Uluslararası İlişkiler Savaş Teorileri Bağlamında, İbn Haldun’un Felsefesinde Toplumları Mağlubiyet ve Galibiyete Götüren Nedenler

Öz

Bu makalede İbn Haldûn düşüncesinde devletleri savaşa, yenilgiye ve zafere sürükleyen sebepler ele alınacaktır. İbn Haldun savaşları sosyal, tarihi, siyasi ve ekonomik faktörlerle birlikte açıklamaya yönelik bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. Açıkçası İbn Haldun'un açıklamak istediği konuların tarihsel bağlamına dikkat çekmesi, geçmiş olayları ve savaşları analiz ederek gelecekteki olayları tahmin etmesi olgusal gerçekleri anlamanın ön şartıdır. Bu varsayıma dayanarak tarihsel gerçekleri analiz etmek onun metodolojisinin önemli bir parçasıdır. Onun yaklaşımında savaşlar sadece askeri strateji üzerinden değil aynı zamanda sosyal, tarihi, coğrafi, politik ve ekonomik bağlamları üzerinden de analiz ediliyor. Dolayısıyla bu makalede, savaşların karmaşıklığını uluslararası ilişkiler perspektifinden anlamamıza yardımcı olmak amacıyla, onun düşünceleri sadece devlet merkezli ve tek aktörlü bir yaklaşımla değil, medeniyet odaklı bir perspektiften de sunulmaktadır. Makalede öncelikle İbn Haldûn'un hayatındaki savaş tecrübesi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Daha sonra onun savaş teorisine göre toplumların savaşma nedenleri, ardından da zafer ve yenilginin nedenleri belirlenir. Son olarak İbn Haldun'un teorisi, düşünce tarihindeki klasik savaş teorileri ile modern savaş teorileri bağlamında karşılaştırılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ibn Khaldûn
• Savaş
• Galibiyet
• Mağlubiyet
• Uluslararası İlişkiler

In the Context of War Theories in International Relations, the Causes of Societies' Defeat and Victory in Ibn Khaldûn's Philosophy

Öz

In this article, the causes that lead states to war, defeat and triumph in Ibn Khaldun's thought will be discussed. Ibn Khaldun adopted an approach to explain wars with social, historical, political and economic factors. Frankly, it is a prerequisite for understanding factual facts that Ibn Khaldun draws attention to the historical context of the issues he wants to explain and predicts future events by analyzing past events and wars. Analyzing historical facts based on this assumption is an important part of his methodology. In his approach, wars are analyzed not only through military strategy but also through their social, historical, geographical, political and economic contexts. Therefore, in this article, his thoughts are presented not only from a state-centered and single-actor approach, but also from a civilization-oriented perspective, in order to help us understand the complexity of wars from the perspective of international relations. The article primarily focuses on the war experience in Ibn Khaldun's life. Then, according to his theory of war, the reasons why societies fight, and then the reasons for victory and defeat, are determined. Finally, Ibn Khaldun's theory is compared in the context of classical war theories in the history of thought and modern war theories.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ibn Khaldûn
• War
• Victory
• Defeat
• International Relations

Kaynakça

1. Abou-Tabickh, L. (2022). What Does Ibn Khaldûn Mean by the Term Madda? On Human Association and Political-Economic Organization. Al-Masaq, 34(3), 256-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2051391
2. Abozeid, A. (2021). Re-reading Ibn-Khaldun in the 21st Century: Traveling Theory and the Question of Authority, Legitimacy, and State Violence in the Modern Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 43(2), 146-171. https://doi.org/10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146
3. Alatas, F. & Oxford Center for Islamic Studies. (2013). Ibn Khaldûn (1st ed.). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: Oxford University Press.
4. Alatas, S. F. (2022). Reading Ibn Khaldûn in the Formative Period of Sociology. Journal of Historical Sociology, 35(3), 302-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12377
5. Alatas, S. F. & Caksu, A. (2017). Ibn Khaldûn and Philosophy: Causality in History. Journal of Historical Sociology, 30(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12149
6. Albarrán, J. (2019). Holy War in Ibn Khaldûn. Journal of Medieval Worlds, 1(1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2019.100004
7. Alrefai, A. & Brun, M. (1994). Ibn Khaldûn: Dynastic Change and Its Economic Consequences. Arab Studies Quarterly, 16(2), 73-86.
8. Aslan, M. Y. (2008). Basic Principles of the Law of War. Journal of TBB, (79), 235-274. http://tbbdergisi.barobirlik.org.tr/m2008-79-470

9. Baali, F. (1988). Society, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khaldûn's Sociological Thought. State University of New York Press.
10. Bak McKenna, M. (2020). The Discourse of Proportionality and the Use of Force: International Law and the Power of Definition. Nordic Journal of International Law=Acta Scandinavica Juris Gentium, 89(3-4), 364-382. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-89030006
11. Barkawi, T. & Laffey, M. (2001). Democracy, Liberalism, and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debate. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
12. Baxter, R. & Vagts, D. F. (2013). Humanizing The Laws of War: Selected Writings of Richard Baxter (First Edition). Oxford University Press.
13. Bayyigit, D. M. (1991). Ibn Khaldûn Sociology. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Theology, 4(4).
14. Black, A. (2001). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to The Present. Edinburgh University Press.
15. Boothby, W. H. & Heintschel von Heinegg, W. (2018). The Law of War: A Detailed Assessment of the US Department of Defense Law of War Manual. Cambridge University Press.
16. Boulakia, J. D. C. (1971). Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist. The Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), 1105–1118. https://doi.org/10.1086/259818
17. Bourne, G. H. (1941). War, Politics and Emotion. Liveright.
18. Brock, L. & Simon, H. (2021). The Justification of War and International Order (First edition). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865308.001.0001
19. Bucholc, M. (2022). Ludwik Gumplowicz (1897-1898), Ibn Khaldûn: An Arab Sociologist of the 14th Century. Journal of Historical Sociology, 35(3), 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12378
20. Buckley, M. (2010). Gorbachev's Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War by Andrei Grachev (review). The Slavonic and East European Review (1928), 88(4), 782–784. https://doi.org/10.1353/see.2010.0019
21. Canan-Sokullu, E. (2019), Savaş Türleri, Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, 22. https://doi.org/ 10.13140/RG.2.2.31310.41283
22. Chabane, D. (2008). The Structure of 'Umran al-'Alam of Ibn Khaldûn. The Journal of North African Studies, 13(3), 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380701844656
23. Cottey, A. (2004). Chapter 2. The Iraq War: The Enduring Controversies and Challenges. SIPRI Yearbook.
24. Cox, R. W. (1996). Towards A Posthegemonic Conceptualization of World Order: Reflections on The Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun (1992). In Approaches to World Order, 144–173. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607905.009
25. Dale, S. F. (2015). Return to Ibn Khaldûn-Again. Review of Middle East Studies, 49(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2015.65
26. Demircioglu, A. (2022). Every State Has a Limited Lifespan: An Analysis on Ibn Khaldûn. Reality of Politics, 20(2), 42-54.
27. Dhaoudi, M. (1984). The Place of Human Nature in Ibn-Khaldun's Thinking. Al-Majallah Al-ʻArabīyah Lil-ʻulūm Al-Insānīyah, 4(13), 263.
28. Dinstein, Y. (2001). A Historical Perspective of The Legal Status of War. War, Aggression and Self-Defense, 59-77. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164726.005
29. Elmali, O. (2003). “İbn Haldun ve Machiavelli’nin Realist Siyaset Kuramları”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 7(15), 133-142
30. Fischel, W. J. (1952). Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane : Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 a.d. (803 a. h.) A study based on Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"University of California Press.
31. Frisch, H. (2018). Ibn Khaldûn and the Law 'Israel: The Nation State of the Jewish Nation' The Jerusalem Post.
32. Fuchs, C. (2023). Ibn Khaldûn and the Political Economy of Communication in the Age of Digital Capitalism. Critical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231206488
33. Garrison, D. H. (2012). Ibn Khaldun and the modern social sciences: A comparative theoretical inquiry into society, the state, and revolution, 51(3). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
34. Garrison, D. H. (2012). Ibn Khaldûn and The Modern Social Sciences: A Comparative Theoretical Inquiry into Society, The State, and Revolution.
35. Gelder, G. J. van. (1987). The Concept of Pen and Sword: On an Arabic Lutherary Debate. Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXII(2), 329-360. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXXII.2.329
36. Ghossein, M. (2020). Alfarabi and Ibn Khaldûn: On Tyranny and Domination. Philosophy East & West, 70(4), 932-956. https://doi.org/10.1353/PEW.2020.0068
37. Gillespie, A. (2021). The Causes of War (Volume IV, 1650-1800). Hart Publishing.
38. Grieco, J. M. (1988). Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism. International Organization, 42(3), 485-507. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027715
39. Gule, L. (2014). Ibn Khaldûn: Law and Justice in the Science of Civilization. Philosophy of Justice (Vol. 12, 119-138). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9175-5_8
40. Gurkan, S. L. (2017). Some Implications of ibn Khaldûn's Approach to The History of The People of Israel: The Relation Between 'Asabiyyah and Chosenness. Sakarya University Journal of Faculty of Theology, 19(35), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.298032
41. Ḣabibullaev, A. (2004). Amir Temur va Ibn Khaldun. Ŭzbekiston Ëzuvchilar Uishmasi Adabiët Nashriëti.
42. Hatalmış, A. (2015). Ibn Khaldûn and Conquest. International Ibn Khaldûn Symposium International Ibn Khaldûn Symposium, 1, 347-362.
43. Hobson, J. M. (2007). Reconstructing International Relations Through World History: Oriental Globalization and the Global-Dialogic Conception of Inter-Civilizational Relations. International Politics (Hague, Netherlands), 44(4), 414-430. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800198
44. Ibn Khaldûn. (2011) Translation: Akyüz, Vecdi, Bilim ile Siyaset Arasnda Hatralar. et-Ta'rîf bi-Ibn Khaldun ve Rıhletuhu Garben ve Şarkan. Dergah Publications. February 2011
45. Ibn Khaldûn. (2015). Muqaddimah. C; I-lI, (prepared for publication by Dr. Arslan Tekin). Istanbul: İlgi Culture and Art Publishing House.
46. Irwin, R. (2010). Mamlûks and Crusaders: Men of The Sword and Men of The Pen. Ashgate/Variorum.
47. Irwin, R. (2018). Ibn Khaldûn: An Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press.
48. Jamal, M. (2012). Ibn Khaldûn's Asabiyah: Past and Present. Pakistan Perspectives, 17(2), 77.
49. Jm Muslimin. (2019). Society, Law and Economy: Contextualizing Ibn Khaldun's Thought. Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v11i2.13778
50. Joseph, J. (2000). A Realist Theory of Hegemony. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30(2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00125
51. Kalpakian, J. (2008). Ibn Khaldûn's Influence on Current International Relations Theory. The Journal of North African Studies, 13(3), 363-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380701844698
52. Kennedy, J. (2011). Prophets armed: Muhammad Ibn Khaldûn and Niccolò Machiavelli. Theology (Norwich), 114(2), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040571X10391843
53. Kinsella, M. (2017). Hostile Takeovers-An Analysis Through Just War Theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 146(4), 771-786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3256-x
54. Kıvılcım, R. B. (2015). Clausewitz's War Theory and New War Studies. Journal of National Security and Military SciencesSonbahar/Fall 2015, 2(8), 39-61
55. Layne, C. (2006). The Unipolar Illusion Revisited: The Coming End of the United States' Unipolar Moment, International Security, 31(2), 7–41. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.2.7
56. Laabdi, M. (2021). Ibn Khaldûn Between Legal Theory and Legal Practice. Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford, England), 32(1), 27-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etaa046
57. Lacourse, K. & Stone, P. (2020). Rethinking the Foundations of Just War Theory. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 23(2), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-10040-8
58. Mahdi, M. (1964). Ibn Khaldûn's Philosophy of History: A Study in The Philosophic Foundation of The Science of Culture. University of Chicago Press.
59. Malesevic, S. (2021). Warfare And Group Solidity: From Ibn Khaldûn to Ernest Gellner and Beyond. Filozofija i Drustvo (Zbornik Radova), 32(3), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.2298/FID2103389M
60. Malesevic, S. (n.d.). War, Violence and Group Solidarity: From Ibn Khaldûn to Ernest Gellner and Beyond. Ernest Gellner's Legacy and Social Theory Today (241-269). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06805-8_10
61. Mic , D. A. (2021). The Evolution of the Post-Cold War International Relations System. Bipolarity. Revista de Științe Politice. Revue Des Sciences Politiques, 72, 182–193.
62. Mufti, M. (2009). Jihad As Statecraft: Ibn Khaldûn on The Conduct of War and Empire. History of Political Thought, 30(3), 385-410.
63. Mufti, M. (2019). The Art of Jihad: Realism in Islamic Political Thought. State University of New York Press, Albany. https://www.rusi.org/podcasts/talking-strategy/episode-4-ibn-khaldun-and-early-muslim-strategic-thought (November 18, 2023)
64. Nidzom, M. F. & Rafsanjani, F. A. (2022). The Historical Criticism and Causality in The Philosophy of History: Ibn Khaldûn's Perspective. Tsaqafah, 18(2), 227-246. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v18i2.8118
65. Olatunji Abdulganiy, Abdulganiy, A. O. & Abdulbaki, S. Z. (2019). The Legacy and Legendary of Ibn Khaldûn as a Fore-Runner Scholar in Sociology. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 5(3), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v5i3p128
66. Oruç, C. (2010). Learning in Ibn Khaldûn's Muqaddimah. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Theology, 29(29), 129-142.
67. Orwin, A. (2018). Dawla and Leviathan: Ibn Khaldûn and Hobbes in Defense of State Authority. Journal of Ibn Khaldûn Studies (Online), 3(1), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.36657/ihcd.2018.35
68. Özcan, O. (2016). The Idea of the State in Ibn Khaldûn and a Comparative Study in the Context of the Debate 'Is the State a Means or an End: (Ibn Khaldûn-Aristotle-Thomas Hobbes). Journal of Ibn Khaldûn Studies (Online), 1(1), 93-122. https://doi.org/10.36657/ihcd.2016.3
69. Pocock, J. G. A. (2019). Two Essays: I. The Desert and The City: Reading the History of Civilisation in Ibn Khaldûn After Edward Gibbon. II. Rational Enthusiasm and Angelicality: The Concept of Prophecy in Ibn Khaldûn and Edward Gibbon. History of European Ideas, 45(4), 469-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2018.1463675
70. Rahman, H. (2021). From Farabi to Ibn Khaldûn: The Perception of State in the Early Muslim Intellectual's Writings. Liberal Thought, 26(103), 237-258. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.743630
71. Ren, H. & Abdullah, S. (2023). The Relationship Between Man and Nature in Ibn Khaldûn's Muqaddimah. e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 20(3), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.17576/ebansi.2023.2003.32
72. Ridho, M. Z. (2019). From Chalipate to Modern State: A Reflection of Ibn Khaldûn's Thought. Ulumuna, 23(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v23i1.345
73. Rubin, D. (2022). System Structure, Unjust War, and State Excusability. Journal of Global Security Studies, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogad001
74. Ruys, T., Corten, O. & Hofer, A. (2018). The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach. Oxford University Press.Schrijver, N. (2015). The Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter. In The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0022
75. Say, S. (2011). Ibn Khaldûn's System of Thought and Theory of International Relations. Istanbul: Ilk Harf Publishing House, p. 627.
76. Scheopner, C. (2019). The (Re-)Introduction of Ibn Khaldûn to Spain. Philosophy East & West, 69(3), 684-697. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2019.0057
77. Shosh, B.-A. (2009). Language, Civilization and Globalization in the 14th Century: Historical Periodicity and The Evolution of Language at Ibn Khaldûn. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 62(2), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1556/AOrient.62.2009.2.4
78. Sulastri, N. (2019). The Concept of State and Government in Ibn Khaldûn's Thought. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v7i2.5634
79. Sune, E. (2016). Non-Western International Relations Theory and Ibn Khaldûn. All Azimuth, 5(1), 79-79. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167344
80. Swanson, David C. N., Mr. (2018). Just War Theory Facilitates Unjust Wars. War Is Never Just. eBookIt.com.
81. Sylvester, C. (2012). War Experiences/War Practices/War Theory. Millennium, 40(3), 483-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829812442211
82. Tadjbakhsh, S.(2010). “International Relations Theory and the Islamic Worldview.” In Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives on and beyond Asia, edited by Acharya and Buzan, 174-96.
83. Tanji, M. bin T. (1951). Al-TaʻRīf Bi-Ibn Khaldûnūn Wa-Riḥlatihi Gharban Wa-Sharqan. Lajnat Al-TaʻLīf Waâl-Tarjamah Wa-Al-Nashr.
84. Tayob, A. (2022). Beyond Modernity: The Moral Economy of Ibn Khaldun. Journal for the Study of Religion, 35(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2022/v35n2a4
85. Tjong, K. F. N. (2020). Cultural and Economic Diversity in (Al-Andalus) An Approach to Ibn Khaldûn's Sociology. Religions (Dawhah, Qatar), 13, 59-132.
86. Uygun O. (2008), İbn Haldun’un Toplum ve Devlet Kuramı, XII Levha, İstanbul
87. Verza, A. & ProQuest. (2021). Ibn Khaldûn and The Arab Origins of The Sociology of Civilization and Power. Springer.
88. Wajid, A. (2022). Ibn Khaldûn's Concept of Asabiyah and Its Current Manifestation. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 70(4), 107-120.
89. Yilmaz Genç, S. (2015). “Welfare State” And “Economic Development Thought” With In The Framework Ibn Khaldun’s Comprehension State. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi; 3(1), 141-154.
90. Zorlu, A. (2020). Bedouin Umran and Hadarî Umran in terms of Body Construction in Ibn Khaldûn. Journal of Selçuk University Institute of Social Sciences, 43, 177-192.
91. Zumpani, F. (2014). International Law, War and Human Rights: The Humanitarian Response against the State of Emergency. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.1-2-3