TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİĞİ EKSENİNDE COVID -19 ve KADIN YOKSULLUĞU

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 422 - 430, 30.06.2023

Berna Ak Bingül , Rengin Ak , Armağan Türk

https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.1258735

Öz

Küresel bir salgın niteliği taşıyan Covid-19, yarattığı sağlık, ekonomik, sosyolojik ve psikolojik etkileriyle toplumsal olarak bu dönemde sosyal hayattan izole edilen ve yaşamda kalma mücadelesi içinde olan kadınları toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği temelinde derin bir yoksulluk ile karşı karşıya bırakmıştır. Salgın, tüm dünyada yoksulluk sınırına yakın olan dezavantajlı konumdaki sosyal sınıfları ekonomik olarak zayıflatarak yoksullaşmalarına ve bu konuda yapılan çabaların ve özelikle cinsiyet eşitliği üzerinde gerileyici bir etkiye yol açmıştır. Pandemi sürecinde kısıtlamaların olduğu dönemde hane ilişkilerinde kadının üzerine düşen ev içi emek ve çocuk bakımı eğitimi, yaşlı bakımı ve her tür ev işleri gibi yüklerin artması ile kadınlar, hem iş hayatından uzaklaşırken ekonomik olarak zayıflamış hem de sağlık hizmetlerine erişim ve eğitimden uzaklaşmalarından dolayı derinleşen yoksulluk ile karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle kadınların iş-aile yaşam dengesizliğine dair yaşadıkları problemleri tespit etmektir. Kadın yoksulluğu olgusu, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ekseninde gelir, eğitim, sağlık hizmetlerine erişim yoksunluğu ve cinsiyete dayalı şiddet deneyimleri çerçevesinde irdelenerek salgın nedeniyle derinleşen eşitsizlik ile nasıl mücadele edileceği ile ilgili çeşitli çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur..

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadın Yoksulluğu, Covid-19, Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği, Sağlık, Eğitim

COVID -19 AND WOMEN POVERTY IN THE AXIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY

Öz

Being a global epidemic, Covid-19, with its health, economic, sociological, and psychological effects, has left women–who were socially isolated from social life in this period and struggling to survive–with deep poverty based on gender inequality. While the epidemic has economically weakened the disadvantaged social classes close to the poverty line, caused their impoverishment, and produced a regressive effect on the efforts made for gender equality. During the restrictions of the pandemic period, with the increase in household work, child care education, elderly care, and all kinds of household chores, women, moving away from business life, have been economically weakened and faced with deepened poverty due to their difficulties in access to health services and education. The primary purpose of the current study is to identify the problems experienced by women in work-family life imbalance due to the Covid-19 epidemic. The phenomenon of women’s poverty was examined within the framework of income, education, lack of access to health services, and gender-based violence experiences on the axis of gender inequality, and various solutions were offered on how to combat the inequality that deepened due to the epidemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Women's Poverty, Covid-19, Gender Inequality, Health, Education

Kaynakça

• ALON, T.M., DOEPKE, M., OLMSTEAD-RUMSEY, J., &TERTILT,T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No., 26947.
• BARGAIN O.& AMINJONOV,U. (2021). Poverty and COVID-19 in Africa and Latin America, World Development, Volume 142.
• BULUNDELL, R., MONICA C. D., ROBERT, J., XIAOWEI, X. (2020), “COVID-19 and Inequalities”, Fıscal Studıes, vol. 41, no. 2, 291–319.
• CUESTA, J., PICO, J. (2020).The Gendered Poverty Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia. Eur J Dev Res 32, 1558–1591 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00328-2
• DANG, H.-A.H. & VIET NGUYEN, C. (2021). Gender Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Income, Expenditure, Savings, and Job Loss, World Development, April 2021.
• DARSO, S. (2020), “What is the effect of COVID-19 on girls’ education?”, https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/COVID-19-effect-girls-education.
• DOUGLAS, K. (2022), Walking Into the Unknown: A Research Journey Through Abuse, Trauma, Motherhood, Poverty, and the Covid Pandemic, Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies, Vol. 22(4) 378–382.
• FURCERI D., LOUNGANI P., OSTRY J. D.& PIZZUTO P.(2021). Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics, IMF Working Papers.
• HUPKAU C. & PETRONGOLO B. (2020). Work, Care and Gender during the COVID-19 Crisis, Fiscal Studies, vol. 41, no. 3, ss. 623–651.
• JOI, P. (2022, June 29), “The stark reality of how COVID-19 has worsened global inequality”, https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/stark-reality-how-covid-19-has-worsened-global-inequality?gclid =Cj0KCQjwlumhBhClARIsABO6p-wOxb1k_nwWTcVAVBV6n5fLQTTHme56P_d391lBzXR0ktY qdH4on2IaAhC1EALw_wcB.
• KASYMOVA S., JEAN MARIE S. PLACE , DEBORAH L. BILLINGS , VE JESUS D. ALDAPE (2021). Impacts Of The COVID-19 Pandemic on The Productivity of Academics Who Mother, July, Gend Work Organ, 28: 419-433.
• LAL, S. K. (2021), Rapidly Increasing Poverty by Corona Outbreak, The Researchers, Volume VII, Issue I, 11, 43-45.
• LEE-KOO, K. (2021), “COVID-19 Is Forcing Millions of Girls Out of School in Asia and the Pacific”, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/covid-19-girls-education-asia-pacific/.
• LINDE, A., & GONZALES LAYA, A. (2020, May 9). Why Are Women More Than Men Suffering During The COVID-19 Pandemic? Retrieved 12 May 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/what-thecovid-19-pandemic-tells-us-about-gender-equality/
• MADGAVKAR, A., WHITE, O., KRISHNAN, M., MAHAJAN, D., & AZCUE, X. (2020) “Covıd -19 and Gender Equality: Countering The Regressive Effects”, Mc Kinsey Global Instute,1-11.
• MARQUES ES, MORAES CLD, HASSELMANN MH, DESLANDES SF, REİCHENHEİM ME (2020).Violence Against Women, Children, and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overview, Contributing Factors, and Mitigating Measures. Cad Saude Publica, 36:1-6.
• OECD (2020a). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), COVID-19: Protecting People and Societies, Version 31 March 2020, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-protecting-people-and-societies-e5c9de1a/
• OECD(2020b).OECD.org.tr.https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/data-insights/the-pandemic-has-not-improved-things-for-women
• OECD (2020c). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19),Women at The Core of the Fight against COVID-19 Crisis, Version 1st April 2020, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/women-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269/
• OECD (2020d). https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/data-insights/young-people-and-women-hit-hard-by-jobs-crisis
• PARKINSON D., ZARA C. (2013). The Hidden Disaster: Domestic Violence in the Aftermath of Natural Disaster. Aust J Emerg Man, 28:28-35.
• PARLAK S, ÇELEBİ C. O., ÖKSÜZ G. F. (2021). Gender Roles during COVID‐19 Pandemic: The Experiences of Turkish Female Academics. Gend Work Organ, 28:461–483.
• SEÇGİN, L., ARSLAN, T., & TARI SELÇUK, K. (2022). Türkiye’de Son Beş Yılda Kadına Yönelik Şiddet: Covid-19 Pandemisinin Etkisi, Atıf Cite Humanistic Perspective, 4 (1),28-43. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1025470.
• SCHWIKOWSKI M. (2021). “Africa: Covid Lockdowns Blamed For Increase In Teenage Pregnancies”, https://www.dw.com/en/africa-covid-lockdowns-teenage-pregnancy-increase/a-59166242
• ILO (2021). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and The World of Work. Seventh Edition Updated Estimates and Analysis, 25 January 2021.   https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf
• IPPF (2020). “Contraception and COVID-19: Disrupted Supply and Access”, https://www.ippf.org/blogs/contraception-and-covid-19-disrupted-supply-and-access
• THURSTON AM, STÖCKL H, RANGANATHAN (2021). M. Natural Hazards, Disasters And Violence Against Women And Girls: A Global Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e004377. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2020-00437
• UN (2020a). “Policy Brief: The Impact of Covid-19 on Women”, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/policy_brief_oncovid_impact_on_women_9_april_2020.pdf
• UN (2020b). “Covid-19 and its economic toll on Women: The story behind the numbers”, https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/feature-covid-19-economic-impacts-on-women
• UN (2020c). “Intensification of Efforts to Eliminate all Forms of Violence against Women and Girls”, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/07/a-75-274-sg-report-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls
• UN (2021). “As Covid-19 Pushes 47 Million Women, Girls into Extreme Poverty”, Secretary-General Calls for Upholding Reproductive Health Rights, in World Population Day Message., https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/sgsm20822.doc.htm
• UN (2023).“Ending Violence Against Women and Girls”, Sustainable Development Goals, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ending-violence-against-women-and-girls/
• UN Women (2021). “Measuring the Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during Covid-19”, https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/documents/Publications/Measuring-shadow-pandemic.pdf
• WAHAB G. M. ABDUL (2022). Teenage Marriage, Pregnancy and High School Dropout Rate during Covid -19 in the Slum Area of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh, Asian Journal of Sociological Research 6 (2): 26-32, 2022;Article no.AJSR.786
• ZULAIKA G, et al. (2022). BMJ Global Health, Impact of Covid-19 Lockdowns on Adolescent Pregnancy and School Dropout among Secondary Schoolgirls in Kenya, doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007666