Araştırma Makalesi
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A NEWCOMER TO THE POLES: EXAMINING TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 145 - 155, 18.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.902894

Öz

This paper examines at what level Turkish foreign policy of late years is being implemented. It aims to delineate that contrary to the regional level policy in the first decade of the 2000s, a differentiated foreign policy is being pursued at the global level aiming to increase Turkish marine research activities at the two poles. Getting involved in science diplomacy in recent years, Turkey plans to strengthen its power capacity and evaluate it at the global level. Thus, in this paper, it is concluded that Turkey’s involvement in both the Arctic and Antarctic signifies that its foreign policy target is no more limited to regional dynamics. Significant paces in the two poles could be best understood via its foreign policy at the global level. Moreover, Turkey’s involvement in science diplomacy in parallel with polar engagement strengthens its power capacity on behalf of the global level. Consequently, it is asserted that Turkish foreign policy has been in transition from regional to global standards.

Kaynakça

  • Ataç, C. A. (2018). Pax-Ottomanica No More! The ‘Peace’ Discourse in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Davutoğlu Era and the Prolonged Syrian Crisis. Digest of Middle East Studies. Vol. 28. No. 1, p. 54. Doi: 10.1111/dome.12152.
  • Ataman, M. (2019). Turkey Emerges as a Real Naval Power. Daily Sabah. (December 12, 2019), Available at: https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/ataman-muhittin/2019/12/12/turkey-emerges-as-a-real-naval-power Accessed 07.03.2021.
  • Aydın, M. (2000). Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Historical Framework and Traditional Inputs. Middle Eastern Studies. 103-134.
  • Balcı, A., and Miş, N. (2008). Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy? Turkish Studies 9. No. 3. pp. 387–406.
  • Başaran, İ. K. (2019). What can a Ship Yard Tells Us about Arctic Safety in Lassi Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Barnes (eds). Redefining Arctic Security: Arctic Yearbook 2019. Akureyri. Iceland. Arctic Portal. (79-82). Available at: https://www.arcticyearbook.com Accessed 13.03.2021.
  • Başeren, S. H. (2013). Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanı Sınırlandırması Sorunu: Tarafların Görüşleri, Uluslararası Hukuk Kurallarına Göre Çözüm ve Sondaj Krizi. Doğu Akdeniz’de Hukuk ve Siyaset. Ankara. (253-306). Beluga Shipping Masters First Commercial Transit of the Northeast Passage (2009). Available at https://www.pes.eu.com/wind/beluga-shipping-masters-first-commercial-transit-of-the-northeast-passage/ Accessed 11.03.2021.
  • Bilgin, P., and Bilgiç, A. (2011). Turkey’s ‘New’ Foreign Policy toward Eurasia. Eurasian Geography and Economics 52. No. 2. 173–195.
  • Blunden, M. (2009). The New Problem of Arctic Stability. Survival. 51:5.
  • Borgerson, S. G. (2008). Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 87. No. 2. March/April 2008.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books. 124-135.
  • Cop, B., and Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2015). Turkish Foreign Policy under AKP Rule: Making Sense of the Turbulence. Political Studies Review. Doi: 10.1111/1478-9302.12088
  • Çağatay, S. (2009). Is Turkey Leaving the West? An Islamist Foreign Policy Puts Ankara at Odds With Its Former Allies. Foreign Affairs. October 26. (2009) Available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2009-10-26/turkey-leaving-west Accessed March 9, 2021.
  • Çakır, A. A., and Akdağ, G. A. (2016). An Empirical Analysis of the Change in Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP Government. Turkish Studies. Doi: 10.1080/14683849.2016.1261021.
  • Depledge, D., Kennedy-Pipe, C., and Bilgiç, A. (2020). Turkey A New Polar Power?. Rusi Newsbrief, Vol. 40. No. 3.
  • Ellinas, C., Roberts J., and Tzimitras H. (2016). Hydrocarbon Developments in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Case for Pragmatism. the Atlantic Council, August 2016.
  • Erşen, E. (2014). Rise of New Centres of Power in Eurasia: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy. Journal of Eurasian Studies 5. 184-191.
  • Flink, T., and Schreiterer, U. (2010). Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs: Toward a Typology of National Approaches. Science and Public Diplomacy. 37(9). p: 665-677. Doi: 10.3152/030234210X12778118264530
  • Furlanetto, E. E. (2015). Imagine a Country Where We Are All Equal: Imperial Nostalgia in Turkey and Elif Shafak’s Ottoman Utopia in B. Buchenau, & V. Richter, (Eds.). Post-Empire İmaginaries? Anglophone, Literature, History and the Demise of Empires. Leiden, NL: Brill.
  • Gorbachev, M. S. (1987). The Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal to the City of Murmansk. Novosti Press Agency. October 1, 1987 (23-31).
  • Hale, W. (2000). Turkish Foreign Policy 1774-2000. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  • Haugom, L. (2019). Turkish Foreign Policy under Erdogan: A Change in International Orientation? Comparative Strategy. 38:3. Doi:10.1080/01495933.2019.1606662
  • Honderich, J. (1987). Arctic Imperative: Is Canada Losing the North? Toronto. The University of Toronto.
  • Huebert, R. (2019). A New Cold War in the Arctic?! The Old One Never Ended! in Lassi Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Barnes (eds), Redefining Arctic Security: Arctic Yearbook 2019. Akureyri. Iceland. Arctic Portal. 75-78. Available at: https://www.arcticyearbook.com Accessed 11.03.2021.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (1998). Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/about/history/ Accessed 14.03.2021.
  • Lami, B. (2018). Recalibration of Turkish Foreign Policy During Akp Era. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 12. No. 3. 35-56.
  • Meral, Z., and Paris, J. (2010). Decoding Turkish Foreign Policy Hyperactivity. Washington Quarterly 33 (4).
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2011). Turkish Foreign Policy, its Domestic Determinants and the Role of the European Union. South European Society and Politics. 16: 279–291.
  • National Polar Science Program (2018-2022). Ministry of Science, Industry, and Technology: General Directorate of Science and Technology, See the original paper http://kare.mam.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/images/kare_mam/ulusal_kutup_bilim_programi.pdf Accessed 11.03.2021
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2020). Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order. All Azimuth. Vol. 9. No. 1.
  • Overland, I., Simonia, N., Vasiliev, S., and Rowe, E. W. (2015). The International Context for Barents Oil and Gas –Asia’s Double Impact in Anatoli Bourmistrov, Frode Mellemvik, Alexei Bambulyak, Ove Gudmestad, Indra Overland and Anatoly Zolotukhin (Editors), International Arctic Petroleum Cooperation: Barents Sea Scenarios. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). Multiple Faces of the ‘New’ Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique. Insight Turkey 13. No. 1. 47–65.
  • Öniş, Z., and Yılmaz, Ş. (2009). Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era. Turkish Studies 10. No. 1. 7–24.
  • Özkan, B. (2014). The Collapse of Davutoğlu’s Pan-Islamist Foreign Policy. Hürriyet Daily News. 23 June. Available at: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-collapse-of-davutoglus-pan-islamist-foreign-policy-68125 (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • Regulations on the Foundation of the Polar Research Centre (2015). The Official Gazette, January 17, 2015. Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/01/20150117-4.htm Accessed 10.03.2021
  • Sale, R., and Potapov, E. (2009). The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation, and Conflict in the North. Frances Lincoln Limited Publishers, London.
  • Sayarı, S. (2000). Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-regionalism. Journal of International Affairs 54. No. 1. 169–182.
  • Science Diplomacy for France Report, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France, 2013.
  • Tank, P. (2012). The Concept of Rising Powers’’, NOREF Policy Brief, Norwegian Peace Building Resource Centre.
  • Tezgür, G. M., and Grigorescu, A. (2014). Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy: Balancing European & Regional Interests. International Studies Perspectives. Doi: 10.1111/insp.12004.
  • The Antarctic Treaty, Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Available at: https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html Accessed 10.03.2021
  • The Antarctic Treaty, Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Final Report of the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Available at https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM39/fr/ATCM39_fr001_e.pdf 10.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/ Accessed 13.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council: Criteria for Admitting Observers, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/observers/ Accessed 15.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council: Role of Arctic Council Observers, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/observers/ Accessed 15.03.2021
  • The Official Gazette (March 08, 2017). Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/03/20170308-10.htm Accessed 20.10.2021.
  • The Official Gazette (December 24, 2019). Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191224-23.htm Accessed 20.10.2021
  • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal.
  • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2010). Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Levant Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean.
  • Turekian, V. C. (2012) Building a National Science Diplomacy System. Science & Diplomacy. Vol. 1, No. 4. Available at http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2012/building-national-science-diplomacy-system Accessed 14.03.2021
  • Turkish Scientists Completed Antarctic Research Expedition (2016). Turkish Marine Research Foundation. Available at http://tudav.org/en/our-fields/turkish-antarctic-science-programme/expeditions/turkish-scientist-completed-antarctic-research-expedition/
  • Türkiye Ulusal Deniz Araştırma Stratejisi (TUDAS) (2014) Available at http://www.shodb.gov.tr/shodb_esas/orj/kurul/TUDAS/TUDAS%20Onay%C4%B1_2Ekim2014.pdf
  • Yalvaç, F. (2014). Approaches to Turkish Foreign Policy: A Critical Realist Analysis. Turkish Studies 15. No. 1. 117–138.
  • Yanık, L. K. (2016). Bringing the Empire Back In: The Gradual Discovery of the Ottoman Empire in Turkish Foreign Policy. Die Welt Des Islams. Doi: 10.1163/15700607-05634P09
  • Yavuz, H. (2016). Social and Intellectual Origins of Neo-Ottomanism: Searching for a Post-National Vision. Die Welt Des Islams. 56 (3). Doi: 10.1163/15700607-05634p08.
  • Yaycı, C. (2020). Türkiye-Libya Arasında İmzalanan Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge Andlaşması’nın Sonuç ve Etkileri. Kriter. Yıl 4. Sayı 42.
  • Young, O. R. (2012). Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps. The Polar Journal. 2: 2.
  • Zewail, A. (2010). The Soft Power of Science. Vacation. p:117-119.

Kutuplarda Yeni Bir Ülke: Türk Dış Politikası'nın Küresel Düzeyde İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 145 - 155, 18.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.902894

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türk Dış Politikası’nın son yıllarda hangi düzeyde yürütüldüğü irdelenmektedir. Makale, 2000’li yılların ilk dönemlerinden farklı olarak, son yıllarda Türkiye’nin kutuplarda deniz araştırma kapasitesini arttırmayı hedef edinen, küresel düzeyde farklılaştırılmış bir dış politika izlediğini ortaya çıkarmayı amaç edinmektedir. Türkiye, son yıllarda bilim diplomasisi ile ilgili çalışmalar da yürüterek güç kapasitesini arttırmayı ve bunu küresel bir düzeyde yürütmeyi planlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu makale, Arktik bölgesine ve Antarktika’ya yönelik yaptığı çalışmalar sayesinde Türkiye’nin bölgesel dinamiklerle sınırlı olmayan bir dış politika yürüttüğü şeklinde bir değerlendirme ile nihayete erdirilmektedir. Zira, kutuplarda atılan önemli adımlar ancak küresel düzeyde bir dış politika ile açıklanabilir. Ayrıca, kutup çalışmalarına paralel bir şekilde Türkiye’nin bilim diplomasisi ile ilgili yaptığı çalışmalar da devletin güç kapasitesini küresel düzeyde arttırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Türk dış politikasının bölgeselden küresele doğru bir dönüşüm geçirdiği düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ataç, C. A. (2018). Pax-Ottomanica No More! The ‘Peace’ Discourse in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Davutoğlu Era and the Prolonged Syrian Crisis. Digest of Middle East Studies. Vol. 28. No. 1, p. 54. Doi: 10.1111/dome.12152.
  • Ataman, M. (2019). Turkey Emerges as a Real Naval Power. Daily Sabah. (December 12, 2019), Available at: https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/ataman-muhittin/2019/12/12/turkey-emerges-as-a-real-naval-power Accessed 07.03.2021.
  • Aydın, M. (2000). Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Historical Framework and Traditional Inputs. Middle Eastern Studies. 103-134.
  • Balcı, A., and Miş, N. (2008). Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy? Turkish Studies 9. No. 3. pp. 387–406.
  • Başaran, İ. K. (2019). What can a Ship Yard Tells Us about Arctic Safety in Lassi Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Barnes (eds). Redefining Arctic Security: Arctic Yearbook 2019. Akureyri. Iceland. Arctic Portal. (79-82). Available at: https://www.arcticyearbook.com Accessed 13.03.2021.
  • Başeren, S. H. (2013). Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanı Sınırlandırması Sorunu: Tarafların Görüşleri, Uluslararası Hukuk Kurallarına Göre Çözüm ve Sondaj Krizi. Doğu Akdeniz’de Hukuk ve Siyaset. Ankara. (253-306). Beluga Shipping Masters First Commercial Transit of the Northeast Passage (2009). Available at https://www.pes.eu.com/wind/beluga-shipping-masters-first-commercial-transit-of-the-northeast-passage/ Accessed 11.03.2021.
  • Bilgin, P., and Bilgiç, A. (2011). Turkey’s ‘New’ Foreign Policy toward Eurasia. Eurasian Geography and Economics 52. No. 2. 173–195.
  • Blunden, M. (2009). The New Problem of Arctic Stability. Survival. 51:5.
  • Borgerson, S. G. (2008). Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 87. No. 2. March/April 2008.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books. 124-135.
  • Cop, B., and Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2015). Turkish Foreign Policy under AKP Rule: Making Sense of the Turbulence. Political Studies Review. Doi: 10.1111/1478-9302.12088
  • Çağatay, S. (2009). Is Turkey Leaving the West? An Islamist Foreign Policy Puts Ankara at Odds With Its Former Allies. Foreign Affairs. October 26. (2009) Available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2009-10-26/turkey-leaving-west Accessed March 9, 2021.
  • Çakır, A. A., and Akdağ, G. A. (2016). An Empirical Analysis of the Change in Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP Government. Turkish Studies. Doi: 10.1080/14683849.2016.1261021.
  • Depledge, D., Kennedy-Pipe, C., and Bilgiç, A. (2020). Turkey A New Polar Power?. Rusi Newsbrief, Vol. 40. No. 3.
  • Ellinas, C., Roberts J., and Tzimitras H. (2016). Hydrocarbon Developments in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Case for Pragmatism. the Atlantic Council, August 2016.
  • Erşen, E. (2014). Rise of New Centres of Power in Eurasia: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy. Journal of Eurasian Studies 5. 184-191.
  • Flink, T., and Schreiterer, U. (2010). Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs: Toward a Typology of National Approaches. Science and Public Diplomacy. 37(9). p: 665-677. Doi: 10.3152/030234210X12778118264530
  • Furlanetto, E. E. (2015). Imagine a Country Where We Are All Equal: Imperial Nostalgia in Turkey and Elif Shafak’s Ottoman Utopia in B. Buchenau, & V. Richter, (Eds.). Post-Empire İmaginaries? Anglophone, Literature, History and the Demise of Empires. Leiden, NL: Brill.
  • Gorbachev, M. S. (1987). The Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal to the City of Murmansk. Novosti Press Agency. October 1, 1987 (23-31).
  • Hale, W. (2000). Turkish Foreign Policy 1774-2000. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  • Haugom, L. (2019). Turkish Foreign Policy under Erdogan: A Change in International Orientation? Comparative Strategy. 38:3. Doi:10.1080/01495933.2019.1606662
  • Honderich, J. (1987). Arctic Imperative: Is Canada Losing the North? Toronto. The University of Toronto.
  • Huebert, R. (2019). A New Cold War in the Arctic?! The Old One Never Ended! in Lassi Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Barnes (eds), Redefining Arctic Security: Arctic Yearbook 2019. Akureyri. Iceland. Arctic Portal. 75-78. Available at: https://www.arcticyearbook.com Accessed 11.03.2021.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (1998). Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/about/history/ Accessed 14.03.2021.
  • Lami, B. (2018). Recalibration of Turkish Foreign Policy During Akp Era. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 12. No. 3. 35-56.
  • Meral, Z., and Paris, J. (2010). Decoding Turkish Foreign Policy Hyperactivity. Washington Quarterly 33 (4).
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2011). Turkish Foreign Policy, its Domestic Determinants and the Role of the European Union. South European Society and Politics. 16: 279–291.
  • National Polar Science Program (2018-2022). Ministry of Science, Industry, and Technology: General Directorate of Science and Technology, See the original paper http://kare.mam.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/images/kare_mam/ulusal_kutup_bilim_programi.pdf Accessed 11.03.2021
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2020). Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order. All Azimuth. Vol. 9. No. 1.
  • Overland, I., Simonia, N., Vasiliev, S., and Rowe, E. W. (2015). The International Context for Barents Oil and Gas –Asia’s Double Impact in Anatoli Bourmistrov, Frode Mellemvik, Alexei Bambulyak, Ove Gudmestad, Indra Overland and Anatoly Zolotukhin (Editors), International Arctic Petroleum Cooperation: Barents Sea Scenarios. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). Multiple Faces of the ‘New’ Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique. Insight Turkey 13. No. 1. 47–65.
  • Öniş, Z., and Yılmaz, Ş. (2009). Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era. Turkish Studies 10. No. 1. 7–24.
  • Özkan, B. (2014). The Collapse of Davutoğlu’s Pan-Islamist Foreign Policy. Hürriyet Daily News. 23 June. Available at: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-collapse-of-davutoglus-pan-islamist-foreign-policy-68125 (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • Regulations on the Foundation of the Polar Research Centre (2015). The Official Gazette, January 17, 2015. Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/01/20150117-4.htm Accessed 10.03.2021
  • Sale, R., and Potapov, E. (2009). The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation, and Conflict in the North. Frances Lincoln Limited Publishers, London.
  • Sayarı, S. (2000). Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-regionalism. Journal of International Affairs 54. No. 1. 169–182.
  • Science Diplomacy for France Report, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France, 2013.
  • Tank, P. (2012). The Concept of Rising Powers’’, NOREF Policy Brief, Norwegian Peace Building Resource Centre.
  • Tezgür, G. M., and Grigorescu, A. (2014). Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy: Balancing European & Regional Interests. International Studies Perspectives. Doi: 10.1111/insp.12004.
  • The Antarctic Treaty, Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Available at: https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html Accessed 10.03.2021
  • The Antarctic Treaty, Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Final Report of the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Available at https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM39/fr/ATCM39_fr001_e.pdf 10.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/ Accessed 13.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council: Criteria for Admitting Observers, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/observers/ Accessed 15.03.2021
  • The Arctic Council: Role of Arctic Council Observers, Available at https://arctic-council.org/en/about/observers/ Accessed 15.03.2021
  • The Official Gazette (March 08, 2017). Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/03/20170308-10.htm Accessed 20.10.2021.
  • The Official Gazette (December 24, 2019). Available at https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191224-23.htm Accessed 20.10.2021
  • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal.
  • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2010). Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Levant Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean.
  • Turekian, V. C. (2012) Building a National Science Diplomacy System. Science & Diplomacy. Vol. 1, No. 4. Available at http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2012/building-national-science-diplomacy-system Accessed 14.03.2021
  • Turkish Scientists Completed Antarctic Research Expedition (2016). Turkish Marine Research Foundation. Available at http://tudav.org/en/our-fields/turkish-antarctic-science-programme/expeditions/turkish-scientist-completed-antarctic-research-expedition/
  • Türkiye Ulusal Deniz Araştırma Stratejisi (TUDAS) (2014) Available at http://www.shodb.gov.tr/shodb_esas/orj/kurul/TUDAS/TUDAS%20Onay%C4%B1_2Ekim2014.pdf
  • Yalvaç, F. (2014). Approaches to Turkish Foreign Policy: A Critical Realist Analysis. Turkish Studies 15. No. 1. 117–138.
  • Yanık, L. K. (2016). Bringing the Empire Back In: The Gradual Discovery of the Ottoman Empire in Turkish Foreign Policy. Die Welt Des Islams. Doi: 10.1163/15700607-05634P09
  • Yavuz, H. (2016). Social and Intellectual Origins of Neo-Ottomanism: Searching for a Post-National Vision. Die Welt Des Islams. 56 (3). Doi: 10.1163/15700607-05634p08.
  • Yaycı, C. (2020). Türkiye-Libya Arasında İmzalanan Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge Andlaşması’nın Sonuç ve Etkileri. Kriter. Yıl 4. Sayı 42.
  • Young, O. R. (2012). Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps. The Polar Journal. 2: 2.
  • Zewail, A. (2010). The Soft Power of Science. Vacation. p:117-119.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Yazarlar

Adnan Dal 0000-0002-3633-9044

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dal, A. (2022). A NEWCOMER TO THE POLES: EXAMINING TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.902894