Foreign Trade and Renewable Energy Consumption: The Case of OECD and Turkey
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 1003 - 1017, 14.09.2022
Hakan Güneş
,
Ahmet Kamacı
Hatice Önder
Öz
In this study, the impact of renewable energy consumption on foreign trade over the period of 2004-2017 in 27 OECD countries is analyzed via panel data analysis. In the study, the relationship between renewable energy consumption and foreign trade is tested using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator within the framework of the panel regression model. The results obtained in the study indicate that the increase in renewable energy consumption elevates exports and lowers imports. We also present the importance of the renewable energy trend in order to improve the foreign trade balance as a policy suggestion in the study. As we move from non-renewable energy to renewable energy, the foreign trade balance would improve.
Kaynakça
- Aissa, M.S.B., Jebli, M.B. and Youssef, S.B. (2014). Output, renewable energy consumption, and trade in Africa. Energy Policy, 66:11-18, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.023.
- Akar, B. G. (2016). The determinants of renewable energy consumption: An empirical analysis for the Balkans. European Scientific Journal, 12(11): 594-607.
- Alam, M. and Murad, W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness, and technological progress on renewable energy use in organizations for economic cooperation and development countries. Renewable Energy, 145:382-390, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.054.
- Amri, F. (2017). Intercourse across economic growth, trade, and renewable energy consumption in developing and developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69: 527-534, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.230.
- Breusch, T.S. and Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–53.
- Brini, R., Amara, M. and Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price, and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76: 620-627, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.067.
- Cerasa, A. (2008). CIPS test for a unit root in panel data: further Monte Carlo results. Economics Bulletin, 3(16): 1-13.
- Chen, Y., Wang, Z. and Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable, and non-renewable energy production, and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131:208-216, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047.
- Chen, C., Pinar, M. and Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139 (2020) 111295:1-13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295.
- Dedeoğlu, D. and Kaya, H. (2013). Energy use, exports, imports and GDP: New evidence from the OECD countries. Energy Policy, 57:469-476, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.016.
- Driscoll, J. C., and Kraay, A. C, (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4): 549-560.
- Hassine, M.B., and Harrathi, N. (2017). The causal links between economic growth, renewable energy, financial development, and foreign trade in Gulf cooperation council countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 76-85.
- Huang, J., Li, W., Guo, L., Hu, X., and Hall, J.W. (2020). Renewable energy and household economy in rural China. Renewable Energy, 155:669-676, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.151.
- Jebli, M.B. and Youssef, S.B. (2015). Output, renewable, and non-renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries. Renewable Energy, 83:799-808, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.061.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Öztürk, I. 2016. Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries. Ecological Indicators, 60:824-831, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(2): 1-19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7.
- Kanberoglu, Z. and Polat, H.I. (2017). Analysis of renewable energy resources from regional development in Eastern Anatolia region example. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 7(3-4): 158-177.
- Kutan, A.M., Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. and Zakari, A. (2018). Financing renewable energy projects in major emerging market economies: evidence in the perspective of sustainable economic development. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 54:1762–1778, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1363036
- Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, Ş. and Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37:386-394, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.044.
- Murshed, M. (2018). Trade liberalization and renewable energy consumption in South Asia: A panel data approach. USAEE Working Paper No. 18-371.
- Murshed, M. (2020). Are trade liberalization policies aligned with renewable energy transition in low and middle-income countries? An instrumental variable approach. Renewable Energy, 151:1110-1123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.106.
- Nasreen, S. and Anwar, S. (2014). The causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth, and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy, 69:82-91, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.009.
- Ozcan, M. (2018). The role of renewables in increasing Turkey's self-sufficiency in electrical energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:2629-2639, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.111.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No:1240, Institute of the Study of Labor, August 2004, Bonn, Germany.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22:265-312, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951.
- Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
- Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x.
- Rahman, M.M. and Vu, X. (2020). The nexus between renewable energy, economic growth, trade, urbanization and environmental quality: A comparative study for Australia and Canada. Renewable Energy, 155: 617-627, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.135.
- Sadorsky, P. (2011). Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East. Energy Economics, 33:739–749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.12.012.
- Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output, and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34(2): 476-488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.12.008.
- Sebri, M. and Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39:14-23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
- Shakeel, M., Iqbal, M.M. and Majeed, M.T. (2013). Energy consumption, trade, and GDP: a case study of south Asian countries. MPRA Paper 57677, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Shakouri, B. and Yazdi, S.K. (2017). Causality between renewable energy, energy consumption, and economic growth. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(9): 838-845, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1312640.
- Siddique, H.M.A. and Majeed, M.T. (2015). Energy consumption, economic growth, trade, and financial development nexus in South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(2): 658-682.
- Tatoğlu, F. Yerdelen (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi. Beta Yayınevi, 2.Baskı, Ekim 2003, İstanbul.
- Vaona, A. (2016). The effect of renewable energy generation on import demand. Renewable Energy, 86, 354-359, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.062.
- Westerlund, J., Hosseinkouchack, M. and Solberger, M. (2016). The Local Power of the CADF and CIPS Panel Unit Root Tests. Econometric Reviews, 35(5):845–870, DOI: 10.1080/07474938.2014.977077.
- Yuan, J., Xu, Y. and Zhang, X. (2015). Income growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions: the case of China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50(5): 169–181, DOI: 10.2753/REE1540-496X500512.
- Zeren, F. and Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The relationship between renewable energy consumption and trade openness: New evidence from emerging economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.006.
- Zhao, Y., Wang, L. and Yu, Y. (2016). Trade liberalization and China’s exports of renewable energy products: evidence from product-level data. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 52:1281–1297, DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2016.1152788.
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 1003 - 1017, 14.09.2022
Hakan Güneş
,
Ahmet Kamacı
Hatice Önder
Kaynakça
- Aissa, M.S.B., Jebli, M.B. and Youssef, S.B. (2014). Output, renewable energy consumption, and trade in Africa. Energy Policy, 66:11-18, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.023.
- Akar, B. G. (2016). The determinants of renewable energy consumption: An empirical analysis for the Balkans. European Scientific Journal, 12(11): 594-607.
- Alam, M. and Murad, W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness, and technological progress on renewable energy use in organizations for economic cooperation and development countries. Renewable Energy, 145:382-390, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.054.
- Amri, F. (2017). Intercourse across economic growth, trade, and renewable energy consumption in developing and developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69: 527-534, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.230.
- Breusch, T.S. and Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–53.
- Brini, R., Amara, M. and Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price, and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76: 620-627, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.067.
- Cerasa, A. (2008). CIPS test for a unit root in panel data: further Monte Carlo results. Economics Bulletin, 3(16): 1-13.
- Chen, Y., Wang, Z. and Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable, and non-renewable energy production, and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131:208-216, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047.
- Chen, C., Pinar, M. and Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139 (2020) 111295:1-13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295.
- Dedeoğlu, D. and Kaya, H. (2013). Energy use, exports, imports and GDP: New evidence from the OECD countries. Energy Policy, 57:469-476, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.016.
- Driscoll, J. C., and Kraay, A. C, (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4): 549-560.
- Hassine, M.B., and Harrathi, N. (2017). The causal links between economic growth, renewable energy, financial development, and foreign trade in Gulf cooperation council countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 76-85.
- Huang, J., Li, W., Guo, L., Hu, X., and Hall, J.W. (2020). Renewable energy and household economy in rural China. Renewable Energy, 155:669-676, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.151.
- Jebli, M.B. and Youssef, S.B. (2015). Output, renewable, and non-renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries. Renewable Energy, 83:799-808, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.061.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Öztürk, I. 2016. Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries. Ecological Indicators, 60:824-831, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(2): 1-19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7.
- Kanberoglu, Z. and Polat, H.I. (2017). Analysis of renewable energy resources from regional development in Eastern Anatolia region example. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 7(3-4): 158-177.
- Kutan, A.M., Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. and Zakari, A. (2018). Financing renewable energy projects in major emerging market economies: evidence in the perspective of sustainable economic development. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 54:1762–1778, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1363036
- Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, Ş. and Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37:386-394, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.044.
- Murshed, M. (2018). Trade liberalization and renewable energy consumption in South Asia: A panel data approach. USAEE Working Paper No. 18-371.
- Murshed, M. (2020). Are trade liberalization policies aligned with renewable energy transition in low and middle-income countries? An instrumental variable approach. Renewable Energy, 151:1110-1123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.106.
- Nasreen, S. and Anwar, S. (2014). The causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth, and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy, 69:82-91, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.009.
- Ozcan, M. (2018). The role of renewables in increasing Turkey's self-sufficiency in electrical energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:2629-2639, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.111.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No:1240, Institute of the Study of Labor, August 2004, Bonn, Germany.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22:265-312, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951.
- Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
- Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x.
- Rahman, M.M. and Vu, X. (2020). The nexus between renewable energy, economic growth, trade, urbanization and environmental quality: A comparative study for Australia and Canada. Renewable Energy, 155: 617-627, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.135.
- Sadorsky, P. (2011). Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East. Energy Economics, 33:739–749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.12.012.
- Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output, and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34(2): 476-488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.12.008.
- Sebri, M. and Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39:14-23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
- Shakeel, M., Iqbal, M.M. and Majeed, M.T. (2013). Energy consumption, trade, and GDP: a case study of south Asian countries. MPRA Paper 57677, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Shakouri, B. and Yazdi, S.K. (2017). Causality between renewable energy, energy consumption, and economic growth. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(9): 838-845, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1312640.
- Siddique, H.M.A. and Majeed, M.T. (2015). Energy consumption, economic growth, trade, and financial development nexus in South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(2): 658-682.
- Tatoğlu, F. Yerdelen (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi. Beta Yayınevi, 2.Baskı, Ekim 2003, İstanbul.
- Vaona, A. (2016). The effect of renewable energy generation on import demand. Renewable Energy, 86, 354-359, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.062.
- Westerlund, J., Hosseinkouchack, M. and Solberger, M. (2016). The Local Power of the CADF and CIPS Panel Unit Root Tests. Econometric Reviews, 35(5):845–870, DOI: 10.1080/07474938.2014.977077.
- Yuan, J., Xu, Y. and Zhang, X. (2015). Income growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions: the case of China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50(5): 169–181, DOI: 10.2753/REE1540-496X500512.
- Zeren, F. and Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The relationship between renewable energy consumption and trade openness: New evidence from emerging economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.006.
- Zhao, Y., Wang, L. and Yu, Y. (2016). Trade liberalization and China’s exports of renewable energy products: evidence from product-level data. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 52:1281–1297, DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2016.1152788.