Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Systematic Managed Float for Exchange Rate Works or Not? Evidence from Turkey.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 117 - 130, 19.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1609757

Öz

This study examines the dynamics of structural breaks in Turkey's foreign exchange market and exchange rate regimes using the index of foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) from January 2006 to October 2024. The low negative correlation between the nominal exchange rate and central bank reserves suggests a managed exchange rate regime during this period. The cointegration model with structural breaks identifies three key breaks: November 2008 (global financial crisis), February 2012 (European debt crisis), and February 2022 (post-pandemic economic transformation). From January 2006 to October 2008, a market-oriented floating exchange rate regime was in place. After November 2008, foreign exchange market interventions increased due to the global crisis, deviating from the floating exchange rate regime. Between February 2012 and January 2022, EMP peaked, and policies resembling a fixed exchange rate regime were pursued. In the most recent period (February 2022 to October 2024), foreign exchange interventions decreased, but exchange rate uncertainties remained. Furthermore, post-October 2024, the Japanese Yen was not used for arbitrage. Policy recommendations include strengthening the floating exchange rate regime, better management of foreign exchange reserves, and using reserves only during crises.

Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M. (2010). ER and reserves in Asian countries: Causality test. Global Economic Review, 39(2), 215-223.
  • Ahmad, A. H., & Pentecost, E. J. (2009, July). ERs and international reserves: A threshold cointegration analysis. In A paper presented at the African Econometrics Society Conference in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Aizenman, J. (2019). International reserves, ERs, and monetary policy: From the trilemma to the quadrilemma. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.
  • Aizenman, J., Cheung, Y. W., & Qian, X. (2020). The currency composition of international reserves, demand for international reserves, and global safe assets. Journal of International Money and Finance, 102, 102120.
  • Aizenman, J., & Marion, N. (2003). The high demand for international reserves in the Far East: What is going on?. Journal of the Japanese and international Economies, 17(3), 370-400.
  • Aizenman, J., & Riera-Crichton, D. (2008). Real ER and international reserves in an era of growing financial and trade integration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4), 812-815.
  • Altuntaş, M. (2019). Rezerv Opsiyonu Mekanizması Ve Uluslararası Rezerv İlişkisi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 595-609.
  • Ariyasinghe, A., & Cooray, N. S. (2021). The nexus of foreign reserves, ER and inflation: Recent empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. South Asia Economic Journal, 22(1), 29-72.
  • Badinger, H. (2004). Austria's demand for international reserves and monetary disequilibrium: The case of a small open economy with a fixed ER regime. Economica, 71(281), 39-55.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Brown, F. (2002). Demand for international reserves: a review article. Applied Economics, 34(10), 1209-1226.
  • Bai, J. and Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), pp.1—22.
  • Bai, J. and Perron, P. (2006). Multiple structural change models: a simulation analysis. Econometric theory and practice: Frontiers of analysis and applied research, pp.212—237.
  • Büberkökü, Ö., Cesur, A., & Yiğenoğlu, K. (2021). Merkez Bankası Rezervleri İle Reel Efektif Döviz Kurları Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Paradoks: The Journal Of Economics, Sociology & Politics, 17(2).
  • Canikli, N. (2023). Döviz Piyasasına Müdahaleleri Etkinliği: Tc Merkez Bankası. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(46), 390-411.
  • Cengiz, E. K. (2024). Tcmb Rezervleri, Döviz Kurları Ve Cari Açık Arasında İkili Granger Nedensellik İlişkileri. Journal Of Socıal, Humanıtıes And Admınıstratıve Scıences (Joshas), 6(33), 1995-2007.
  • Çeştepe, H., & Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Döviz Rezervleri Ve Döviz Kuru Arasındaki Asimetrik İlişki: Nardl Yaklaşımı Bulguları-The Asymmetrıc Relatıonshıp Between Foreıgn Exchange Reserves And ER In Turkey: Evıdence From Nardl Approach. Journal Of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics And Administrative Sciences Faculty, 7(1), 231-251.
  • Choudhry, T., & Hasan, M. (2008). ER regime and demand for reserves: Evidence from Kenya, Mexico and Philippines. Open Economies Review, 19, 167-181.
  • Dickey, D. & Wayne F. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root” Econometrica, 49, Ss:1057-72.
  • Dominguez, K. M., Hashimoto, Y., & Ito, T. (2012). International reserves and the global financial crisis. Journal of International Economics, 88(2), 388-406.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and ER dynamics. Journal of political Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176. Edwards, S. (1983). The demand for international reserves and ER adjustments: the case of LDCs, 1964-1972. Economica, 50(199), 269-280.
  • Frankel, J. (2019). Systematic managed floating. Open Economies Review, 30, 255-295.
  • Fridriksson, I. (2010). Aspects of the international monetary system: International reserves and international ER regimes (No. 9/2010). Staff Memo.
  • Friedman, M. (1953). The Case for Flexible ERs. Essays in Positive Economics/University of Chicago Press.
  • Grubel, H. G. (1971). The demand for international reserves: a critical review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 9(4), 1148-1166.
  • Heller, H. R., & Khan, M. S. (1978). The Demand for International Reserves under Fixed and Floating ERs (La demande de réserves internationales dans un système de taux de change fixes et en régime de taux de change flottants)(La demanda de reservas internacionales con tipos de cambio fijos y flotantes). Staff Papers-International Monetary Fund, 623-649.
  • Kalu, E. U., Ugwu, O. E., Ndubuaku, V. C., & Ifeanyi, O. P. (2019). ER and foreign reserves interface: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. The economics and finance letters, 6(1), 1-8.
  • Kurum, M. E., & Oktar, S. (2019). Rezerv Opsiyon Mekanizmasının Döviz Kuru Üzerindeki Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 41(1), 223-246.
  • Krugman, P. (1979). A model of balance-of-payments crises. Journal of money, credit and banking, 11(3), 311-325.
  • Lee, J. W. (2014). Will the renminbi emerge as an international reserve currency?. The world economy, 37(1), 42-62.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of economics and statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, Y., & Yoon, S. M. (2020). Relationship between international reserves and FX rate movements. Sustainability, 12(17), 6961.
  • Levy, V. (1983). Demand for international reserves and exchange-rate intervention policy in an adjustable-peg economy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 11(1), 89-101.
  • Makin, J. H. (1974). ER flexibility and the demand for international reserves. Review of World Economics, 110(2), 229-243.
  • Nwachukwu, N. E., Ali, A. I., Abdullahi, I. S., Shettima, M. A., Zirra, S. S., Falade, B. S., & Alenyi, M. J. (2016). ER and external reserves in Nigeria: A threshold cointegration analysis. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), 7(1), 11. Ören, F. (2022). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Analizi Ve Tcmb Döviz Rezervi İle İlişkisi. Journal Of Banking And Financial Research, 9(2), 87-97.
  • Özek, Y., & Ergür, H. O. (2022). Uluslararası Rezervler Döviz Piyasalarındaki Dalgalanmaları Önlemede Yeterli Midir?. Uluslararası Ticaret Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 22-27.
  • Öztürk, A., & Özkul, G. (2021). Merkez Bankası Rezervleri İle Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı Arasındaki İlişki. Journal Of Management And Economics Research, 19(4), 83-104.
  • Pina, G. (2015). The recent growth of international reserves in developing economies: A monetary perspective. Journal of International Money and Finance, 58, 172-190.
  • Ramachandran, M., & Srinivasan, N. (2007). Asymmetric ER intervention and international reserve accumulation in India. Economics Letters, 94(2), 259-265.
  • Rodrik, D. (2008). The real ER and economic growth. Brookings papers on economic activity, 2008(2), 365-412. Sertkaya, B., & Yaman, D. (2023). Döviz Kuru İstikrarsızlığının Kaynakları: Türkiye İçin Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik Yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 76-94.
  • Shrestha, P. K., & Semmler, W. (2015). Monetary policy and international reserves in emerging economies: theory and empirics. In Emerging markets and sovereign risk (pp. 213-230). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Sidaoui, J. J. (2005). Policies for international reserve accumulation under a floating ER regime: the experience of Mexico (1995-2003). Globalization and monetary policy in emerging markets.
  • Tatar, H. E. (2021). Türkiye’de Altın Rezervi Ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisinin Fourier Yaklaşımı İle Test Edilmesi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1728-1742. Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2005). Foreign exchange reserves, ER regimes, and monetary policy: Issues in Asia. Asian Development Review, 22(02), 1-34. Tiwari, A. K., & Kyophilavong, P. (2017). ERs and international reserves in India: A frequency domain analysis. South Asia Economic Journal, 18(1), 76-93.
  • Vacaflores, D. E., & Kishan, R. (2014). Remittances, international reserves, and ER regimes in 9 Latin American countries, 1997-2010. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 14(2), 97-116.
  • Vieira, F. V., & da Silva, C. G. (2022). The role of international reserves on real ER: a panel data analysis. Economia Aplicada, 26(2), 221-238.
  • Wu, J., Pan, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2014). The conditions and potential of RMB as an international reserve currency: The empirical evidences from the history of eight major international reserve currencies. China Finance Review International, 4(2), 103-123.
  • Yurdal, S. K., & Demirel, B. (2021). Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Belirleyicileri: Rezerv Yeterliliğinin Etkisi Asimetrik Mi?. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 787-804.
  • Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of business & economic statistics, 20(1), 25-44.

Döviz Kuru için Sistematik Yönetimli Dalgalanma Etkin mi? Türkiye'den Kanıtlar.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 117 - 130, 19.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1609757

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye ekonomisinde Ocak 2006 ve Ekim 2024 arasında döviz piyasasında yapısal kırılmaların ve döviz piyasası baskı endeksi (EMP) ile kur rejimlerinin dinamiklerini analiz etmektedir. Nominal döviz kuru ile merkez bankası rezervleri arasındaki negatif ve düşük dereceli korelasyon ampirik analiz döneminde yönetilen kur rejiminin uygulandığını göstermektedir. Yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme modeline göre, Kasım 2008, Şubat 2012 ve Şubat 2022 tarihlerinde üç önemli yapısal kırılma belirlenmiştir. Bu kırılmalar, küresel finansal kriz, Avrupa borç krizi ve pandemi sonrası ekonomik dönüşüm gibi kritik dönemlerle örtüşmektedir. İlk dönemde (Ocak 2006-Ekim 2008), piyasa odaklı bir dalgalı kur rejimi benimsenmiştir. Ancak, Kasım 2008 sonrası dönemde küresel krizle birlikte döviz piyasalarına müdahaleler artmış ve dalgalı kur rejiminden sapmalar gözlemlenmiştir. Şubat 2012- Ocak 2022 dönemi, EMP’nin en yüksek seviyelere ulaştığı ve sabit kur rejimine yakın politikaların izlendiği bir dönem olmuştur. Son dönemde (Şubat 2022-Ekim 2024), döviz müdahalelerinin azaldığı ancak kur belirsizliklerinin devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ocak 2022 sonrası dönemde Japon Yen’inin arbitraj amaçlı kullanılmadığı bulgusuna ulaşılmaktadır. Politika önerileri arasında dalgalı kur rejiminin piyasa mekanizmalarına uygun şekilde güçlendirilmesi, döviz rezervlerinin daha etkin yönetilmesi ve rezervlerin yalnızca kriz dönemlerinde kullanılması bulunmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M. (2010). ER and reserves in Asian countries: Causality test. Global Economic Review, 39(2), 215-223.
  • Ahmad, A. H., & Pentecost, E. J. (2009, July). ERs and international reserves: A threshold cointegration analysis. In A paper presented at the African Econometrics Society Conference in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Aizenman, J. (2019). International reserves, ERs, and monetary policy: From the trilemma to the quadrilemma. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.
  • Aizenman, J., Cheung, Y. W., & Qian, X. (2020). The currency composition of international reserves, demand for international reserves, and global safe assets. Journal of International Money and Finance, 102, 102120.
  • Aizenman, J., & Marion, N. (2003). The high demand for international reserves in the Far East: What is going on?. Journal of the Japanese and international Economies, 17(3), 370-400.
  • Aizenman, J., & Riera-Crichton, D. (2008). Real ER and international reserves in an era of growing financial and trade integration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4), 812-815.
  • Altuntaş, M. (2019). Rezerv Opsiyonu Mekanizması Ve Uluslararası Rezerv İlişkisi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 595-609.
  • Ariyasinghe, A., & Cooray, N. S. (2021). The nexus of foreign reserves, ER and inflation: Recent empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. South Asia Economic Journal, 22(1), 29-72.
  • Badinger, H. (2004). Austria's demand for international reserves and monetary disequilibrium: The case of a small open economy with a fixed ER regime. Economica, 71(281), 39-55.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Brown, F. (2002). Demand for international reserves: a review article. Applied Economics, 34(10), 1209-1226.
  • Bai, J. and Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), pp.1—22.
  • Bai, J. and Perron, P. (2006). Multiple structural change models: a simulation analysis. Econometric theory and practice: Frontiers of analysis and applied research, pp.212—237.
  • Büberkökü, Ö., Cesur, A., & Yiğenoğlu, K. (2021). Merkez Bankası Rezervleri İle Reel Efektif Döviz Kurları Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Paradoks: The Journal Of Economics, Sociology & Politics, 17(2).
  • Canikli, N. (2023). Döviz Piyasasına Müdahaleleri Etkinliği: Tc Merkez Bankası. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(46), 390-411.
  • Cengiz, E. K. (2024). Tcmb Rezervleri, Döviz Kurları Ve Cari Açık Arasında İkili Granger Nedensellik İlişkileri. Journal Of Socıal, Humanıtıes And Admınıstratıve Scıences (Joshas), 6(33), 1995-2007.
  • Çeştepe, H., & Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Döviz Rezervleri Ve Döviz Kuru Arasındaki Asimetrik İlişki: Nardl Yaklaşımı Bulguları-The Asymmetrıc Relatıonshıp Between Foreıgn Exchange Reserves And ER In Turkey: Evıdence From Nardl Approach. Journal Of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics And Administrative Sciences Faculty, 7(1), 231-251.
  • Choudhry, T., & Hasan, M. (2008). ER regime and demand for reserves: Evidence from Kenya, Mexico and Philippines. Open Economies Review, 19, 167-181.
  • Dickey, D. & Wayne F. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root” Econometrica, 49, Ss:1057-72.
  • Dominguez, K. M., Hashimoto, Y., & Ito, T. (2012). International reserves and the global financial crisis. Journal of International Economics, 88(2), 388-406.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and ER dynamics. Journal of political Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176. Edwards, S. (1983). The demand for international reserves and ER adjustments: the case of LDCs, 1964-1972. Economica, 50(199), 269-280.
  • Frankel, J. (2019). Systematic managed floating. Open Economies Review, 30, 255-295.
  • Fridriksson, I. (2010). Aspects of the international monetary system: International reserves and international ER regimes (No. 9/2010). Staff Memo.
  • Friedman, M. (1953). The Case for Flexible ERs. Essays in Positive Economics/University of Chicago Press.
  • Grubel, H. G. (1971). The demand for international reserves: a critical review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 9(4), 1148-1166.
  • Heller, H. R., & Khan, M. S. (1978). The Demand for International Reserves under Fixed and Floating ERs (La demande de réserves internationales dans un système de taux de change fixes et en régime de taux de change flottants)(La demanda de reservas internacionales con tipos de cambio fijos y flotantes). Staff Papers-International Monetary Fund, 623-649.
  • Kalu, E. U., Ugwu, O. E., Ndubuaku, V. C., & Ifeanyi, O. P. (2019). ER and foreign reserves interface: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. The economics and finance letters, 6(1), 1-8.
  • Kurum, M. E., & Oktar, S. (2019). Rezerv Opsiyon Mekanizmasının Döviz Kuru Üzerindeki Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 41(1), 223-246.
  • Krugman, P. (1979). A model of balance-of-payments crises. Journal of money, credit and banking, 11(3), 311-325.
  • Lee, J. W. (2014). Will the renminbi emerge as an international reserve currency?. The world economy, 37(1), 42-62.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of economics and statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, Y., & Yoon, S. M. (2020). Relationship between international reserves and FX rate movements. Sustainability, 12(17), 6961.
  • Levy, V. (1983). Demand for international reserves and exchange-rate intervention policy in an adjustable-peg economy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 11(1), 89-101.
  • Makin, J. H. (1974). ER flexibility and the demand for international reserves. Review of World Economics, 110(2), 229-243.
  • Nwachukwu, N. E., Ali, A. I., Abdullahi, I. S., Shettima, M. A., Zirra, S. S., Falade, B. S., & Alenyi, M. J. (2016). ER and external reserves in Nigeria: A threshold cointegration analysis. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), 7(1), 11. Ören, F. (2022). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Analizi Ve Tcmb Döviz Rezervi İle İlişkisi. Journal Of Banking And Financial Research, 9(2), 87-97.
  • Özek, Y., & Ergür, H. O. (2022). Uluslararası Rezervler Döviz Piyasalarındaki Dalgalanmaları Önlemede Yeterli Midir?. Uluslararası Ticaret Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 22-27.
  • Öztürk, A., & Özkul, G. (2021). Merkez Bankası Rezervleri İle Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı Arasındaki İlişki. Journal Of Management And Economics Research, 19(4), 83-104.
  • Pina, G. (2015). The recent growth of international reserves in developing economies: A monetary perspective. Journal of International Money and Finance, 58, 172-190.
  • Ramachandran, M., & Srinivasan, N. (2007). Asymmetric ER intervention and international reserve accumulation in India. Economics Letters, 94(2), 259-265.
  • Rodrik, D. (2008). The real ER and economic growth. Brookings papers on economic activity, 2008(2), 365-412. Sertkaya, B., & Yaman, D. (2023). Döviz Kuru İstikrarsızlığının Kaynakları: Türkiye İçin Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik Yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 76-94.
  • Shrestha, P. K., & Semmler, W. (2015). Monetary policy and international reserves in emerging economies: theory and empirics. In Emerging markets and sovereign risk (pp. 213-230). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Sidaoui, J. J. (2005). Policies for international reserve accumulation under a floating ER regime: the experience of Mexico (1995-2003). Globalization and monetary policy in emerging markets.
  • Tatar, H. E. (2021). Türkiye’de Altın Rezervi Ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisinin Fourier Yaklaşımı İle Test Edilmesi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1728-1742. Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2005). Foreign exchange reserves, ER regimes, and monetary policy: Issues in Asia. Asian Development Review, 22(02), 1-34. Tiwari, A. K., & Kyophilavong, P. (2017). ERs and international reserves in India: A frequency domain analysis. South Asia Economic Journal, 18(1), 76-93.
  • Vacaflores, D. E., & Kishan, R. (2014). Remittances, international reserves, and ER regimes in 9 Latin American countries, 1997-2010. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 14(2), 97-116.
  • Vieira, F. V., & da Silva, C. G. (2022). The role of international reserves on real ER: a panel data analysis. Economia Aplicada, 26(2), 221-238.
  • Wu, J., Pan, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2014). The conditions and potential of RMB as an international reserve currency: The empirical evidences from the history of eight major international reserve currencies. China Finance Review International, 4(2), 103-123.
  • Yurdal, S. K., & Demirel, B. (2021). Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Belirleyicileri: Rezerv Yeterliliğinin Etkisi Asimetrik Mi?. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 787-804.
  • Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of business & economic statistics, 20(1), 25-44.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Para Politikası
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tayfur Bayat 0000-0002-4427-0999

İzzet Taşar 0000-0001-9187-6910

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 24 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayat, T., & Taşar, İ. (2026). Systematic Managed Float for Exchange Rate Works or Not? Evidence from Turkey. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, 36(1), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1609757