKIBRIS (2010, July 10). “Rum lobisine boyun eğdi” (Obeyed to the Greek Cypriot lobby). Retrieved from: http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=64101
  • SUPPHELLEN, M. (2000). Understanding core brand equity: Guidelines for in-depth elicitation of brand associations. International Journal of Marketing Research, 42(3), 319-338.
  • TAŞIRAN, A.C., and ÖZOĞLU, B. (2017, December 15). Northern Cyprus economy competitiveness report 2016-2017. Retrieved from: http://www.ktto.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/KTTO2016-2017-eng.pdf
  • TOROS, E., and GAZIBEY, Y. (2018). Priorities of the citizens in city brand development: Comparison of two cities (Nicosia and Kyrenia) by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. Quality & Quantity, 52, 413-437.
  • TRUEMAN, M., M., CORNELIUS, N., and KILLINGVECK-WIDDUP, A.J. (2007). Urban corridors and the lost city: Overcoming negative perceptions to reposition city brands. Journal of Brand Management, 15(1), 20-31.
  • VUIGNIER, R. (2017). Place branding & place marketing 1976–2016: A multidisciplinary literature review. International Review on Public and Non-profit Marketing, 14(4), 447-473.
  • WANG, H., XIAOKAITI, M., ZHOU, Y., YANG, Y., LIU, Y., and ZHAO, R. (2012). Mega-events and city branding: A case study of Shanghai World Expo 2010. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9 (11), 1283-1293.
  • WHEELER, A. (2017). Designing Brand Identity: An Essential Guide for the Whole Branding Team. 5th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • YAGA (2017, November 28). Cyprus Turkish Investment Development Agency. Retrieved from: https://yaga.gov.ct.tr/en-us/ ZENKER, S., and BRAUN, E. (2015). Rethinking the measurement of place brands. In Kavaratzis M., Warnaby G. and Ashworth G.J. (Eds.), Rethinking place branding (pp.211-223). New York: Springer.
  • ZENKER, Z., and BECKMANN, S.C. (2013). My place is not your place – different place brand knowledge by different target groups. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 6-17.
  • ZENKER, S., EGGERS, F., and FARSKY, M. (2013). Putting a price tag on cities: Insights into the competitive environment of places. Cities, 30, 133-139.
  • ZENKER, S. (2011). How to catch a city? The concept and measurement of place brands. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 40-52.
  • ZENKER, S., and PETTERSON, S. (2011). An integrative theoretical model for improving resident–city identification. Environment and Planning A, 46(3), 715-729.
  • ZHANG, L., and ZHAO, S.X. (2009). City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing. Cities, 26, 245-254.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nilüfer Türksoy 0000-0002-1075-5031

Emete Toros 0000-0002-7563-6762

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2021
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Türksoy, N., & Toros, E. (2021). CITY RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE BRAND: THE CASE OF FAMAGUSTA AND KYRENIA (NORTHERN CYPRUS). Finans Ekonomi Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(4), 636-650. https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.969357