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Assessing the Impact of Brexit on the UK-Qatar Relations: Economic and Political Dimensions

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 1212 - 1232, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1107595

Öz

The economic and political cooperation between the United Kingdom and Qatar has been at the agenda of the Gulf studies since the mid 19th century. Political consolidation in the state-formation process of Qatar, defence cooperation and economic ties based on energy and foreign investments are central elements of the parties’ relations for decades. In this respect, Qatar and Britain have been loyal allies, despite the changes in the regional political atmosphere and their domestic politics. The post-Brexit era might trigger the UK and Qatar to develop their economic and political bilateral ties. This paper aims to discuss what makes these countries mutually economically and politically attractive to maintain their dynamic partnership. The primary purpose of this research is the codification of the British-Qatari relations during the post-Brexit era while considering the continuities and the changes that bilateral ties have faced for years. This will assist in understanding the impact of Brexit, as well as the current blockade against Qatar, with a particular emphasis on the economic and political relationship between the two countries. In this context, this paper focuses on the ongoing defence cooperation and rising military trade between Qatar and the UK, in addition to trade and investment agreements after Brexit.

Kaynakça

  • About this group. Available at: https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-83-expeditionary-air-group/
  • Aguilar, J. (2020, 9 February 2020). UKs trade ties with Qatar to strengthen post Brexit, says ambassador. Gulf Times. Available at: https://m.gulf-times.com/story/655456/UKs-trade-ties-with-Qatar-to-strengthen-post-Brexit-says-ambassador
  • Al-Otaibi, F. A. (1996). Britain and the United States in the Gulf: roles and responsibilities, 1892-1979. University of Wales Trinity Saint David,
  • Awasthi, D. (2017, 6 April 2017). Qatar Commits To The UK As Brexit Uncertainly Looms. Available at: https://frontera.net/news/why-is-qatar-willing-to-invest-in-the-uk-in-the-face-of-brexit/
  • Booth, R. (2011, 30 December 2011). London's Shard: a 'tower of power and riches' looking down on poverty. Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/dec/30/shard-of-glass-london
  • Chalmers, M. (2017). UK foreign and security policy after Brexit: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
  • Defence Secretary strengthens UK-Qatar Defence relationship. (2017). [Press release]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/defence-secretary-strengthens-uk-qatar-defence-relationship
  • Export. (2020). MIT University. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu
  • Factbox: Qatar's investments in Britain - Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods and IAG. (2020, 19 February 2020). Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iag-qatar-stake-investments-factbox-idUKKBN20D1EC
  • Finn, T. (2017, 28 March 2017). Qatar sees Brexit as chance to supply UK more gas - minister. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-uk-gas-idUKKBN16Z14E
  • Foreign Office minister co-chairs 5th Sharaka Dialogue with Qatar. (2019). British Embassy Doha Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-co-chairs-5th-sharaka-dialogue-with-qatar
  • Fromherz, A. J. (2012). Qatar: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Gani, A., & Al-Abri, A. S. (2013). Indicators of business environment, institutional quality and foreign direct investment in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(4), 515-530.
  • Gause, F. G. (1985). British and American policies in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1973. Review of International Studies, 11(4), 247-273.
  • Gause, G. (2010). The international relations of the Persian Gulf. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gulf Countries and Qatar. (2017). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2017-07-11/debates/659B9371-6EE3-4EC5-9B52-E90475F9997C/GulfCountriesAndQatar
  • Hanieh, A. (2010). Khaleeji-Capital: Class-formation and regional integration in the Middle-East Gulf. Historical Materialism, 18(2), 35-76.
  • Hollis, R. (1989). From force to finance, Britain's adaptation to decline: Transforming relations with selected Arab Gulf states, 1965-1985.
  • Hollis, R. (2010). Britain and the Middle East in the 9/11 Era: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Joint UK-Qatari Typhoon squadron stands up as defence relationship deepens. (2020). News Story. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-uk-qatari-typhoon-squadron-stands-up-as-defence-relationship-deepens
  • Jones, C., & Stone, J. (1997). Britain and the Arabian Gulf: new perspectives on strategic influence. International Relations, 13(4), 1-24.
  • Khatib, D. K., & Maziad, M. (2019). The Arab Gulf States and the West: Perceptions and Realities–Opportunities and Perils: Routledge.
  • Kinnimont, J. (2016). A Post-Brexit Britain Would Double Down on Middle East Alliances. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2016/06/post-brexit-britain-would-double-down-middle-east-alliances
  • Koch, C. (2016, 25 June 2016). Brexit’s impact on GCC. Arab News. Available at: https://www.arabnews.com/node/944546/columns
  • Kurşun, Z. (2002). The Ottomans in Qatar: a history of Anglo-Ottoman conflicts in the Persian Gulf (Vol. 11): Isis Press.
  • Labour Reforms: Qatar. (2018). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-03-14/debates/60E8FB7E-B762-4B2F-9AD0-CD085DA272AA/LabourReformsQatar
  • Liam Fox: Qatar is 'natural' trade partner for the UK. (2019). [Press release]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/liam-fox-qatar-is-natural-trade-partner-for-the-uk
  • Miller, R. (2016). Desert kingdoms to global powers: The rise of the Arab Gulf: Yale University Press.
  • Onley, J. (2007). The Arabian frontier of the British raj: merchants, rulers, and the British in the nineteenth-century gulf: Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Onley, J. (2009). Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820-1971: The politics of protection. CIRS Occasional Papers.
  • Pagnamenta, R. (2017, 6 June 2017). Qatar stocks tumble over Saudi-led embargo. The Times. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/saudi-led-action-wipes-8bn-off-markets-in-qatar-which-has-big-uk-investments-vj7bpw320
  • Peck, T. (2017, 8 July 2017). Boris Johnson flies in to Qatar to discuss Gulf crisis. Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-qatar-crisis-saudi-arabia-gulf-diplomatic-crisis-a7830801.html
  • Peterson, J. (2016). The emergence of the Gulf States: studies in modern history: Bloomsbury Publishing. Qatar Blockade and Effect on Human Rights. (2017). UK Parliament. Available at: https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/51068
  • Qatar reveals details of $6.3bn UK investment plan. (2017, 27 MArch 2017). Available at: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-reveals-details-of-6-3bn-uk-investment-plan-668694.html
  • Rabi, U. (2006). Britain's ‘special position’in the Gulf: Its origins, dynamics and legacy. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(3), 351-364.
  • Rehman, A. A. (2010). Gulf capital & Islamic finance: The rise of the new global players: McGraw-Hill New York.
  • Roberts, D. B. (2014). British national interest in the Gulf: rediscovering a role? International Affairs, 90(3), 663-677.
  • Rossiter, A. (2014). Britain and the development of professional security forces in the Gulf Arab States, 1921-71: local forces and informal empire.
  • Said Zahlan, R. (1998). The making of the modern Gulf states. Reading, England: Ithaca Press.
  • Said Zahlan, R. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman: Routledge.
  • Sato, S. (2017). Britain and the formation of the Gulf States: Embers of Empire: Manchester University Press.
  • Smith, S. C. (2007). Power Transferred? Britain, the United States, and the Gulf, 1956–71. Contemporary British History, 21(1), 1-23.
  • Stansfield, G., Kelly, S., & Clarke, M. (2013). A return to east of suez? UK military deployment to the gulf.
  • Trade Map. (2020). from International Trade Center. Available at: https://www.trademap.org/
  • UK Relations with Qatar. (2018). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-05-23/debates/29B21BEA-EF33-43BE-B26E-D60BADF6D0DA/UKRelationsWithQatar
  • UK-Qatar relationship going ‘from strength to strength’. (2019, 19 September 2019). Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/20/uk-qatar-relationship-going-from-strength-to-strength
  • Vagneur-Jones, A. (2017). Global Britain in the Gulf: Brexit and Relations with the GCC. Fondation Pour la Recherche Strategique(13).
  • Von Bismarck, H. (2013). British policy in the Persian Gulf, 1961-1968: conceptions of informal empire: Springer.
  • Wearing, D. (2018). AngloArabia: why Gulf wealth matters to Britain: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wintour, P. (2017, 12 June 2017). Gulf crisis: Boris Johnson urges Qatar to crack down on extremists. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/12/qatar-al-thani-boris-johnson-saudi-arabia-bahrain-uae-egypt-embargo
  • Zahlan, R. S. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman: Routledge.

Brexit’in Birleşik Krallık-Katar İlişkileri Üzerindeki Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: Ekonomik ve Siyasi Boyutlar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 1212 - 1232, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1107595

Öz

Birleşik Krallık ile Katar arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasi işbirliği, 19. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Körfez bölgesi çalışmalarında önem arz etmektedir. Katar'ın devlet oluşum sürecindeki siyasi konsolidasyon, savunma işbirliği ve enerji ve yabancı yatırımlara dayalı ekonomik bağlar, bu iki ülkenin ilişkilerinde temel unsur olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, Katar ve İngiltere, bölgesel siyasi atmosferdeki ve iç siyasetindeki değişikliklere rağmen sadık müttefikler olmuştur. Brexit ile birlikte bu iki ülkenin ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkileri daha da geliştirilebilir. Bu makale, dinamik ortaklıklarını sürdürmek için bu ülkeleri karşılıklı ekonomik ve politik olarak çekici kılan şeyin ne olduğunu tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Buradan hareketle, bu araştırmanın temel amacı, ikili ilişkilerin yıllardır karşılaştığı süreklilikler ve değişimler göz önünde bulundurularak, Brexit sonrası dönemde İngiliz-Katar ilişkilerinin kodlanmasıdır. Bu, iki ülke arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkiye özel bir vurgu yaparak, Brexit'in etkisinin yanı sıra Katar'a yönelik yapılan ablukanın anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu bağlamda, bu makale Brexit sonrası ticaret ve yatırım anlaşmalarına ek olarak Katar ve Birleşik Krallık arasında devam eden savunma işbirliğine ve artan askeri ticarete odaklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • About this group. Available at: https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-83-expeditionary-air-group/
  • Aguilar, J. (2020, 9 February 2020). UKs trade ties with Qatar to strengthen post Brexit, says ambassador. Gulf Times. Available at: https://m.gulf-times.com/story/655456/UKs-trade-ties-with-Qatar-to-strengthen-post-Brexit-says-ambassador
  • Al-Otaibi, F. A. (1996). Britain and the United States in the Gulf: roles and responsibilities, 1892-1979. University of Wales Trinity Saint David,
  • Awasthi, D. (2017, 6 April 2017). Qatar Commits To The UK As Brexit Uncertainly Looms. Available at: https://frontera.net/news/why-is-qatar-willing-to-invest-in-the-uk-in-the-face-of-brexit/
  • Booth, R. (2011, 30 December 2011). London's Shard: a 'tower of power and riches' looking down on poverty. Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/dec/30/shard-of-glass-london
  • Chalmers, M. (2017). UK foreign and security policy after Brexit: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
  • Defence Secretary strengthens UK-Qatar Defence relationship. (2017). [Press release]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/defence-secretary-strengthens-uk-qatar-defence-relationship
  • Export. (2020). MIT University. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu
  • Factbox: Qatar's investments in Britain - Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods and IAG. (2020, 19 February 2020). Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iag-qatar-stake-investments-factbox-idUKKBN20D1EC
  • Finn, T. (2017, 28 March 2017). Qatar sees Brexit as chance to supply UK more gas - minister. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-uk-gas-idUKKBN16Z14E
  • Foreign Office minister co-chairs 5th Sharaka Dialogue with Qatar. (2019). British Embassy Doha Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-co-chairs-5th-sharaka-dialogue-with-qatar
  • Fromherz, A. J. (2012). Qatar: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Gani, A., & Al-Abri, A. S. (2013). Indicators of business environment, institutional quality and foreign direct investment in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(4), 515-530.
  • Gause, F. G. (1985). British and American policies in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1973. Review of International Studies, 11(4), 247-273.
  • Gause, G. (2010). The international relations of the Persian Gulf. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gulf Countries and Qatar. (2017). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2017-07-11/debates/659B9371-6EE3-4EC5-9B52-E90475F9997C/GulfCountriesAndQatar
  • Hanieh, A. (2010). Khaleeji-Capital: Class-formation and regional integration in the Middle-East Gulf. Historical Materialism, 18(2), 35-76.
  • Hollis, R. (1989). From force to finance, Britain's adaptation to decline: Transforming relations with selected Arab Gulf states, 1965-1985.
  • Hollis, R. (2010). Britain and the Middle East in the 9/11 Era: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Joint UK-Qatari Typhoon squadron stands up as defence relationship deepens. (2020). News Story. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-uk-qatari-typhoon-squadron-stands-up-as-defence-relationship-deepens
  • Jones, C., & Stone, J. (1997). Britain and the Arabian Gulf: new perspectives on strategic influence. International Relations, 13(4), 1-24.
  • Khatib, D. K., & Maziad, M. (2019). The Arab Gulf States and the West: Perceptions and Realities–Opportunities and Perils: Routledge.
  • Kinnimont, J. (2016). A Post-Brexit Britain Would Double Down on Middle East Alliances. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2016/06/post-brexit-britain-would-double-down-middle-east-alliances
  • Koch, C. (2016, 25 June 2016). Brexit’s impact on GCC. Arab News. Available at: https://www.arabnews.com/node/944546/columns
  • Kurşun, Z. (2002). The Ottomans in Qatar: a history of Anglo-Ottoman conflicts in the Persian Gulf (Vol. 11): Isis Press.
  • Labour Reforms: Qatar. (2018). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-03-14/debates/60E8FB7E-B762-4B2F-9AD0-CD085DA272AA/LabourReformsQatar
  • Liam Fox: Qatar is 'natural' trade partner for the UK. (2019). [Press release]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/liam-fox-qatar-is-natural-trade-partner-for-the-uk
  • Miller, R. (2016). Desert kingdoms to global powers: The rise of the Arab Gulf: Yale University Press.
  • Onley, J. (2007). The Arabian frontier of the British raj: merchants, rulers, and the British in the nineteenth-century gulf: Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Onley, J. (2009). Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820-1971: The politics of protection. CIRS Occasional Papers.
  • Pagnamenta, R. (2017, 6 June 2017). Qatar stocks tumble over Saudi-led embargo. The Times. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/saudi-led-action-wipes-8bn-off-markets-in-qatar-which-has-big-uk-investments-vj7bpw320
  • Peck, T. (2017, 8 July 2017). Boris Johnson flies in to Qatar to discuss Gulf crisis. Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-qatar-crisis-saudi-arabia-gulf-diplomatic-crisis-a7830801.html
  • Peterson, J. (2016). The emergence of the Gulf States: studies in modern history: Bloomsbury Publishing. Qatar Blockade and Effect on Human Rights. (2017). UK Parliament. Available at: https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/51068
  • Qatar reveals details of $6.3bn UK investment plan. (2017, 27 MArch 2017). Available at: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-reveals-details-of-6-3bn-uk-investment-plan-668694.html
  • Rabi, U. (2006). Britain's ‘special position’in the Gulf: Its origins, dynamics and legacy. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(3), 351-364.
  • Rehman, A. A. (2010). Gulf capital & Islamic finance: The rise of the new global players: McGraw-Hill New York.
  • Roberts, D. B. (2014). British national interest in the Gulf: rediscovering a role? International Affairs, 90(3), 663-677.
  • Rossiter, A. (2014). Britain and the development of professional security forces in the Gulf Arab States, 1921-71: local forces and informal empire.
  • Said Zahlan, R. (1998). The making of the modern Gulf states. Reading, England: Ithaca Press.
  • Said Zahlan, R. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman: Routledge.
  • Sato, S. (2017). Britain and the formation of the Gulf States: Embers of Empire: Manchester University Press.
  • Smith, S. C. (2007). Power Transferred? Britain, the United States, and the Gulf, 1956–71. Contemporary British History, 21(1), 1-23.
  • Stansfield, G., Kelly, S., & Clarke, M. (2013). A return to east of suez? UK military deployment to the gulf.
  • Trade Map. (2020). from International Trade Center. Available at: https://www.trademap.org/
  • UK Relations with Qatar. (2018). Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-05-23/debates/29B21BEA-EF33-43BE-B26E-D60BADF6D0DA/UKRelationsWithQatar
  • UK-Qatar relationship going ‘from strength to strength’. (2019, 19 September 2019). Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/20/uk-qatar-relationship-going-from-strength-to-strength
  • Vagneur-Jones, A. (2017). Global Britain in the Gulf: Brexit and Relations with the GCC. Fondation Pour la Recherche Strategique(13).
  • Von Bismarck, H. (2013). British policy in the Persian Gulf, 1961-1968: conceptions of informal empire: Springer.
  • Wearing, D. (2018). AngloArabia: why Gulf wealth matters to Britain: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wintour, P. (2017, 12 June 2017). Gulf crisis: Boris Johnson urges Qatar to crack down on extremists. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/12/qatar-al-thani-boris-johnson-saudi-arabia-bahrain-uae-egypt-embargo
  • Zahlan, R. S. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman: Routledge.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Erhan Akkaş 0000-0002-7370-6050

Betul Dogan-akkas 0000-0001-6933-8139

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkaş, E., & Dogan-akkas, B. (2022). Assessing the Impact of Brexit on the UK-Qatar Relations: Economic and Political Dimensions. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1212-1232. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1107595

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