TR
EN
Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War
Öz
Following the defeat at Sarıkamış on the Eastern Front during the First World War, the front was virtually left to its fate. The fall of Erzurum to Russian forces on 18 February 1916, and the subsequent expansion of operations toward Iraq and the Mediterranean, finally alerted the Ministry of War to the seriousness of the situation. It was decided to reinforce the 3rd Army with units of the newly formed 2nd Army in Thrace.
Among the divisions dispatched was the 5th Infantry Division, a unit distinguished in the Gallipoli campaign. Assigned to Bitlis, at the southeastern edge of the front, it was expected to eliminate the region’s strategic vulnerability. Yet tension arose when its commander, Refet Bey, proved senior in rank to Mustafa Kemal, who had been given command of the newly created 16th Corps. Mustafa Kemal’s rapid promotion to general formally resolved the issue, but Refet Bey’s discontent persisted.
This study, based on primary sources published in 2017 by the Turkish General Staff’s Directorate of Military History and Strategic Studies (ATASE), analyzes the Bitlis campaign to illuminate both its military and human dimensions, while correcting misrepresentations and filling gaps in existing scholarship.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ALLEN William Edward David, Muratoff Paul. (1953). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Cambridge University Press.
- BELEN, Fahri. (1965). “Birinci Cihan Harbinde Türk Harbi 1916 Yılı Hareketleri”, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara. Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd Başkanlığı Askeri Tarih Yayınları (ATASE). (1978). Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk Harbi II nci Cilt, 2 nci Kısım Kafkas Cephesi, 2 nci Ordu Harekâtı (1916-1918)” Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
- ____________________ (2017). Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, Temmuz 2017, Yıl.66, Sayı 140, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
- ____________________ (1993). Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk Harbi, Kafkas Cephesi 3 ncü Ordu Harekâtı, Cilt II, II. Kitap, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
- Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. (1994). Bitlis, XI Cilt, İstanbul.
- Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı İslam Ansiklopedisi. (2021). Bitlis, Cilt 2, ETAM Matbaası, Eskişehir.
- KOCATÜRK Utkan. (2007). Doğumundan Ölümüne Kadar Kaynakçalı Atatürk Günlüğü, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara, 2007.
- TOKER Hülya, FİDAN Nurcan. (2009). Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Katılan Alay ve Daha Üst Kademedeki Komutanların Biyografileri, C. I., Genelkurmay Basım Evi, Ankara.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Yakınçağ Askeri Tarih, Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
14 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
6 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi
6 Ağustos 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3
APA
Özdem, A. G. (2026). Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, 36(3), 1505-1521. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1779099
AMA
1.Özdem AG. Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences. 2026;36(3):1505-1521. doi:10.18069/firatsbed.1779099
Chicago
Özdem, Ali Gökçen. 2026. “Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War”. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences 36 (3): 1505-21. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1779099.
EndNote
Özdem AG (01 Eylül 2026) Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences 36 3 1505–1521.
IEEE
[1]A. G. Özdem, “Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War”, Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, c. 36, sy 3, ss. 1505–1521, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.18069/firatsbed.1779099.
ISNAD
Özdem, Ali Gökçen. “Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War”. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences 36/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 1505-1521. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1779099.
JAMA
1.Özdem AG. Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences. 2026;36:1505–1521.
MLA
Özdem, Ali Gökçen. “Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War”. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, c. 36, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 1505-21, doi:10.18069/firatsbed.1779099.
Vancouver
1.Ali Gökçen Özdem. Bitlis Front and Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Commandership of 16th Army Corps during the First World War. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences. 01 Eylül 2026;36(3):1505-21. doi:10.18069/firatsbed.1779099