Araştırma Makalesi
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E-Health Readiness Scale of Health Institutions: Development, Validity and Reliability

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 51 - 65, 24.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1481321

Öz

The use of information and communication technologies, known as e-health, in healthcare services is increasing rapidly every day. The aim of this study is to develop a measurement tool that can evaluate the readiness of health institutions for e-health applications and to test its validity and reliability. Exploratory sequential mixed method research was preferred as the research method. Within the scope of the research, primarily the qualitative research phase was conducted. At this stage, semi-structured interviews were held with eight experts in the relevant field. The data obtained from the expert interviews were transferred to the MAXQDA 2020 program and analyzed. At this stage, an item pool consisting of six sub-dimensions and 40 items regarding the e-health readiness scale of health institutions was created. As a result, the draft scale consisting of 40 items; After expert opinion and content validity stages, it was reduced to 33 items. The draft scale of e-health readiness of the discovered health institutions was applied on a suitable sample at the quantitative research stage and the reliability and construct validity of the scale was examined. Statistical analyzes were carried out using the R-Project 2021 program and lavaan 2012 package. The confidence level in the study was evaluated as 95%. As a result of these analyses, the e-health readiness scale of health institutions consists of four sub-dimensions and 25 items: acceptance and readiness for use, self-sufficiency, technology and infrastructure readiness and structural readiness.

Kaynakça

  • Barrett, P. (2001). Assessing the reliability of rating data. https://www.pbarrett.net/presentations/rater.pdf.
  • Baur, C., & Deering, M. J. (2000). Proposed frameworks to improve the quality of health web sites: Review. Medscape General Medicine, E35. Retrieved
  • Bhalla A, Durham RL, Al-Tabaa N, & Yeager C. (2006). The development and initial psychometric validation of the eHealth readiness scale. Computers Human Behavior, 65, 460–467. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.015.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Bryman, A., ve Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10: A guide for social scientists. London: Routledge.
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272.
  • Gaddi, A., Capello, F., & Manca, M. (Eds.). (2013). eHealth, care and quality of life. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational evaluation and policy analysis, 11(3), 255-274.
  • Güçlü, İ. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Teknik, Yaklaşım, Uygulama. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Güler, A. Halıcıoğlu, BH ve Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma (2. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R
  • Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 439-492). Information Age Publishing.
  • Hailegebreal, S., Dileba, T., Haile, Y., & Abebe, S. (2023). Health professionals’ readiness to implement electronic medical record system in Gamo zone public hospitals, southern Ethiopia: an institution based cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 773.
  • Holgado-Tello, F. P., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., & Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-008-9190-y.
  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1994). On the estimation of polychoric correlations and their asymptotic covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 59(3), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296131.
  • Justice, E. O. (2012). E-healthcare/telemedicine readiness assessment of some selected states in Western Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 195-201.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116.
  • Khoja, S., Scott, R. E., Casebeer, A. L., Mohsin, M., Ishaq, A. F. M., & Gilani, S. (2007). e-Health readiness assessment tools for healthcare institutions in developing countries. Telemedicine and e-Health, 13(4), 425-432.
  • Kılıç, T. (2017). e-Sağlık, iyi uygulama örneği; Hollanda. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 203-217
  • Kiberu, V. M., Mars, M., & Scott, R. E. (2021). Development of an evidence-based e-health readiness assessment framework for Uganda. Health Information Management Journal, 50(3), 140-148.
  • Lawshe C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28, 563–575.
  • Mauco, K. L., Scott, R. E., & Mars, M. (2020). Validation of an e-health readiness assessment framework for developing countries. BMC health services research, 20(1), 1-10.
  • Mazloomi, M., Attaran, D., Sanayei, A., Omidvar, M., & Heydarian Aghdash, H. (2018). The evaluation of e-health adoption by Iranian citizens. Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, 6(1), 258-260.
  • Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
  • Muthén, B. O. (1984). A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49(1), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294210.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation (No. 4). Sage.
  • Pujani, V., Semiarty, R., & Handika, R. F. (2018). The Readiness Study of E-Health Adoption Among Regional Public Hospitals; An Empirical Study in Indonesia. International Journal of Health and Medical Sciences, 4(2), 40-47.
  • Qureshi, Q. A., Ahmad, I., & Nawaz, A. (2012). Readiness for e-health in the developing countries like Pakistan. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(1).
  • Robson, C. (2002). Gerçek dünya araştırması. (Çev. Ş. Çınkır, N. Demirkasımoğlu), Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of statistical software, 48, 1-36.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tan, J., & Cheng, W., (2005). E-Networkıng. Tan, J. (Ed.) E-health care information systems: an introduction for students and professionals içinde (163- 189 ss.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Team, R. C., (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.(Erişim Tarihi: 13.7.2022)
  • Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple-factor analysis: A development and expansion of the vectors of mind. University of Chicago Press.
  • Toraman, S. (2021). Karma Yöntemler Araştırması: Kısa Tarihi, Tanımı, Bakış Açıları ve Temel Kavramlar/Mixed Methods Research: A Brief History, Definitions, Perspectives, and Key Elements. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 3(1), 1-29.
  • Wickramasinghe, N. S., Fadlalla, A. M., Geisler, E., & Schaffer, J. L. (2005). A framework for assessing e-health preparedness. International journal of electronic healthcare, 1(3), 316-334.
  • Wubante, S. M., Nigatu, A. M., & Jemere, A. T. (2022). Health professionals’ readiness and its associated factors to implement Telemedicine system at private hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia 2021. PloS one, 17(9), e0275133.
  • Yeşilyurt, S., & Çapraz, C. (2018). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kapsam Geçerliği İçin Bir Yol Haritası. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 251-264.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Güncelleştirilmiş geliştirilmiş 11. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yusif, S., Hafeez-Baig, A., & Soar, J. (2017). e-Health readiness assessment factors and measuring tools: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 107, 56-64.

Sağlık Kurumlarının E-Sağlığa Hazırbulunuşluğu Ölçeği: Geliştirme, Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 51 - 65, 24.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1481321

Öz

Sağlık hizmetlerinde e-sağlık olarak bilinen bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin kullanımı hızla artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sağlık kurumlarının e-sağlık uygulamalarına hazır olma durumlarını değerlendirebilecek bir ölçme aracı geliştirilerek geçerlik ve güvenirliliği sınanması amaçlanmıştır. Keşfedici ardışık karma yöntem araştırmasıyla yürütülen bu araştırmada öncelikle nitel araştırma aşaması yürütülmüştür. Bu aşamada ilgili alanda uzman sekiz kişiyle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler MAXQDA 2020 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu aşamada sağlık kurumlarının e-sağlık hazırlığı ölçeği için altı alt boyut ve 40 maddeden oluşan bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Uzman görüşü ve içerik geçerliliği aşamalarından sonra bu maddeler 33’e düşürülmüştür. Sağlık kurumlarının e-sağlık hazırlığı taslak ölçeği nicel araştırma aşamasında uygun bir örnekleme uygulanmış ve ölçeğin güvenirliliği ve yapı geçerliliği R-Project 2021 programı ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda sağlık kurumlarının e-sağlık hazır bulunuşluğu ölçeği; kabul ve kullanıma hazır olma, öz yeterlilik, teknoloji ve altyapı hazır bulunuşluğu ve yapısal hazır bulunuşluk olmak üzere dört alt boyuttan ve 25 maddeden oluşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barrett, P. (2001). Assessing the reliability of rating data. https://www.pbarrett.net/presentations/rater.pdf.
  • Baur, C., & Deering, M. J. (2000). Proposed frameworks to improve the quality of health web sites: Review. Medscape General Medicine, E35. Retrieved
  • Bhalla A, Durham RL, Al-Tabaa N, & Yeager C. (2006). The development and initial psychometric validation of the eHealth readiness scale. Computers Human Behavior, 65, 460–467. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.015.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Bryman, A., ve Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10: A guide for social scientists. London: Routledge.
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272.
  • Gaddi, A., Capello, F., & Manca, M. (Eds.). (2013). eHealth, care and quality of life. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational evaluation and policy analysis, 11(3), 255-274.
  • Güçlü, İ. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Teknik, Yaklaşım, Uygulama. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Güler, A. Halıcıoğlu, BH ve Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma (2. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R
  • Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 439-492). Information Age Publishing.
  • Hailegebreal, S., Dileba, T., Haile, Y., & Abebe, S. (2023). Health professionals’ readiness to implement electronic medical record system in Gamo zone public hospitals, southern Ethiopia: an institution based cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 773.
  • Holgado-Tello, F. P., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., & Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-008-9190-y.
  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1994). On the estimation of polychoric correlations and their asymptotic covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 59(3), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296131.
  • Justice, E. O. (2012). E-healthcare/telemedicine readiness assessment of some selected states in Western Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 195-201.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116.
  • Khoja, S., Scott, R. E., Casebeer, A. L., Mohsin, M., Ishaq, A. F. M., & Gilani, S. (2007). e-Health readiness assessment tools for healthcare institutions in developing countries. Telemedicine and e-Health, 13(4), 425-432.
  • Kılıç, T. (2017). e-Sağlık, iyi uygulama örneği; Hollanda. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 203-217
  • Kiberu, V. M., Mars, M., & Scott, R. E. (2021). Development of an evidence-based e-health readiness assessment framework for Uganda. Health Information Management Journal, 50(3), 140-148.
  • Lawshe C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28, 563–575.
  • Mauco, K. L., Scott, R. E., & Mars, M. (2020). Validation of an e-health readiness assessment framework for developing countries. BMC health services research, 20(1), 1-10.
  • Mazloomi, M., Attaran, D., Sanayei, A., Omidvar, M., & Heydarian Aghdash, H. (2018). The evaluation of e-health adoption by Iranian citizens. Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, 6(1), 258-260.
  • Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
  • Muthén, B. O. (1984). A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49(1), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294210.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation (No. 4). Sage.
  • Pujani, V., Semiarty, R., & Handika, R. F. (2018). The Readiness Study of E-Health Adoption Among Regional Public Hospitals; An Empirical Study in Indonesia. International Journal of Health and Medical Sciences, 4(2), 40-47.
  • Qureshi, Q. A., Ahmad, I., & Nawaz, A. (2012). Readiness for e-health in the developing countries like Pakistan. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(1).
  • Robson, C. (2002). Gerçek dünya araştırması. (Çev. Ş. Çınkır, N. Demirkasımoğlu), Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of statistical software, 48, 1-36.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tan, J., & Cheng, W., (2005). E-Networkıng. Tan, J. (Ed.) E-health care information systems: an introduction for students and professionals içinde (163- 189 ss.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Team, R. C., (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.(Erişim Tarihi: 13.7.2022)
  • Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple-factor analysis: A development and expansion of the vectors of mind. University of Chicago Press.
  • Toraman, S. (2021). Karma Yöntemler Araştırması: Kısa Tarihi, Tanımı, Bakış Açıları ve Temel Kavramlar/Mixed Methods Research: A Brief History, Definitions, Perspectives, and Key Elements. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 3(1), 1-29.
  • Wickramasinghe, N. S., Fadlalla, A. M., Geisler, E., & Schaffer, J. L. (2005). A framework for assessing e-health preparedness. International journal of electronic healthcare, 1(3), 316-334.
  • Wubante, S. M., Nigatu, A. M., & Jemere, A. T. (2022). Health professionals’ readiness and its associated factors to implement Telemedicine system at private hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia 2021. PloS one, 17(9), e0275133.
  • Yeşilyurt, S., & Çapraz, C. (2018). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kapsam Geçerliği İçin Bir Yol Haritası. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 251-264.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Güncelleştirilmiş geliştirilmiş 11. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yusif, S., Hafeez-Baig, A., & Soar, J. (2017). e-Health readiness assessment factors and measuring tools: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 107, 56-64.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Hizmetler (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülşen Gündoğdu 0000-0001-9402-1088

Cem Ayden 0000-0002-7648-7973

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gündoğdu, G., & Ayden, C. (2025). E-Health Readiness Scale of Health Institutions: Development, Validity and Reliability. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, 35(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1481321