Demographic Dynamics in Organizational Stress and Coping Stress Perceptions: A Comprehensive Analysis

Yıl 2024, , 189 - 221, 28.01.2024

Mert Ersen , Çağatay Çınar , Kemal Cem Söylemez

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1345386

Öz

This study aims to assess both the stress levels of employees and identify the sources of stress. Data for the research were collected through questionnaires distributed to 60 employees via online surveys. The instruments utilized for data collection included the personal information form, organizational stress scale, and stress coping scale. The initial phase of data analysis focused on revealing the demographic characteristics of the workers. Subsequently, analyses were conducted to explore potential correlations between organizational stress, stress-coping mechanisms, and demographic variables. While socio-demographic variables are commonly treated as control variables in organizational stress research, this study distinguishes itself by placing them at the forefront. Its objective is to comprehend the influence of gender, age, educational background, marital status, income levels, titles, and total work experience on individuals' perspectives regarding organizational stress and stress coping. Examining survey data from Assist Company, a subsidiary of Turk Telekom, the study uncovers that male employees tend to display greater resilience to organizational stress. Additionally, unmarried workers demonstrate a higher efficacy in coping with stress compared to their married counterparts. The paper concludes with implications for managerial applications, theoretical insights, and suggestions for future research directions. In conclusion, the study recommends that firms consider implementing stress coping methods, techniques, and programs. Furthermore, it suggests organizations identify the specific factors within their structure that contribute to stress among employees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stress, Stress Management, Organizational Stress

Kurumsal Stres ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Algısında Demografik Dinamikler: Kapsamlı Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışma, çalışanların stres düzeylerini belirlemek ve stres kaynaklarını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. İnternet üzerinden yapılan ankete, 60 çalışan katılmıştır. Araştırma verilerini elde etmek için Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Örgütsel Stres Ölçeği ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Toplanan verilerin çözümlenmesinde, öncelikle çalışanlara ait demografik özelliklerine ilişkin bulgular ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Daha sonra, örgütsel stres ölçeği ve stresle başa çıkma ölçeğinin; demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek üzere analizler yapılmıştır. Sosyodemografik değişkenler örgütsel stres araştırmalarında sıklıkla kullanılsa da literatürde çok da üzerinde durulmayan ve arka planda kalan değişkenlerdir. Bu çalışma, önceki araştırmalardan farklı olarak sosyodemografik değişkenleri odak noktası olarak almış ve cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, medeni durum, gelir düzeyi, unvan ve toplam iş deneyiminin bireylerin örgütsel stres ve strese ilişkin bakış açılarını nasıl etkilediğini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Türk Telekom'un iştiraki Assist Company'den toplanan anket verileri incelendiğinde, erkek çalışanların örgütsel strese karşı daha dayanıklı oldukları, evli olmayan çalışanların ise stresle baş etmede evli meslektaşlarına göre daha yüksek düzeyde etkili oldukları ortaya çıkıyor. Bulgulara dayanarak, makale aynı zamanda yönetimsel uygulamalara, teorik iç görülere ve ileriye dönük araştırmalara yönelik yönlendirmelere ilişkin sonuçları da incelemektedir. Araştırma sonunda, işletmelere, stresle başa çıkma yöntem, teknik ve programlarından yararlanmaları ve örgütlerinde, stres yaratan faktörleri belirlemeleri konusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stres, Stres Yönetimi, Örgütsel Stres

Kaynakça

• Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations. Gender And Society, 4(2), 139-158.
• Akgöz, E., Şalvarcı, S., Margazieva, N. & Asanova, K. (2021). Konaklama Sektöründe Stres Kaynakları ve Strese Karşı Mücadele Etmeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Journal of Global Tourism and Technology Research, 2(1), 11-25.
• Aldwin, C. M. (2007). Stress, Coping, and Development: An Integrative Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. & Euwema, M. C. (2007). Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 289-301.
• Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological Stress in the Workplace. London: Routledge.
• Büssing, A., Wagner, J., Perrar, K. M. & Jenny, G. J. (1999). Internal and External Resources in Job Stressors, Job Strains, and Stress-Related Outcomes: A Dynamic Perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(1), 152-166.
• Carver, C. S. & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and Coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679-704.
• Ceyhan, B. (2012). Örgütsel Stres Yönetimi ve Stresin İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Çalışanlarının İş Performansı Üzerine Etkisinin Uygulamalı Olarak İncelenmesi. Master’s Thesis, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Chandola, T. (2010). The Fear of Crime and Area Differences in Health. Health & Place, 16(2), 365-375.
• Check, R. F. E. & Okwo, F. A. (2012). Influence of Demographic Factors on Stress Perceptions of Teachers of Public Secondary Schools in Cameroon. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 439-443.
• Chiu, H. Y. & Ng, T. W. (2015). Age-Related Differences in Work Attitudes and Outcomes: An Identity Theory Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), 1823-1836.
• Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of Psychological Testing. New York: Harper & Row.
• Çökük, B. (2018). Örgütsel Stres Düzeyinin Ölçümü ve Demografik Değişkenlerle İlişkisi: Bir Kamu Organizasyonu Örneği. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 9(2), 59-83.
• D'Zurilla, T. J. & Nezu, A. M. (2010). Problem-Solving Therapy: A Social Competence Approach to Clinical Intervention. New York: Springer.
• Faraji, A., Karimi, M., Azizi, S.M., Janatolmakan, M. & Khatony, A. (2019). Occupational Stress and Its Related Demographic Factors among Iranian CCU Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Research Notes, 12, 634.
• Gallo, L. C. & Matthews, K. A. (2003). Understanding the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health: Do Negative Emotions Play a Role?. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 10-51.
• Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
• Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M. & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten Years On: A Review of Recent Research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support) Model and Psychological Well-Being. Work & Stress, 24(1), 1-35.
• Herschcovis, M. S. & Reich, T. C. (2013). Integrating Workplace Aggression Research: Relational, Contextual, and Method Considerations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S26-S42.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.
• İlgar, Ö. (2001). Örgütsel Stresin Çalışan Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Yolları. Master’s Thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Jiang, T., Tao, N., Shi, L., Ning, L. & Liu, J. (2018). Associations Between Occupational Stress and Demographic Characteristics in Petroleum Workers in the Xinjiang Arid Desert. Medicine, 97 (31), e11543.
• Johnson, J. V. & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job Strain, Workplace Social Support, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Random Sample of the Swedish Working Population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342.
• Johnson, J. V. & Indvik, J. (2001). Individuals, Work, and Organizations: Forms of Occupational Stress. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, 83-113.
• Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D. & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
• Karakaya, A. & Gürel, S. (2015). Kardemir A.Ş. Çalışanlarının Stres Faktörleri Algılarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 17-31.
• Karasek, R. & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
• Keogh, E. & Mansoor, L. (1998). Gender Differences in Coping with Chronic Pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 14(2), 138-145.
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and Health: His and Hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 472-503.
• Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Elovainio, M., Kouvonen, A., Väänänen, A. & Vahtera, J. (2006). Work Stress in The Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease-A Meta-Analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), 431-442.
• Koeske, G. F. & Koeske, R. D. (1993). Coping with Job Stress: Which Strategies Work Best?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66(4), 319-335.
• Kumasey, S. A., Delle, E. & Ofei, B. S. (2014). Occupational Stress and Organisational Commitment: Does Sex and Managerial Status Matter. International Journal of Business and Social Research (IJBSR), 4(5), 173-182.
• Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: Springer.
• LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P. & LePine, M. A. (2004). A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships Among Stressors and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 764-775.
• Liu, Y. & Iles, P. (2017). Stressors, Coping and Well-Being of Chinese and Indian IT Professionals: Implications for Managing the Workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(10), 1497-1526.
• Lu, L. & Hsieh, Y.-H. (1997). Demographic Variables, Control, Stress, Support and Health Among the Elderly. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(1), 97-106.
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D. & Becker, B. (2000). The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
• Lyness, K. S. & Thompson, D. E. (2000). Climbing The Corporate Ladder: Do Female and Male Executives Follow the Same Route?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 86-101.
• Marmot, M. G., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H., Brunner, E. & Stansfeld, S. (1997). Contribution of Job Control and Other Risk Factors to Social Variations in Coronary Heart Disease Incidence. The Lancet, 350(9073), 235-239.
• Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498-512.
• Matthews, R. A. & Mcneely, E. (2009). A Longitudinal Examination of the Role of Individual Differences in the Stressor-Strain Relationship: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 231-246.
• Mauno, S., Ruokolainen, M. & Kinnunen, U. (2013). Does Aging Make Employees More Resilient to Job Stress? Age as a Moderator in The Job Stressor-Well-Being Relationship in Three Finnish Occupational Samples. Aging & Mental Health, 17(4), 411-422.
• Narayanan, L., Menon, S. & Spector, P. E. (1999). Stress in the Workplace: A Comparison of Gender and Occupations. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 20(1), 63-73.
• Neubauer, A. B., Smyth, J. M. & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019). Age Differences in Proactive Coping with Minor Hassles in Daily Life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(1), 7-16.
• Özata, M. & Yorulmaz, M. (2020). Tıbbi Sekreterlerin Çalışma Koşulları ve İş Stresi Faktörlerinin Araştırılması. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 41-52.
• Pleck, J. H., Staines, G. L. & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts Between Work and Family Life. Monthly Labor Review, 103(3), 29-32.
• Quick, J. C. & Quick, J. D. (1984). Organizational Stress and Preventive Management. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
• Robles, T. F., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. & Glaser, R. (2003). The Influence of Marriage on Immune Functioning. The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (392-408). MIT Press.
• Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211.
• Sauter, S. L., Murphy, L. R. & Hurrell, J. J. (1990). Prevention of Work-Related Psychological Disorders. American Psychologist, 45(10), 1146-1158.
• Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
• Schaufeli, W. B. & Taris, T. W. (2014). A Critical Review of The Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health. G. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health (43-68). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Selye, H. (1976). Stress in Health and Disease. Boston: Butterworth.
• Sharma, A. & Jain, V. (2020). A Study of Relationship of Stress and Demographic Profile of Employees with Special Reference to Their Marital Status and Income. UGC Care Journal, 43(4), 111-115.
• Staines, G. L., Tavris, C. & Jayaratne, T. E. (2008). The Queen Bee Syndrome. Psychology Today, 12, 60-64. Sözbilir, F. (2022). Demografik Özellikler Açısından İş Stresi Algısı: Konaklama Sektörü Örneği. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13, 491-510.
• Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J. & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). The Everyday Emotional Experience of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Examining Emotional Instability, Inertia, and Reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 1023-1035.
• Türe, G. (2013). Hazırlık Okulu Öğrencilerinin Zaman Yönetimi Becerileri ile Stres Yönetimi Becerileri Arasındaki İlişkinin Araştırılması: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Örneği. Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Unutkan, G. A. (1995). İşletmelerin Yönetimi ve Örgüt Kültürü. Ankara: Türkmen Kitabevi.
• Warr, P. & Jackson, P. (1985). Factors Influencing the Psychological Impact of Prolonged Unemployment and of Reemployment. Psychological Medicine, 15(4), 795-807.
• Wrosch, C. & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Personality and Quality of Life: The Importance of Optimism and Goal Adjustment. Quality of Life Research, 12(S1), 59-72.
• Zacher, H. & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual Differences, Age, and Negative Work-Related Outcomes: Lessons Learned and Future Directions for The Aging Workforce. Work, Aging and Retirement, 7(1), 1-24.
• Zohar, D. (1997). Safety Climate: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Improvement. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 35(3), 27-32.