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Türkiye’de Savunma Eğitim ve Sağlık Harcamaları Arasındaki İlişki Hakkında Ampirik Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 39 - 48, 01.03.2017

Deniz Aytaç

Öz

Savunma, eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişki ekonomik ve sosyal politikalara yön vermede önemli bir göstergedir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu çalışmada 1980-2015 yılları için Türkiye’de savunma, eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişki, Granger nedensellik ilişkisi ve vektör otoregresyon VAR analizi kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Yapılan ampirik çalışmada savunma, eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir nedensellik ilişkinin olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçları değişkenler arası nötrolite hipotezini doğrular niteliktedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Savunma Harcamaları Sosyal Refah Harcamaları Ödünleşim

Kaynakça

  • Smith, A., (2006), Milletlerin Zenginliği, Çev: Haldun Derin, İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Apostolakis, B.E. (1992), “Warfare-Welfare Expenditure Substitution In Latin America 1953– 87’’, Journal of Peace Research, 29(1) 85–98.
  • Ataç, B., Ataç, E.(1993), “ Türkiye’de 1963-1991 Döneminde Personel, Eğitim, Sağlık ve Savunma Harcamalarının Analizi’’, 3. İzmir İktisat Kongresi Tebliğleri, DPT Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Barro, R. J. (1988), “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth’’, NBER Working Paper, No: 2588.
  • Benoit, E. (1973), Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Lexington Books.
  • Caputo, D. A. (1975), “New Perspective On The Public Policy Implications of Defence and Welfare Expenditures In Four Modern Democracies: 1950–1970’’, Policy Sciences, 6(4) 423–446.
  • Cheng, B. S. & Hsu, R. C. (1997), “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Japan: An Application of Time Series Analysis’’, Applied Economic Letters, 4, 393-395.
  • Chletsos, M., Kollias, C. (1995), “ The Demand For Turkish Military Expenditure 1960–1992’’, Cyprus Journal of Economics, 8(1) 64–74.
  • Dabelko, D., McCormick, J. (1977), “Opportunity Cost of Defence: Some Cross- National Evidence’’, Journal of Peace Research, 14(2) 145–154.
  • De Grasse Jr. R.W. (1993), Military Expansion Economic Decline: The Impact of Military Spending on U.S. Economic Performance, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y.
  • Dunne, P., Smith, R., Willenbockel, D. (2005), “Models of Military Spending and Economic Growth: A Critical Review’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 16(6) 449–461.
  • Enders, W. (2004), Applied Econometric Time Series, New York: John Wiley And Sons Inc.
  • Gujarati, N.D. (2004), Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
  • Frederiksen, P.C., Looney, R.E. (1994), “Budgetary Consequences of Defence Expenditures In Pakistan: Short-Run Impacts and Long-Run Adjustments’’, Journal of Peace Research, 31(1) 11–18.
  • Harris, G., Pranowo, M.K. (1988), “ Trade-offs Between Defence and Education Health Expenditures In Developing Countries’’, Journal of Peace Research, 25(2) 165–177.
  • Huntington, S.P.(1975), “The United States’’, in S.P. Huntigton, M. Crozier ve J. Watanuki (eds), The Crisis of Demoracy, New York University Press.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2000-2015), Temel Ekonomik Göstergeler, Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Kibritçioğlu,A.(1998), “İktisadi Büyümenin Belirleyicileri ve Yeni Ekonomik Büyüme Modellerinde Beşeri Sermayenin Yeri’’, A.Ü.SBF Dergisi,53(1-4),207-230.
  • Kollias, C., Paleologou, S.M. (2011), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Defence, Education And Social Spending In Greece’’, Applied Economics Letters, 18(11) 1071–1075.
  • Lin, E.S., Ali, H.E.; Lu, Y.L. (2015), “Does Military Spending Crowd Out Social Welfare Expenditures? Evidence From A Panel of OECD Countries’’, Defence Peace Econ, 26, 33–38.
  • Lindgren, G. (1984), “Armaments and Economic Performance in Industrialized Market Economies’’, Journal of Peace Research, 21 375–387.
  • Looney, R. E., Frederiksen, P.C .(1986), “Profiles of Current Latin American Arms Producers’’, International Organization, 40 (3), 745-752.
  • Lucas, R. E. Jr. (1988), “On The Mechanics of Economic Development’’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Mintz, A. (1989), “Guns Versus Butter: A Disaggregated Analysis’’, American Political Science Review, 83(4) 1285–1293.
  • Mintz, A., Huang, C. (1990), “Defence Expenditures, Economic Growth and The “Peace” Dividend’’, American Political Science Review, 84(4) 1283–1293.
  • Morse, E. (1974), Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France, Princeton University Press.
  • Mueller, M.J., Atesoğlu, H.S. (1993), “Defence Spending, Technological Change and Economic Growth In The United States’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 4(3) 259–269.
  • Mutlu, A. (1997), “Türkiye’de Konsolide Bütçe Harcamalarının Değerlendirilmesi’, Türkiye’de Kamu Ekonomisi ve Mali Kriz’’, XII. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu 15-17 Mayıs 1997, Antalya.
  • OECD. (2016), Education at Glance.
  • Özsoy, O. (2002), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Defence, Education and Health Expenditures: The Case of Turkey’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 13(2) 129–136.
  • Peroff, K.K., Podolak-Warren, M. (1979), “Does Spending on Defence Cut Spending on Health? A Time-Series Analysis of The U.S. Economy 1929–74’’, British Journal of Political Science, 9(1) 21–40.
  • Ram, R. (1995), “Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth’’, in Handbook of Defense Economics, Vol. 1, edt. K. Hartley, T. Sandler. Elsevier Amsterdam.
  • Russett, B.M. (1969), “Who Pays For Defence?’’, American Political Science Review, 63(2) 412–426.
  • Russett, B.M. (1982), “Defence Expenditures and National Well-Being’’, American Political Science Review , 76(4) 767–777.
  • Verner, J.G. (1983), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Education and Defence In Latin American: A Research Note’’, Journal of Developing Areas ,18(1) 25–32.
  • Wang, T.P, Shyu P, Chou, H.C.(2012), “The Impact of Defense Expenditure on Economic Productivity in OECD Countries’’, Economic Modelling, 29 (2012), 2104-2114.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. (2002), “Defence, Education and Health Expenditures In Turkey 1924– 96’’, Journal of Peace Research, 39(5) 569–580.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. ,Öcal, N. (2005), “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle Eastern Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, J.; Wang, R. (2016), “Does Military Spending Promote Social Welfare? A Comparative Analysis of The BRICS and G7 Countries’’, Defence Peace Econ. 2016.
  • https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Milex-GDP-share.pdf
  • https://www.bumko.gov.tr/TR,157/butce-buyuklukleri-ve-butce-gerceklesmeleri.html
  • https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Focus-Health-Spending-2015.pdf

Türkiye’de Savunma Eğitim ve Sağlık Harcamaları Arasındaki İlişki Hakkında Ampirik Bir İnceleme An Empirical Analysis about Relationship Between Defence Education and Health Expenditures in Turkey

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 39 - 48, 01.03.2017

Deniz Aytaç

Öz

The relationship between defence, education and health expenditure is an important indicator for giving direction to economic and social policies. From this ın this study, the relationship between defence, education and health expenditures in Turkey is examined by Granger causality and vector autoregression VAR analysis for the period 1980- 2015. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that there is no statistically significant causality relationship between defence, education and health expenditures. Analysis of results confirmed the neutrality hypothesis between the variables.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Defence Expenditures Social Welfare Expenditures Trade Off

Kaynakça

  • Smith, A., (2006), Milletlerin Zenginliği, Çev: Haldun Derin, İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Apostolakis, B.E. (1992), “Warfare-Welfare Expenditure Substitution In Latin America 1953– 87’’, Journal of Peace Research, 29(1) 85–98.
  • Ataç, B., Ataç, E.(1993), “ Türkiye’de 1963-1991 Döneminde Personel, Eğitim, Sağlık ve Savunma Harcamalarının Analizi’’, 3. İzmir İktisat Kongresi Tebliğleri, DPT Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Barro, R. J. (1988), “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth’’, NBER Working Paper, No: 2588.
  • Benoit, E. (1973), Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Lexington Books.
  • Caputo, D. A. (1975), “New Perspective On The Public Policy Implications of Defence and Welfare Expenditures In Four Modern Democracies: 1950–1970’’, Policy Sciences, 6(4) 423–446.
  • Cheng, B. S. & Hsu, R. C. (1997), “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Japan: An Application of Time Series Analysis’’, Applied Economic Letters, 4, 393-395.
  • Chletsos, M., Kollias, C. (1995), “ The Demand For Turkish Military Expenditure 1960–1992’’, Cyprus Journal of Economics, 8(1) 64–74.
  • Dabelko, D., McCormick, J. (1977), “Opportunity Cost of Defence: Some Cross- National Evidence’’, Journal of Peace Research, 14(2) 145–154.
  • De Grasse Jr. R.W. (1993), Military Expansion Economic Decline: The Impact of Military Spending on U.S. Economic Performance, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y.
  • Dunne, P., Smith, R., Willenbockel, D. (2005), “Models of Military Spending and Economic Growth: A Critical Review’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 16(6) 449–461.
  • Enders, W. (2004), Applied Econometric Time Series, New York: John Wiley And Sons Inc.
  • Gujarati, N.D. (2004), Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
  • Frederiksen, P.C., Looney, R.E. (1994), “Budgetary Consequences of Defence Expenditures In Pakistan: Short-Run Impacts and Long-Run Adjustments’’, Journal of Peace Research, 31(1) 11–18.
  • Harris, G., Pranowo, M.K. (1988), “ Trade-offs Between Defence and Education Health Expenditures In Developing Countries’’, Journal of Peace Research, 25(2) 165–177.
  • Huntington, S.P.(1975), “The United States’’, in S.P. Huntigton, M. Crozier ve J. Watanuki (eds), The Crisis of Demoracy, New York University Press.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2000-2015), Temel Ekonomik Göstergeler, Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Kibritçioğlu,A.(1998), “İktisadi Büyümenin Belirleyicileri ve Yeni Ekonomik Büyüme Modellerinde Beşeri Sermayenin Yeri’’, A.Ü.SBF Dergisi,53(1-4),207-230.
  • Kollias, C., Paleologou, S.M. (2011), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Defence, Education And Social Spending In Greece’’, Applied Economics Letters, 18(11) 1071–1075.
  • Lin, E.S., Ali, H.E.; Lu, Y.L. (2015), “Does Military Spending Crowd Out Social Welfare Expenditures? Evidence From A Panel of OECD Countries’’, Defence Peace Econ, 26, 33–38.
  • Lindgren, G. (1984), “Armaments and Economic Performance in Industrialized Market Economies’’, Journal of Peace Research, 21 375–387.
  • Looney, R. E., Frederiksen, P.C .(1986), “Profiles of Current Latin American Arms Producers’’, International Organization, 40 (3), 745-752.
  • Lucas, R. E. Jr. (1988), “On The Mechanics of Economic Development’’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Mintz, A. (1989), “Guns Versus Butter: A Disaggregated Analysis’’, American Political Science Review, 83(4) 1285–1293.
  • Mintz, A., Huang, C. (1990), “Defence Expenditures, Economic Growth and The “Peace” Dividend’’, American Political Science Review, 84(4) 1283–1293.
  • Morse, E. (1974), Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France, Princeton University Press.
  • Mueller, M.J., Atesoğlu, H.S. (1993), “Defence Spending, Technological Change and Economic Growth In The United States’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 4(3) 259–269.
  • Mutlu, A. (1997), “Türkiye’de Konsolide Bütçe Harcamalarının Değerlendirilmesi’, Türkiye’de Kamu Ekonomisi ve Mali Kriz’’, XII. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu 15-17 Mayıs 1997, Antalya.
  • OECD. (2016), Education at Glance.
  • Özsoy, O. (2002), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Defence, Education and Health Expenditures: The Case of Turkey’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 13(2) 129–136.
  • Peroff, K.K., Podolak-Warren, M. (1979), “Does Spending on Defence Cut Spending on Health? A Time-Series Analysis of The U.S. Economy 1929–74’’, British Journal of Political Science, 9(1) 21–40.
  • Ram, R. (1995), “Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth’’, in Handbook of Defense Economics, Vol. 1, edt. K. Hartley, T. Sandler. Elsevier Amsterdam.
  • Russett, B.M. (1969), “Who Pays For Defence?’’, American Political Science Review, 63(2) 412–426.
  • Russett, B.M. (1982), “Defence Expenditures and National Well-Being’’, American Political Science Review , 76(4) 767–777.
  • Verner, J.G. (1983), “Budgetary Trade-offs Between Education and Defence In Latin American: A Research Note’’, Journal of Developing Areas ,18(1) 25–32.
  • Wang, T.P, Shyu P, Chou, H.C.(2012), “The Impact of Defense Expenditure on Economic Productivity in OECD Countries’’, Economic Modelling, 29 (2012), 2104-2114.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. (2002), “Defence, Education and Health Expenditures In Turkey 1924– 96’’, Journal of Peace Research, 39(5) 569–580.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. ,Öcal, N. (2005), “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle Eastern Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis’’, Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, J.; Wang, R. (2016), “Does Military Spending Promote Social Welfare? A Comparative Analysis of The BRICS and G7 Countries’’, Defence Peace Econ. 2016.
  • https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Milex-GDP-share.pdf
  • https://www.bumko.gov.tr/TR,157/butce-buyuklukleri-ve-butce-gerceklesmeleri.html
  • https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Focus-Health-Spending-2015.pdf
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Deniz Aytaç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aytaç, D. (2017). Türkiye’de Savunma Eğitim ve Sağlık Harcamaları Arasındaki İlişki Hakkında Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 39-48.

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