Yükseköğretimde Devlet ve Vakıf Üniversiteleri: Sorunlar ve Politika Önerileri

Öz

Otuz yılı aşkın bir süredir, dünya ekonomisinde piyasa odaklı düzenleme rejiminin yükselişi, diğer birçok sektörde olduğu gibi, yükseköğretim alanında da etkili olmuştur. Özel üniversiteler, devlete ait öğretim kurumlarıyla kıyaslandığında artan biçimde dikkat çekmeye başlamıştır. Kâr amacı güden özel kurumların piyasa payı artarken, diğer kurumlarla arasındaki rekabet de yoğunlaşmıştır. Bazı ülkelerde öğrenim harcı uygulamasına başlanırken, bazılarında ise harç düzeylerinde artış yaşanmıştır. Yükseköğretimin finansmanında devlet dışı mali kaynaklar, devlet fonlarındaki azalış nedeniyle belirginleşmiştir. Fakat bu piyasalaşma sürecine rağmen, literatürde yükseköğretimde serbest piyasa modeline muhalefet edilir. Çünkü yükseköğretimin üretiminin ve tüketiminin doğası, bir piyasa modeli geliştirmeyi imkânsız hale getirmektedir. Piyasa temelinde yükseköğretim sağlanması, devlet düzenlemesi olmaksızın kamu refahını maksimize etmemektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın iki temel amacı vardır. Birinci amaç yükseköğretim piyasasını serbest bir piyasa olarak kavramsallaştırmaya engel olan temel özellikleri ortaya koymaktır. İkinci amaç, piyasa başarısızlıklarını analiz etmek ve piyasa güçlerine maruz kalan yükseköğretim sistemlerinin toplumsal faydalarını maksimize etmeye yardımcı olacak politikaları ele almaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yükseköğretim,serbest piyasa,piyasalaşma,rekabet,kamu malı

Public and Foundation Universities in Higher Education: Problems and Policy Proposals

Öz

For more than thirty years the rise of a market-oriented regulation regime in the world economy has been influential in higher education realm, as in many other sectors. The private universities have become progressively prominent in comparison to public higher education institutions. While the market share of private –for profit-institutions has grown, competition with other institution has intensified. In some countries tuition fee has introduced, while it has increased in others. In higher education financing non-state financial resources has come to prominence because of the shortage of public funds. However, in the literature it has been challenged to the free market model in higher education despite this process of marketization. Because the nature of the production and consumption of higher education makes developing a market model impossible. The provision of higher education on the market basis would not maximize public welfare without state regulation. In this context this paper has two main purposes. The first purpose is to introduce the main characteristics that constraint conceptualizing the higher education market as a free market. The second purpose is to analyze market failures and to address policies that will help to maximize the social benefits of higher education systems expose to market forces

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Higher education,free market,marketization,competition,public good

Kaynakça

1. ALTBACH, Philip G.; (2015), “Higher Education and the WTO: Globalization Run Amok”, International Higher Education, 23, pp. 2-3.
2. ATKINSON, Robert D. and Luke A. STEWART; (2011), “University Research Funding: The United States is Behind and Falling”, ITIF, pp.1-18.
3. BECKER, W. William and David K. ROUND; (2009), “The Market for Higher Education: Does it Really Exist?”, IZA DP, 4092, pp. 2-42.
4. BECKER, W. William and Robert K. TOUTKOUSHIAN;(2013), “On the Meaning of Markets in Higher Education”, Michael B. PAULSEN (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory And Research, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, pp. 323-376.
5. BOK, Derek; (2007), Piyasa Ortamında Üniversiteler: Yükseköğretimin Ticarileşmesi, Çev.: B. Yıldırım, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
6. BREWER, Dominic J., Susan M. GATES and Charles A. GOLDMANN; (2001), “In The Pursuit Of Prestige: Strategy And Competition In US Higher Education”, Technical Papers, DRU-2541- EDU, pp. 1-120.
7. BROWN, Roger; (2011), “Higher Education and the Market”, Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 12;3, pp. 78-83.
8. BROWN, Roger; (2011), “The March of The Market”, Mike MOLESWORTH, Richard SCULLION and Elizabeth NIXON (Ed.), The Marketisation of Higher Education And The Student as A Consumer, Routledge, New York, USA, pp.11-24.

9. BROWN, Roger and Helen CARASSO; (2013), Everything For Sale? The Marketization Of UK Higher Education, Routledge, London.
10. BROWN, Roger ;(2015), “The Marketization of The Higher Education: Issues And Ironies”, New Vistas, 1(1), pp. 4-9.
11. CHANG, Ha-Joon-Ilene GRABEL;(2005), Kalkınma Yeniden: Alternatif İktisat Politikaları El kitabı, Çev.: E. Özçelik, İmge Kitabevi.
12. DILL, D. David; (1997), “Higher Education Markets And Public Policy”, Higher Education Policy, 10(3-4), pp. 167-185.
13. DILL, David D. and Maarja SOO; (2005), “Academic Quality, League Tables, And Public Policy: A Cross-National Analysis Of University Ranking Systems”, Higher Education, 49(4), pp. 495-533.
14. DILL, D. David; (2007), “Will The Market Competition Assure Academic Quality? An Analysis Of The UK And US Experience”, Don F. WESTERHEIJDEN, Bjorn STENSAKER and Maria Joao ROSA, (Ed.) Quality Assurance In Higher Education: Trends In Regulation, Translation And Transformation, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 47-72.
15. EPPLE, Dennis, Richard ROMANO and Holger SIEG; (2006), “Admission, Tuition And Financial Aid Policies In The Market For Higher Education” Econometrica, 74 (4), pp. 885–928.
16. EVANS Peter and William H. SEWELL; (2013), “Neoliberal Era: Ideology, Policy And Social Effects”, Peter HALL and Michele LAMONT (Ed.) Social Resilience In The Neoliberal Era, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 35-68.
17. FRIEDMAN, Milton; (1955[2008]), “Eğitimde Devletin Rolü”, Liberal Düşünce (Eğitim, Piyasa ve Devlet), Sayı 49, ss. 39-58.
18. FUREDI, Frank; (2011), “Introduction to the Marketisation of Higher Education and The Student as a Consumer”, Mike MOLESWORTH, Richard SCULLION and Elizabeth NIXON (Ed.), The Marketisation of Higher Education and The Student as A Consumer, Routledge, New York, USA, pp.1-7.
19. GEIGER, Roger L.; (2004), Knowledge and Money, Stanford University Press, California, USA.
20. GEIGER, Roger L. (2011), “Markets and The End of Current Area In Us Higher Education”, Pedro N. TEIXEIRA and David D. DILL (Ed.), Public vices, private virtues, Sense Publishers, Rotterdam: The Netherlands, pp. 3-17.
21. GRINDLE, Merilee Serrill; (1989), “The New Political Economy: Positive Economics And Negative Politics”, PPR Working Paper, pp.1-67.
22. HANSMANN, Henry; (1999), “The State and The Market In Higher Education” https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/Hansmann_The_State_and_the_M arket_ in_Higher_Education.pdf. 11.11.2016.
23. HANSMANN, Henry; (2012), “The Evolving Economic Structure Of Higher Education”, Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 4720, pp. 158-183.
24. HARVEY, David; (2015), Neoliberalizmin Kısa Tarihi. Çev.: A. Onacak, Sel Yayıncılık. İstanbul.
25. HIRSCH, Fred; (1977), Social Limits To Growth, London, Routledge, UK.
26. HUNT, Stephen, Claire CALLENDER and Gareth PARRY;(2016), “The Entry and Experience of Private Providers of Higher Education In Six Council, http://www.researchcghe.org/perch/resources/publications/ppreport.pdf. 12.11.2016.
27. Countries”, Economic and Social Research
28. ITA ;(2016), “A Market Assessment Tool For U.SExporters”
29. http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Education_Top_Markets_Report.pdf.
30. JEONG, Moon Sook; (2014), “The Role of State in The Neoliberal Reforms of Korean Higher Education”, Michael KARIWO, Tatiana GOUNKO and Musembi NUNGU (Ed.), A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems, Sense Publisher, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp.111-122.
31. JONGBLOED, Ben; (2003), “Marketisation in Higher Education, Clark’s Triangle and The Essential Ingredients of Markets”, Higher Education Quarterly, 57 (2), pp. 110-135.
32. KANEKO, Motohisa; (2000), “Higher Education Research, Policy And Practice: Context, Conflicts And The New Horizon”, Ulrich TEICHLER and Jan SADLAK (Ed.), Higher Education Research Its Relationship To Policy And Practice, International Association of Universities, Paris, pp.113- 122.
33. KAVISTÖ, Jussi and Seppo HÖLTTA; (2008), “Information as a Regulative Element In Higher Education Systems”, Tertiary Education and Management, 14 (4), pp. 331-344.
34. LESLIE, Larry L. and Gary P. JOHNSON ; (1974), “The Market Model and Higher Education”, The Journal of Higher Education, 45(1), pp. 1-20.
35. LYNCH, Kathleen; (2006), “Neoliberalism and Marketisation: The Implications For Higher Education”, European Educational Research Journal, 5(1), pp.1-17.
36. MARGINSON, Simon; (2009), “The Limits of Market Reform In Higher Education”, http://citeseerx. ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=1F266D32E2D7423A5F1853F06F602CB6?doi=10.1.1. 664.8458&rep=rep1&type=pdf. 12.01.2017.
37. MARGINSON, Simon; (2010), “Higher Education In East Asia and Singapore: The Rise of Confucian Model”, Higher Education, 61(5), pp. 587–611.
38. MARGINSON, Simon; (2012), “The Problem of Public Good(s) In Higher Education”, http://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2014/pdf/Marginson.pdf. 08.09.2016.
39. MARGINSON, Simon ;(2013), “The Impossibility of Capitalist Markets In Higher Education”, Journal of Education Policy, 28 (3), pp. 353-370.
40. MARGINSON, Simon; (2014), “Higher Education as a Public Good In a Marketized East Asian Environment”, Akiyoshi YONEZAWA, Yuto KITAMURA, Arthur MEERMAN and Kazuo KURODA, (Ed.), Emerging International Dimensions In The East Asian Higher Education, Springer, Netherlands, pp.15-33.
41. MARGINSON, Simon; (2016), “Higher Education and Growing Inequality”, http://www.academicmatters.ca/2016/01/higher-education-and-growing-inequality/. 15.07.2016.
42. MASSY, William;(2004), “Markets In Higher Education: Do They Promote Internal Efficiency”, Pedro TEIXEIRA, Ben JONGBLOED, David DILL and Alberto AMARAL (Ed.), Markets In Higher Education, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp.13-36.
43. McMAHON, W. Walter ;(2009), Higher Learning, Greater Good: The Private And Social Benefits Of Higher Education, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
44. MILL, John Stuart (1984), Essays On Equality, Law, And Education, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
45. MOK, Ka Ho (2011) “Liberalization of The Privateness In Higher Education: Funding Strategies, Changing Governance And Policy Implications In Asia”, Pedro N. TEIXEIRA and David D. DILL (Ed.), Public vices, private virtues Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp.19- 43.
46. OECD; (2008). Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society. Vol.1. http://www.oecd.org/ education/skills-beyond-school/41266690.pdf. 18.10.2016.
47. OECD ; (2015), Education at a Glance. http://www.oecd.org/edu/education-at-a-glance-2015.htm. 18.10.2016.
48. OECD; (2016), Education at a Glance. http://www.oecd.org/edu/education-at-a-glance- 19991487.htm.15.08.2016.
49. OLSSEN, Mark and Michael A. PETERS; (2005), “Neoliberalism, Higher Education and The Knowledge Economy: From the Free Market to Knowledge Capitalism”, Journal of Education Policy, 20(3), pp. 313-345.
50. ORTMANN, Andreas; (1997), “How To Survive In Postindustrial Environments: Adam Smith's Advice For Today's Colleges And Universities”, The Journal of Higher Education, 68(5), pp. 483-501.
51. PUSSER, Brain; (2006), “Higher Education, Markets and the Preservation of the Public Good”, David D. BRENEMAN, Brian PUSSER and Sarah H. TURNER (Ed.), Earning From Learning: The Rise of For-Profit Universities, State University of New York Press, New York: USA, pp.23- 49.
52. PRITCHARD, Rosalind M.O; (1994), “Government Power In British Higher Education”, Studies in Higher Education, 19 (3), pp. 253-265.
53. SAUNDERS, Daniel B.; (2010), “Neoliberal Ideology and Public Higher Education in The United States”, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 8 (1), pp. 41-77.
54. SEN, Amartya; (2004), Özgürlüklerle kalkınma. Çev.: Y. Olagan, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
55. STEIER, Francis A. ;(2003), “Changing Nexus: Tertiary Education Institutions, The Marketplace And The State”, Higher Education Quarterly, 57 (2), pp.158-180.
56. STIGLITZ, Joseph E. ; (1999), “Knowledge and Information” , I. KAUL, I. GRUNBERG and M. A. STERN (Ed.), Global Public Goods, Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.
57. STIGLITZ, Joseph E.; (2002a), “Development Policies in a World Of Globalization” https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/sites/jstiglitz/files/2005_Development_Policies.p df. 11.11.2016.
58. STIGLITZ, Joseph E.; (2002b), “Globalization and Its Discontents”, W.W. Norton & Company Inc. New York, USA.
59. TEIXEIRA, Pedro N. and David D. DILL; (2011), Public Vices, Private Virtues. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
60. TEIXEIRA, Pedro N.; (2013), “The Tortuous Ways of The Market: Looking at the European Integration Of Higher Education From An Economic Perspective”, LEQS Paper, 56/2013.
61. TILAK, B.G. Jandhyala; (2008), “Higher Education: A Public Good or Commodity For Trade?”, Prospects, 38, pp. 449-466.
62. TEMIN, Peter; (2017) The Vanishing Middle Class: Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy, The MIT Press.
63. WINSTON, Gordon C.; (1997), “Why Can not A College Be More Like A Firm” http://sites.williams.edu/wpehe/files/2011/06/DP-42.pdf, 11.11.2016.
64. WINSTON, Gordon C. ; (1999), “Subsidies, Hierarchy And Peers: The Awkward Economics Of Higher Education”, Journal of Economic Perspective, 13(1), pp.13-36.