Avrupa Birliği ve ASEAN Çerçevesinde Ekonomik Entegrasyonların Türkiye’nin Teknoloji Transferine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 45, 25.01.2023

Bahadır Murat Çakmaklı , Aykut Şarkgüneşi

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1118304

Öz

Ülkeler açısından ekonomik entegrasyonlar, pazar ve piyasa bütünleşmesine, milli gelirin artışına, ekonomik kutuplaşmalardan korunmasına ve teknolojik yayılıma imkân sağlamasından dolayı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ülkeler açısından önemli bir diğer konu ise teknolojik dönüşümü sağlayarak teknoloji kapasitelerini yükseltmektir. Teknolojik kapasiteyi arttırmanın literatürde iki alternatifi bulunmaktadır. Birinci alternatif Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine yoğunlaşarak kendi teknoloji üretimini sağlamak, ikincisi ve en çok tercih edilen yöntem olarak teknolojiyi transfer etmektir. Bu nedenle günümüz uluslararası rekabet ortamında ülkeler açısından önemli olan ekonomik entegrasyon ve teknolojik dönüşüm arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiden, ekonomik entegrasyonların teknoloji transferine olan etkisinin tespit edilmesi araştırma konusu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma konusu çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin entegrasyonlar yoluyla yapmış olduğu teknoloji transferine ve ülke içindeki yüksek teknoloji üretimine, AB ve ASEAN entegrasyonlarının etkilerinin incelenmesi çalışmamızın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın analiz kısmında 1996-2021 yıllarını kapsayan Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve ASEAN’a ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacına uygun yöntem olarak Peseran, Shin ve Smith (2001) ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve ASEAN açısından kısa ve uzun dönemde anlamlı ve pozitif sonuçların elde edilmiş ve ekonomik entegrasyonlar arasında AB’nin Türkiye’deki teknoloji kapasitesinin arttırılması noktasında katkısının daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca analizden çıkan bir başka sonuç da her iki entegrasyondan sağlanan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarının (DYY) ve yüksek teknoloji ithalatının Türkiye’nin teknoloji seviyesine katkı yaptığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Entegrasyon, Ab, Asean, Teknoloji Transferi

The Effect of Economic Integrations in The European Union and ASEAN Framework on Turkey's Technology Transfer

Öz

For countries, economic integration is of great importance as it enables market and market integration, increase of national income, protection from economic polarization and technological diffusion. Another important issue for countries is to increase their technology capacities by providing technological transformation. There are two alternatives in the literature to increase technological capacity. The first alternative is to concentrate on R&D activities and to produce its own technology, and the second and most preferred method is to transfer technology. For this reason, determining the effect of economic integrations on technology transfer from the mutual relationship between economic integration and technological transformation, which is important for countries in today's international competitive environment, has been evaluated as a research topic. The aim of our study is to examine the effects of EU and ASEAN integrations on Turkey's technology transfer through integrations and high technology production within the country within the framework of the research subject. In the analysis part of the study, data from Turkey, European Union (EU) and ASEAN covering the years 1996-2021 were used. Peseran, Shin and Smith (2001) ARDL limit test approach was determined as the method suitable for the purpose of the study. As a result of the analysis, significant and positive results have been obtained in the short and long term for the European Union (EU) and ASEAN, and it has been determined that the EU has a greater contribution to increasing the technology capacity in Turkey among economic integrations. In addition, another result from the analysis is that foreign direct investments (FDI) and high technology imports from both integrations have contributed to the technology level of Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globazation, Integration, Eu, Asean, Technology Transfer

Kaynakça

• Akkemik, A. (2013). Doğu Asya'da Ekonomik Entegrasyon NereyeGidiyor? 10.05.2022 tarihinde alındı. https://tasam.org/trTR/Icerik/25697/dogu_asyada_ekonomik_entegrasyon_nereye_gidiyor
• Allen, R. L. (1963). Economic Integration: Analytical and Empirical Survey Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Jul., 1963), pp. 449-454 https://www. jstor.org /kararlı/1152483
• Baffes, J. and Shah, A. (1998). Productivity of Public Spending, Sectoral Allocation Choices and Economic Growth, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 46, 291–303.
• Balassa, B. (1961). ‘’The Theory of Economic Integration ‘’ Printed in Great Britain by offset into at Taylor Garnett Evans& Co. Ltd Watford, Herts.
• Baldwin, R. E. (1997). The Causes of Regionalism, Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1997, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.
• Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99- 120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
• Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management Onorganizational Performance: Progress and Prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 779-801. https://doi.org/10.2307/256712
• Benoit, E. (1973). Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, D.C. Heath & Company, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1086/451015
• Bontis, N. and Fitz-enz, J. (2002). Intellectual Capital ROI: A Causal Map of Human Capital Antecedents and Consequents, Journal of Intellectual Capital 3(3):223-247. https://doi.org/0.1108/14691930210435589
• Buckley, P.T., Cleg, J., Forsons, N. and Reily, K.T. (2003) Evolution of FDI in the United States in the Context of Trade Liberalization and Regionalization, Journal of Business Research 56(2003), 853-857
• Ciruelos, A. and Wang M. (2005). “International Technology Diffusion: Effects of Trade and FDI”, Atlantic Economic Journal, 33, 437–449. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/ 10.1007 /s11293-005-2871-1.pdf
• Cinel, E.A. (2014) Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyümenin Belirleyicileri (1980-2011), Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt:4, Sayı: 8
• Cohen, W. M. and Levinthal D.A. (1989). Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D, The Economic Journal Sep. 1989, Vol. 99, No. 397 (Sep., 1989), pp. 569-596 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Economic Society. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233763
• Curtin, P.D. (2008) Kültürler Arası Ticaret, (Şaban Bıyıklı Çev.) Küre Yayıncılık, İstanbul
• Damijan, J. P., Knell M., Majcen B. and Rojec M. (2003). “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”, Economic Systems, 27, 189–204. https://doi.org/ 10. 1016 /S0939-3625(03)00039-6
• Demirtaş G. ve Aktop V. S. (2018). Türkiye’de Teknoloji Transferinin İçselleştirilmesi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma, Ekonomik Yaklaşım 2018, 29(108): 69-103. https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11630/7361
• Engelbrecht, H. J. (1997). International R&D Spillovers, Human Capital and Productivity in OECD Economies: A Emprical İnvestigation, European Economic Review 41 (1997). https://www.academia.edu/811880/International_R_and_D_spillovers_human_capital_and_productivity_in_OECD_economies_An_empirical_investigation?from=cover_page
• Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W.J.: "Cointegration and Error-correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing." Econometrica 49,251-276. (1987)
• Erdem, E ve Köseoğlu, A. (2014) Teknolojik Değişim ve Reakabet Gücü İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetim Dergisi, Cilt: IX, Sayı: I
• Eren, H. ve Kılıç A. ve Balcı H. (2015), Savunma Sanayii İçin Teknoloji Transfer Yöntemi Seçimi,Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20 (4), 305-326. https://iibfdergi.sdu.edu.tr/assets/uploads/sites/352/files/yil-2015-cilt-20-sayi-4-yazi16-18122015.pdf
• Fracasso, A. and Marzetti G. V. (2015). International Trade and R&D Spillovers, Journal of International Economics, 96, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.01.010
• Frame, J.D (1983) International Business and Global Tachnology, Lexington Books
• Göker, A. (1999) Bilim ve Teknolojideki Değişimin Toplumsal Etkileri ve Politika Tasarımı, Bilim, Teknoloji ve Toplum Uluslararası Sempozyumu, İTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul
• Hejazi, W. and Safarian, A. E. (1999). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and R&D Spillovers, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (3), 491-511. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490080.pdf
• Hoekman, B. M. and Makus, K.E. and Saggi, K. (2005). Transfer Of Technology To Developing Countries: Unilateral And Multilateral Policy Options, World Development Volume 33, Issue 10, October 2005, Pages 1587-1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.005
• Hsua, C. H. and Wang, F. K. and Tzeng, G. H. (2012). The best vendor selection for conducting the recycled material based on a hybrid MCDM model for combining DANP with VIKOR, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 66, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.02.009
• Hu, A.G.Z., Jefferson, G.H. , Xiaojing, G. and Jinchang, Q. (2003) R&D and Technology Transfer: Firm-Level Evidence from Chinese Industry, William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 582 June 2003
• İncekara, A ve Savrul, M. (2011) Küreselleşme, Büyüme ve Ekonomik Entegrasyonlar: Türkiye Açısından Bir Değerlendirme, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, Yıl 2011, Cilt 61, Sayı 2, 3- 22, 14.11.2011
• Johansen, S. (1988) Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Volume 12, Issues 2–3, June–September 1988, Pages 231-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
• Johansen, S. and K. Juselius (1990). “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications to Demand for Money” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52, 169-210.
• Kabiraj, T. and Marjit, S. (2003). “Protecting Consumers through Protection: The Role of Tariff-Induced Technology Transfer” European Economic Review 47 (2003):113–24.
• Kara, Ş. (1996) Ekonomik Entegrasyon Teorisi, İstanbul
• Karagöz, K. (2007). Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerini Belirleyen Faktörler: 1970 – 2005, Journal of Yasar University, 2(8), 927-948. https://journal.yasar.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/no8_vol2_07_karagoz.pdf
• Kasap, G.C (2010) Teknoloji Transferi, (Editörler: Feray Odman Çelikçapa ve Sait Y. Kaugusuz) Dora Yayınları, Bursa
• Kathuria, V. (2001). “Foreign Firms, Technology Transfer and Knowledge Spillovers to Indian Manufacturing Firms: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis”, Applied Economics, 33, 625-642. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00036840121940?casa_token=kS-3kaFhs7IAAAAA:QTe-XX4qISekDvHVm4VbuPyGYd4ezK-99Y6XGcVcilGbbNZ3lzb7wpEqRavck2_um4QR_IhPc-Gq
• Keller, W. (2004). International Technology Diffusion, Journal Of Economıc Lıterature Vol. 42, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2004 (pp.752-782). https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8573/w8573.pdf
• Keller, W. (2009). “International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Spillovers”, NBER Working Paper, No. 15442.
• Kennedy, P. M. (1987). Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000.
• Khalil, T. M. (2000). Management Of Technology The Key to Competitiveness and Wealth Creation,2000.
• Kılıç, C., Bayar, Y. ve Özekicioğlu, H. (2014). Araştırma Geliştirme Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknoloji Ürün İhracatı Üzerindeki Etkisi: G–8 Ülkeleri İçin Bir Panel Veri Analizi, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 44, Temmuz-Aralık 2014 ss. 115-130. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/66596
• Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu E. ve Ay A. (2017). “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Üzerinde Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Dışa Açıklığın Etkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Panel Veri Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18 (1), 63-78. DOI: 10.31671 /doğuş.2018.22
• Kim, L. and Nelson, R. R. (2000). Technology, Learning and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Kobu, B. (2017). Üretim Yönetimi, Beta Yayınları 18. Baskı
• Konak, A. (2018). Yüksek Teknoloji İçeren Ürün İhracatının İhracat Hacmi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi; Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Örneği, Yönetim, Ekonomi, Edebiyat, İslami ve Politik Bilimler Dergisi,3(2): 56-80. https://doi.org/10.24013/jomelips.489768
• Köprücü, Y. (2017). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15 (30), 105-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/comuybd/issue/36994/534460
• Lee, O., Lee J. and OH I. (2006). “The Role of FDI on Transferring Technology to Korea”, PICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9- 13 July, 1887-1891.
• Li, J., Strange, R., Ning L. and Sutherland D. (2016). “Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Innovation Performance: Evidence from China”, International Business Review, 25, 1010–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.01.008
• Lieshout, J. V. and Beeres, R. (2022). Economics of Arms Trade: What Do We Know? NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2021 pp 13–30. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6265-471-6_2
• Lipsey, R. G. (1960). The Theory of Customs Unions: A General Survey. Economic Journal, 70, 496-513.
• Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics Volume 22, Issue 1, July 1988, Pages 3-42.
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
• Marinov, E. (2015). Economıc Determınants Of Regıonal Integratıon In Developıng Countıes, International Journal of Business and Management Vol. III, No. 3 / 2015. DOI: 10.20472/BM.2015.3.3.003
• Martin, S. (2002). Do Military Exports Stimulate Civil Exports? Applied Economics, 34, 599–605.
• Maskus, K. (2012). Private Rights and Public Problems: The Global Economics of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
• Maurice, S. and Winters, L.A. (2003) Regional Integration and Development, 2003 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW
• National Research Council (2002), Transfer of Pollution Prevention Technologies, https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/10321
• Neuman, S. (1985). Offsets in the International Arms Market, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, US Department of State, Washington, DC.
• Neuman, S. and Harkavy, R. G. (1979). Arms Transfers in the Modern World, Praeger Books, New York.
• Newman, C., Rand, J., Talbot, T. and Tarp, F. (2015). “Technology Transfers, Foreign Investment and Productivity Spillovers”, European Economic Review, 76, 168–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.02.005
• Pesaran, M.H. and Shin, Y. (1999). “An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis.” Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Strom, S. (ed.) Cambridge University Press.
• Peseran, M.H, Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001) Bounds Testıng Approaches To The Analysıs of Level Relatıonshıps, Journal Of Applıed Econometrıcs, J. Appl. Econ. 16: 289–326 (2001), DOI: 10.1002/jae.616
• Redding, W. (1996). Ethics and the study of organizational communication: When will we wake up InJ. A. Saska & M. S. Pritchard (Eds.), Responsible communication: Ethical issues in business, industryand the professions (pp. 16–40). https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-organizational-communication/s04-04-organizational-communication-e.html
• Romer, P. M. (1989). "Human Capital And Growth: Theory and Evidence" NBER Working Papers 3173, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(90)90028-J
• Ryan, C. (2006). Technology Transfer and Merger Activities with Trade and Tariffs, Review of International Economics, 14(4), 582–599, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00645.x
• Salim, A. and Razavi, M. R. and Afshari-Mofrad, M. (2017). “Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillover in Iran: The Role of Technological Capabilities of Subsidiaries”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 122, 207–214.
• Seyidoğlu, H (2015) Uluslararası İktisat, Geliştirilmiş 20. Baskı, Güzem Can Yayınları No:29, İstanbul
• Seyoum, B. (2005) Determinants of Levels of High Technology Exports an Empirical Investigation, Advancesin Competitiveness Research, 13(1), 64-79
• Shikova, I. (2011). Policies of the European Union. PH “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia. (In Bulgarian).
• Sıprı (2021), https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2021/international-arms-transfers-level-after-years-sharp-growth-middle-eastern-arms-imports-grow-most
• Tebaldi, E. (2011). “The Determinants of High-Technology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis” Atlantic Economic Journal, 39 (4):343–53. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-011-9288-9
• Teixeira, A. A. C. (2005). Measuring aggregate human capital in Portugal, 1960–2001. Portuguese Journal of Social Science 4 (2), 101–120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24111537_Measuring_aggregate_human_capital_in_Portugal_An_update_up_to_2001
• Uzawa, H. (1965). Optimum technical change in an aggregative model of economic growth. International Economic Review, 6(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525621
• WIPO (2015). Finding Technology Using Patents An Introduction. https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?i,d=173
• Wu, J. P. (2004). Measuring and Explaining Levels of Regional Economic Integration, Center for European Integration Studies, University of Bonn ZEI b, Walter Flex Strasse, 3.
• Xu, B. and Wang J. (2000). “Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion”, Journal of Economic Integration, 15 (4), 585-601.
• Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms Trade, Military Spending, And Economic Growth, Defence And Peace Economics, 18, 317–38.
• Zhu, L. and Jeon B. N. (2007). “International R&D Spillovers: Trade, FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels”, Review of International Economics, 15 (5), 955–976.