Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.

El Renacimiento de la Caballería: De la Lanza a la Pistola y la Batalla de Turnhout (1597)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

Este estudio tiene como objetivo reinterpretar de forma exhaustiva la batalla de Turnhout, librada el 24 de enero de 1597, en el marco del debate sobre la Revolución Militar, analizando la transformación estructural de las tácticas de caballería en la Edad Moderna. A finales del siglo XVI, la caballería había perdido en gran medida su posición decisiva en el campo de batalla; sin embargo, la transición de las cargas de choque basadas en lanzas y picas hacia una movilidad y una potencia de fuego centradas en las armas de fuego le permitió resurgir como una fuerza estratégicamente significativa. Como resultado de las reformas implementadas bajo el liderazgo de Mauricio de Nassau y su primo Guillermo Luis, el ejército neerlandés adoptó innovaciones como el adiestramiento regular, las formaciones lineales y el fuego por salvas, estableciendo la pistola como el arma principal de la caballería y disipando las dudas persistentes sobre su eficacia. Los asaltos disciplinados, coordinados y rápidos ejecutados en la batalla de Turnhout desbarataron a los tercios españoles en poco tiempo y demostraron hasta qué punto la caballería ligera podía ser eficaz cuando se combinaba con un fuego concentrado. Esta transformación reveló que, a finales del siglo XVI, el equilibrio de poder en el campo de batalla podía cambiar no solo a favor de la infantería y la artillería, sino también en beneficio de una caballería reestructurada y tácticamente adaptable. Además, Turnhout no fue simplemente un punto de inflexión táctico en la historia europea; también se convirtió en un símbolo de la profunda división intelectual y cultural entre la mentalidad militar tradicional mediterránea y la cultura bélica impulsada por la innovación del mundo atlántico. Tras el descubrimiento de América, el dominio geopolítico del Mediterráneo disminuyó mientras el mundo atlántico ganaba protagonismo, creando un contraste marcado en los enfoques de la guerra. España encarnaba la continuidad del orden tradicional y de los valores antiguos, mientras que neerlandeses e ingleses integraron nuevas tecnologías en sus sistemas militares mediante estrategias orientadas al pragmatismo. En este sentido, Turnhout arrojó luz sobre las dimensiones culturales de la llamada “Crisis General” del siglo XVII y reveló cómo la tecnología militar y los marcos mentales estaban profundamente entrelazados. Además, esta batalla reflejó transformaciones más amplias que se producían en las organizaciones militares de los Estados, en sus estructuras fiscales y en su pensamiento estratégico. En última instancia, la batalla de Turnhout alteró de manera fundamental las dinámicas de poder en el campo de batalla gracias a la integración de las armas de fuego en las tácticas de caballería, y demostró con claridad que la Revolución Militar debe analizarse no solo desde la perspectiva de la infantería y la artillería, sino también en términos del papel evolutivo y la transformación de la caballería.

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.

The Revival of Cavalry: From Lance to Pistol and the Battle of Turnhout (1597)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

This study aims to comprehensively reinterpret the Battle of Turnhout, fought on 24 January 1597, within the framework of the Military Revolution debate, examining the structural transformation of cavalry tactics in the early modern period. By the late sixteenth century, cavalry had largely lost its decisive position on the battlefield, yet the transition from lance- and spear-based shock charges to mobility and firepower centered on firearms enabled it to reemerge as a strategically significant force. As a result of the reforms implemented under the leadership of Maurice of Orange and his cousin William Louis, the Dutch army adopted innovations such as regular drill, linear formations, and salvo fire, establishing the pistol as the primary weapon of the cavalry and dispelling long-standing doubts about its effectiveness. The disciplined, coordinated, and rapid assaults executed at the Battle of Turnhout routed the Spanish tercios in a short time and demonstrated the extent to which light cavalry could be effective when combined with concentrated firepower. This transformation revealed that, by the end of the sixteenth century, the balance of power on the battlefield could shift not only in favor of infantry and artillery but also toward a restructured and tactically adaptive cavalry. Moreover, Turnhout was not merely a tactical turning point in European history; it also became a symbol of the deep intellectual and cultural divide between the Mediterranean’s traditional military mentality and the innovation-driven warfare culture of the Atlantic world. After the discovery of the Americas, the geopolitical dominance of the Mediterranean waned while the Atlantic world rose in prominence, creating a pronounced contrast in approaches to warfare. Spain embodied the continuity of traditional order and ancient values, whereas the Dutch and English integrated new technologies into their military systems through pragmatically oriented strategies. In this respect, Turnhout shed light on the cultural dimensions of the seventeenth-century General Crisis and revealed the ways in which military technology and mental frameworks were deeply intertwined. Furthermore, this battle reflected broader transformations occurring within states’ military organizations, fiscal structures, and strategic thought. Ultimately, the Battle of Turnhout fundamentally altered the power dynamics of the battlefield through the integration of firearms into cavalry tactics and clearly demonstrated that the Military Revolution must be examined not only from the perspective of infantry and artillery but also in terms of the evolving role and transformation of cavalry.

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.

SÜVARİLERİN YENİDEN DOĞUŞU: KARGIDAN TABANCAYA GEÇİŞ VE TURNHOUT SAVAŞI (1597)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 , 216 - 230 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM

Öz

İşbu çalışma, 24 Ocak 1597 tarihinde cereyan eden Turnhout Savaşı’nı Askerî Devrim tartışmaları çerçevesinde yeniden değerlendirerek erken modern dönemde süvari taktiklerinde yaşanan yapısal dönüşümü bütüncül biçimde incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına dek savaş alanında belirleyici konumunu yitirmiş olan süvariler, mızrak ve kargı temelli şok saldırılarından ateşli silahlara dayalı hareketlilik ve ateş gücüne geçişle birlikte yeniden stratejik bir güç haline gelmiştir. Oranjeli Maurits ve kuzeni Willem Lodewijk önderliğinde yürütülen reformlar sonucunda Hollanda ordusu düzenli talim, doğrusal savaş düzeni ve salvo ateşi gibi yenilikleri benimseyerek tabancayı süvarinin asli silahı hâline getirmiş; bu da uzun süredir etkinliği tartışılan tabancalara yönelik kuşkuları ortadan kaldırmıştır. Turnhout Savaşı’nda uygulanan disiplinli, koordineli ve hızlı saldırılar, İspanyol tercios birliklerini kısa sürede bozguna uğratmış ve hafif süvarinin ateş gücüyle birleştiğinde ne kadar etkili olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu durum, XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında savaş alanındaki güç dengesinin yalnızca piyade ve topçular lehine değil; aynı zamanda, yeniden yapılandırılmış süvari lehine de değişebileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca Turnhout, Avrupa tarihinde yalnızca taktiksel bir dönüm noktası olmakla kalmamış, Akdeniz merkezli geleneksel askerî zihniyet ile Atlantik dünyasının yeniliğe dayalı savaş kültürü arasındaki derin düşünsel ve kültürel ayrışmanın da simgesi olmuştur. Amerika’nın keşfedilmesinden sonra küresel güç dengelerinde Akdeniz’in etkisi zayıflarken Atlantik dünyası yükselişe geçmiş, bu durum savaş kültürlerinde de belirgin bir karşıtlık yaratmıştır. İspanya, geleneksel düzenin ve kadim değerlerin sürekliliğini temsil ederken, Hollanda ve İngiltere pragmatizme dayalı stratejilerle yeni teknolojileri askerî sistemlerine entegre etmiştir. Turnhout, bu yönüyle XVII. yüzyıl Genel Dünya Krizi’nin kültürel boyutlarına ışık tutmuş ve askerî teknoloji ile zihniyet dünyalarının nasıl iç içe geçtiğini göstermiştir. Dahası, işbu savaş, devletlerin askerî organizasyonlarında, mali yapılarında ve stratejik düşünüş biçimlerinde meydana gelen dönüşümlerin de bir yansıması olmuştur. Sonuç olarak Turnhout Savaşı, ateşli silahların süvari taktiklerine entegrasyonu ile savaş alanındaki güç ilişkilerini kökten değiştirmiş; Askerî Devrim’in yalnızca piyade ve topçu ekseninde değil, süvarinin dönüşümü bağlamında da ele alınması gerektiğini açık biçimde ortaya koymuştur.

Etik Beyan

İşbu çalışma, Doç. Dr. Selim ASLANTAŞ danışmanlığında 2014 yılında tamamladığımız İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya karşı bağımsızlık mücadelesi (1597- 1648) başlıklı yüksek lisans tezi esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2014).

Kaynakça

  • A DISCOURSE MORE AT LARGE OF THE LATE OUERTHROVVE GIUEN TO THE KING OF SPAINES ARMIE AT TURNEHAUT. (1597). Londra.
  • BENTIVOGLIO, G. (1643). Gverra de Flandes. Madrid: Francisco Martinez.
  • BLACK, J. (1995). A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • BLACK, J. (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, A. (1746). Letters and memorials of state, in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver's usurpation, C.1. Londra: T. Osborne.
  • DE SLAG BIJ TURNHOUT. (1947). De Militaire Spectator, C.3, 130-142.
  • DUYCK, A. (1862). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck (1591-1602), C. I. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • DUYCK, A. (1864). Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, C.II. Arnhem: Martinus Nijhoff. HÉLDER CARVALHAL, A. M. (2021). The First World Empire Portugal, War and Military Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • HOEK, J. J. (1914). De Veldtocht van Prins Maurits in 1597. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
  • ISRAEL, J. (1977). "A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648 ". Past & Present, S.76, 34-74.
  • KALKAN, M. T. (2014). İsyandan Cumhuriyete: Hollanda'nın İspanya'ya Karşı Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi (1597 – 1648). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı.
  • LA NOUË, F. de. (1587). The politicke and militarie discourses of the Lord de La Nouue. Londra: Thomas Cadman & Edward Aggas.
  • MENDOZA, B. D. (1597). Theorique and Practise of Warre. Middleburg: Richard Schilders.
  • NIMWEGEN, O. van. (2012). The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 159-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • OMAN, C. (1937). A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Londra: Methuen Co.
  • ORLERS, J. (1613). The triumphs of Nassau. Londra: Adam Islip.
  • PARKER, G. (1976). "The ‘Military Revolution,’ 1560-1660--a Myth?". The Journal of Modern History, C. 48, S. 2, 195-214.
  • PARKER, G. (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy". The Journal of Military History, C. 71, S. 2, 331-372.
  • PARKER, G. (2013). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARKER, G. (2022). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • PARROTT, D. (1995). Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The Military Revolution. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 227-253). New York: Routledge.
  • PUYPE, J. P. (1997). Victory at Nieuwpoort, 2 July 1600. M. van Hoeven (Düz.) içinde, Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648 (s. 69-113). Leiden: Brill.
  • ROBERTS, M. (2018). The Military Revolution, 1560-1660. C. Rogers (Düz.) içinde, The Military Revolution Debate Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (s. 13-37). New York: Routledge.
  • ROGERS, C. J. (2012). Tactics and the face of battle. F. T. Trim (Düz.) içinde, European Warfare, 1350–1750 (s. 203-235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SHAKESPEARE, W. (2005). King Henry V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SHAPIRO, J. (1989). "Revisiting ‘Tamburlaine: Henry V’ as Shakespeare's Belated Armada Play". Criticism, C. 31, S.4, 351-366.
  • VERE, S. F. (1888). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere. Londra: St. Dunstan's House. WILLIAMS, S. R. (1590). A Briefe Discourse of Warre. Londra: Thomas Orwin.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Talha Kalkan 0000-0002-1954-5698

Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345
IZ https://izlik.org/JA45FE69FM
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalkan, M. T. (2026). SÜVARİLERİN YENİDEN DOĞUŞU: KARGIDAN TABANCAYA GEÇİŞ VE TURNHOUT SAVAŞI (1597). Folklor Akademi Dergisi, 9(1), 216-230. https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1795345