Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Rusya’ya Uygulanan Yaptırımların Avrasya Ekonomik Birliğine Etkisi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 85 - 103, 19.01.2026

Meram Tatlı

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1603136

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu'nun Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasından sonra bağımsızlığını kazanan sınır ülkeleriyle başlattığı bölgesel entegrasyon çabaları Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği (AEB) ile sonuçlanmıştır. 2010'lu yılların başlangıcından bu yana Rusya, post-Sovyet ülkelerinin yöneticileriyle yeni ve farklı bir bütünleşme yapısı konusunda görüşmeler yürütüyor olsa da Kırım’ın işgal edilmesi, Batı’nın Rusya’ya karşı yaptırım uygulaması ve Rusya’nın küresel alanda yalnızlaştırma politikasıyla karşı karşıya kalması bu bütünleşme çabalarının hızlandırılmasına neden olmuştur. SSCB sonrasında kurulan bağımsız devletlere önemli imtiyazlar tanıyan Moskova, 2015 yılının başlarında beş post-Sovyet devletinin başkanlarını Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği'nin oluşturulması hususunda mutabakata varmaları için ikna etmiştir. Rusya, Birliğin üye sayısını arttırma hedefine yedi yıl içinde ulaşamamış olmasına rağmen, AEB çeşitli iktisadi ve finans sektörlerinde çok taraflı platform olarak bir işlev üstlenmiştir. Konusu Ukrayna savaşı sonrası Rusya’ya uygulanan yaptırımların Avrasya ekonomik birliğine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi olan bu çalışmada, AEB üye ülkelerin politik tutumlarının temelinde siyasi pragmatizmin etkisi görülmektedir, bu ülkelerin her ne kadar Avrasya ittifakına resmi olarak destek veriyor olsalar da aynı zamanda kendi egemenlik alanlarını güçlendirebilecek başka projelere de dahil olmak istedikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada, Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği örgütünün yapısı ve önemi açıklanmış, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı genel hatlarıyla ele alınarak, Batı’nın Rusya’ya uygulamış olduğu yaptırımların AEB’ye etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya , Ukrayna , Yaptırım Politikası , Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği

The Impact of Sanctions Imposed on Russia After the Ukraine War on the Eurasian Economic Union

Öz

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation initiated regional integration efforts with its newly independent neighboring states, which eventually led to the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Since the early 2010s, Russia has engaged in discussions with post-Soviet leaders to create a new and distinct integration framework. However, the annexation of Crimea, Western sanctions against Russia, and Moscow’s growing isolation on the global stage accelerated these integration initiatives. Granting significant concessions to the newly independent states, Moscow successfully persuaded five post-Soviet countries to agree on forming the EAEU by early 2015. Although Russia has not achieved its goal of expanding the Union’s membership within seven years, the EAEU has become a multilateral platform in various economic and financial sectors. This study, which examines the impact of sanctions imposed on Russia after the Ukraine war on the EAEU, highlights the role of political pragmatism in the member states’ policies. While these countries officially support the Eurasian alliance, they also seek opportunities to engage in alternative projects that strengthen their own sovereignty. The research explains the structure and significance of the EAEU, outlines the Russia-Ukraine war, and evaluates the repercussions of Western sanctions on the Union.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia , Ukraine , Sanctions policy , Eurasian Economic Union

Kaynakça

• Agostinis, G., & Urdinez, F. (2021). The nexus between authoritarian and environmental regionalism: An analysis of China’s driving role in the Shanghai cooperation organization. Problems of Post-Communism, forthcoming.69(4-5), 330-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887
• Ağır, O. (2016). Rusya-Ukrayna Krizinin Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 23-42.
• Aksu, Z. (2023). Enerji Bölgeselciliği: Şangay İş birliği Örgütü ve Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği. Nobel yayınevi. Ankara.
• Aljazeera, (2022). Donetsk and Luhansk: What to Know about Ukraine’s Rebel Regions, AlJazeera, Erişim adresi https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/21/donetskand-lugansk-heres-what-we-know-about-rebel-regions
• Berglund, S., & Karasimeonov, G. (2019). In The Eu And Nato But Close To Russıa--Post-Crımea Attıtudes In Bulgarıa And Hungary. Polish Political Science Review/Polski Przeglad Politologiczny, 7(2), 1-18
• Blockmans, S., H. Kostanyan and I. Vorobiov. (2012). Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The Challenge of Integration and Unity, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2012/75, Erişim adresi https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/towards-eurasian-economic-union-challenge-integration-and-unity/
• Bryanski G. (2011). Russia's Putin says wants to build Eurasian Union. Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/world/russias-putin-says-wants-to-build-eurasian-union-idUSTRE7926ZD/.
• Busygina, I. (2024). The Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Eurasian Economic Union.PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 888. Erişim adresi https://www.ponarseurasia.org/the-impact-of-the-war-in-ukraine-on-the-eurasian-economic-union/
• Connolly R. (2018) Russia’s Response to Sanctions: How Western Economic Statecraft is Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press.
• Court of the Eurasian Economic Union Organization of Activities, (2023). Available:https://courteurasian.org/en/about_the_court/organization/.
• Dagavor o Avraziyskom Ekonomiçeskom Soyuze. (2014) Erişim adresi https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/
• Dragneva, R. and Wolczuk, K. (2017). The Eurasian Economic Union Deals, Rules and the Exercise of Power, Russia and Eurasia Programme, London: Rep Research Paper.
• Draitser, E. (2014). The Geopolitics of the Eurasian Economic Union. Erişim adresi http://www.bilaterals.org/?the-geopolitics-of-the-eurasian&lang= en#sthash.QCINje.Dpuf.
• Dugin, A. (2014). Eurasıan Mısson An Introductıon To Neo-Eurasıanısm, London: Published by Arktos Media Ltd.
• EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union). (2021). EAEU foreign trade with Indonesia at the end of 2021. Erişim adresi https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/dc0/EAES_Indoneziya.pdf
• EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union). (2022). Annual report for 2022 Erişim adresi. https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/95c/Annual_report_2022.pdf
• EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union). (2022). Decree No. 12 on the implementation of measures to improve the sustainability of the economies of the EAEU member states, including ensuring macroeconomic stability. Erişim adresi https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/01431501/ err_18032022_12.
• EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union). (2023). Aggregate growth of EAEU GDP reached 3.7% at year-end 2023. Erişim adresi https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/news/prirost-sovokupnogo-vvp-eaes-po-itogam-2023-goda-dostig-3-7/
• Eurasian Economic Commission Structure of the Commission. (2023). Erişim adresi https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/about/.
• Faylahov, R. (2014). Soyuz v Polzu Bednih, Erişim adresi http://www.gazeta.ru /business /2014/04/25/6009205.shtml.
• France 24, (2022). Allies Freeze US$330 Bn of Russian Assets Since Ukraine Invasion: Task Force. Erişim adresi https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220629-alliesfreeze- 330-bn-of-russian-assets-since-ukraine-invasion-task-force
• Gabriela, B. (2022). EU Has Frozen 13.8 Bln Euros Of Russian Assets, Reuters, Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-has-frozen-138-bln-euros-russian-assets-over-ukraine-war-official-says-2022-07-12/
• GOV.UK, (2022a). Export Controls: Dual-Use Items, Software and Technology, Goods for Torture and Radioactive Sources, Erişim adresi https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-controlsdual-use-items-software-and-technology-goods-for-torture-and-radioactive-sources
• GOV.UK, (2022b). UK Announces New Economic Sanctions against Russia, Erişim adresi https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-announces-new-economic-sanctionsagainst-russia#:~:text=alongside per cent20G7 per cent20allies
• Hallen, J. (2014). Why Russia Needs Liberal Democracy, Erişim adresi http://www.forbes.com /sites/jayhallen/2014/02/27/why-russianeeds- liberal-democracy/.
• Hauslohner, A. (2014). Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union, Erişim adresi https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html,
• Ivanov, I. (2014). Western Sanctions Are a Sign of Weakness, The Moskow Times, Erişim adresi https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/western-sanctions-are-a-sign-of-weakness/
• Janet, O. O, A. Q. Chiebuka, O. C. Oluchi, and T. Dieunedort. (2024). An Overview of the Eurasian Economic Union As an Economic Integration Supranational Organization. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21 (8):14-24. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i8861.
• Kheyfets, B.A. (2019) Evrazijskij ekonomicheskij soyuz – Vremya dlya modernizatsii (Eurasian Economic Union: Time for Modernization). Kontury global’nyh transformacij: politika, ekonomika, pravo (Outlines of Global Transformation: Politics, Economic, Law), 12 (2), pp. 29–50.
• Libman A. (2014). Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). In: Levi, L., Finizio, G. and Vallinoto, N. (eds.) The Democratization of International Institutions. First International Democracy Report. London: Routledge.
• Linn, J. (2004). Economic (dis)organization matters. Erişim adresi https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.541.7259&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Lukashenko, A. (2014). Press Statements Following the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council Meeting, Erişim adresi http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts /22404,
• Marples, D. R. (1993). After the putsch: Prospects for independent Ukraine. Nationalities Papers, 21(2), 35-46.
• Nazarbayev, N. (2014). Press Statements Following the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council Meeting, Erişim adresi http://eng.kremlin.ru /transcripts/22404
• Obydenkova, A. (2022). Sustainable Development and Actors of Regional Environmental Governance: Eurasia at the Crossroads, Problems of Post-Communism, 69(4-5), 436–443.
• Özder, A. (2013). Avrasya Kavramı ve Önemi, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi, II/2 (2013), 65-88.
• Öztürk, Y. (2013), Avrasya Birliği Projesi ve Türk DıĢ Politikasına Yansımaları, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi: Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 2(2) s. 223-244.
• Pavlysh, A. (2022). Казахстан консультируется с США и Еврокомиссией, чтобы не попасть под антироссийские санкции. Erişim adresi https://epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/09/15/691505/
• Pirimbayev, C. & Ganiyev, C. (2010). Avrasya Ekonomik Topluluğu: Bir İktisadi İş birliği Alternatifi, International Conference on Eurasian Economıes 2010, ss. 82-85. Erişim adresi https://avekon.org/papers/157.pdf.
• Presedent of Russia. (2023). Address by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Heads of Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union. Erişim adresi http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70380.
• Putin, Viladimir V.. (2014). Press Statements Following the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council Meeting, Erişim adresi http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/22404.
• Roberts, S., Marin, A., Moshes, A. and Pynnöniemi, K. (2014). The Eurasian Economic Union: Breaking the pattern of post-Soviet integration?, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, FIIA Analysis 3.
• Sakwa, R. (2020). The Putin Paradox. Bloomsbury. Erişim adresi https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/1/9781788318303_Final_Revised_Proofs.pdf
• Sapozhkov, O., Galieva, D. & Kryuchkova, E. (2022). Между санкциями и ЕАЭС. Erişim adresi https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5447449
• Satkaliev, A. (2022). Госфонд Казахстана "Самрук-Казына" готов выйти из проектов с партнерами под угрозой санкций. Erişim adresi https://www.interfax.ru/business/862296
• Shepardson, D., J. Freed and F. Y. Chee., (2022). US Follows Canada, Europe on Russian Aircraft Ban, Reuters, Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/business/airspace-closures-after-ukraine-invasion-stretchglobal-supply-chains-2022-03-01/
• Shevel, O. (2016). The battle for historical memory in postrevolutionary Ukraine. Current History, 115(783), 258-263.
• Spartak, A.N. (2017). Metamorfozy processa regionalizacii: ot regional’nyh torgovyh soglashenij k megaregional’nym proektam. Kontury global’nyh transformacij: politika, ekonomika, pravo (Outlines of Global Transformation: Politics, Economic, Law), 10(4), pp. 13–37.
• Statista, (2022). Most Sanctioned Countries Worldwide. Erişim adresi https://www.statista.com/statistics/1294726/number-ofglobal-sanctions-by-target-country/
• Statistics Department of the Eurasian Economic Union, (2022). Erişim adresi eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_stat/
• Stegen, K. S. (2011). Deconstructing the “energy weapon”: Russia's threat to Europe as case study. Energy policy, 39(10), 6505-6513.
• Tatlı, M. (2025). Regional Integration Efforts in The Post-Cold War USSR Geography: The Eurasian Economic Union. ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (26), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.58724/assam.1620084
• The Ministry of Economic Development said that the EAEU and Iran will sign a free trade zone agreement in December. (2023). Erişim adresi https://tass.ru/ekonomika/19401981
• Tidey, A. (2022). Can the EU Or Ukraine Ever Use Russia’s Frozen Assets?, Euro News, Erişim adresi https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/05/06/can-the-euor- ukraine-ever-use-russia-s-frozen-assets
• Timofeev I.N. (2018a) Sankcii protiv Rossii: napravleniya e`skalacii i politika protivodejstviya (The Sanc-tions Against Russia: Escalation Scenarios and Countermeasures). Doklad No 37/2018, Rossijskij sovet po mezhdunarodny`m delam (Report No 37/2018, Russian International Affairs Council). Moscow: NPMP RIAC.
• Timofeev, I.N. (2018b) Ekonomicheskie sankcii kak politicheskoe ponyatie [Economic Sanctions as a Concept of Power Politics]. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta (Bulletin of MGIMO-University), no 2, pp. 26–42.
• Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2014). Bölgesel Bir Hegemonya Girişimi: Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği, Erişim adresi http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/gorus/bolgesel-birhegemonya- girisimi-avrasya-ekonomik-birligi.
• Vinokurov, E. (2018). Introduction to the Eurasian Economic Union, St Petersburg, Russia: Palgrave Macmillan.
• World View. (2018). They Will Say That Kazakhstan Again Stuck a Knife in the Back of Russia: Sat¬payev About Why Kazakhstan Should Not Respond to Sanctions Against the Russian Federation. Erişim adresi https://tehnowar.ru/87053-skazhut-chto-kazahstan-vnov-votknul-nozh-v-spinu-rossii-satpaev-o-tom-pochemu-rk-ne-dolzhna-otvechat-na-sankcii-protiv-rf.html.
• Yale, (2022). New Rules and Limitations for Depreciation and Expensing under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Internal Revenue Service Erişim adresi https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-a-comparison-for-businesses
• Ziyadullaev, N. (2014). Evraziyskiy Ekonomiçeskiy Soyuz: İstoriya Uspeha ili MilniyPuzır, Nezavisimaya, Erişim adresi http://www.ipr-ras.ru/old_site/articles/ziyadul14-04.pdf