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İstanbul’da Yaşayan Göçmenlerin İşçi Dövizleri ve Yaşam Memnuniyeti

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 1146 - 1157, 25.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1218383

Öz

Uluslararası göç sonucu ortaya çıkan para havaleleri, ulaştığı ciddi miktarlar ile özellikle gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülke ekonomilerinde önemli yer tutmaktadır. Makro boyuttaki öneminin yanı sıra çeşitli amaçlarla aile bireylerine gönderilen bu dövizlerin toplumun sosyo-ekonomik yapısında da önemli dönüşümlere neden olduğu bir gerçektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı para havalelerinin göçmenlerin yaşam memnuniyeti üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Anketler İstanbul’da yaşayan 1006 göçmen ile yüz yüze anket yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmış ve OLS analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ankette sorular İngilizce ve Türkçe hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmaya konu oluşturan göçmenler Türkiye'de yasal olarak oturma izni almış göçmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki bağımlı değişken “Bütün her şey göz önüne alındığında, bir bütün olarak yaşamınızdan ne kadar memnunsunuz?” sorudur. Katılımcılardan 0 (hiç memnun değil) ile 10 (tamamen memnun) arasında değişen bir sıralama ölçeğinde mutluluklarını derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Çalışmaya 89 ülkeden katılım sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre para göndermek bireylerin mutluluklarını azalmaktadır. Ülkelerini ekonomik nedenlerle terk edenlerin daha mutsuz olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca tasarruf yapmak bireylerin mutluluğunu arttırırken göç öncesine göre ekonomik durumunun iyileştiğini düşünen bireylerin daha mutlu oldukları görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akay, A., Corrado, G., Juan, D. R. & Zimmermann, K. F. (2014). Remittances and Well-Being among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China. Review of Economics of the Household, 12(3), 517–46. doi: 10.1007/s11150-013-9208-7.
  • Andersson, L. (2014). Migration, Remittances and Household Welfare in Ethiopia. MERIT Working Papers.
  • Arvin, M. & Byron, L. (2012). Do Happiness and Foreign Aid Affect Bilateral Migrant Remittances?. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(2), 212–230.
  • Bartram, D. (2010). International Migration, Open Borders Debates, and Happiness. International Studies Review, 12(3), 339–361.
  • Bartram, D. (2011). Economic Migration and Happiness: Comparing Immigrants’ and Natives’ Happiness Gains from Income. Social Indicators Research, 103(1), 57–76.
  • Bartram, D. (2013). Happiness and “Economic Migration”: A Comparison of Eastern European Migrants and Stayers. Migration Studies, 1(2), 156–75. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnt006.
  • Biyase, M., Fisher B. & Pretorius, M. (2021). Remittances and Subjective Well-Being: A Static versus Dynamic Panel Approach to Happiness. Migration Letters, 18(6), 761–74. doi: 10.33182/ml.v18i6.917.
  • Borraz, F., Pozo, S. & Rossi, M. (2008). And What About the Family Back Home? International Migration and Happiness. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Zurich 2008. 2. Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
  • Clark, A. E. (2018). Four Decades of the Economics of Happiness: Where Next?. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(2), 245–69. doi: 10.1111/roiw.12369.
  • Comes, C.-A., Bunduchi, E., Vasile, V. & Stefan, D. (2018). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments and Remittances on Economic Growth: A Case Study in Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability, 10(1), 238-253. doi: 10.3390/su10010238.
  • Dilmaghani, M. (2018). Religiosity and Subjective Wellbeing in Canada. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 629-647. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9837-7.
  • Eggoh, J., Bangake, C. & Semedo, G. (2019). Do Remittances Spur Economic Growth? Evidence from Developing Countries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(4), 391-418. doi: 10.1080/09638199.2019.1568522.
  • Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2002). What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Koenig, H. G. & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and Mental Health: Evidence for an Association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 67-78. doi: 10.1080/09540260124661.
  • Graham, C., Eggers, A. & Sukhtankar, S. (2004). Does Happiness Pay?: An Exploration Based on Panel Data from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 55(3), 319-342. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2003.09.002.
  • Gül, S. (2020). Mutluluk ve Uluslararası Göç: Genel Bir Bakış. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15, 371-387. doi: 10.17153/oguiibf.481191.
  • Ivlevs, A., Nikolova, M. & Graham, C. (2019). Emigration, Remittances, and the Subjective Well-Being of Those Staying Behind. Journal of Population Economics, 32(1), 113-151. doi: 10.1007/s00148-018-0718-8.
  • İcduygu, A. & Sert, D. S. (2019). Introduction: Syrian Refugees – Facing Challenges, Making Choices. International Migration, 57(2), 121-125. doi: 10.1111/imig.12563.
  • İnan, C. E. (2016). Türkiye’de Göç Politikaları: İskân Kanunları Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, (3), 10-33.
  • Joarder, M. A. M., Harris, M. & Dockery, A. M. (2017). Remittances and Happiness of Migrants and Their Home Households: Evidence Using Matched Samples. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(3), 422-443. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1178380.
  • Kazgan, G. (2002). Tanzimat’tan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye Ekonomisi: Birinci Küreselleşmeden Ikinci Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2014). Türkiye Demokrasisinin Ekonomi Politiği. E. A. Tonak & I. C. Schick (Ed.), Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye (61-114). Belge Yayınları.
  • Knight, J. & Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great Expectations? The Subjective Well-Being of Rural–Urban Migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113-124. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.002.
  • Lewis, C. A. & Cruise, S. M. (2006). Religion and Happiness: Consensus, Contradictions, Comments and Concerns. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 9(3), 213-225. doi: 10.1080/13694670600615276.
  • Lipson, J. G., Muecke, M. A. & Chrisman, N. J. (1992). The Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 14(1), 10-29. doi: 10.1177/019394599201400102.
  • Melzer, S. M. (2011). Does Migration Make You Happy? The Influence of Migration on Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2(2), 73–92.
  • Meyer, D. & Shera, A. (2017). The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth: An Econometric Model. EconomiA, 18(2), 147-155. doi: 10.1016/j.econ.2016.06.001.
  • Polgreen, L. A. & Simpson, N. B. (2011). Happiness and International Migration. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 819-840. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9229-3.
  • Saritaş, H. (2011). İşçi Dövizlerinin Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Bilançosuna Etkisi. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 163-182.
  • Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A. & Selvanathan, S. (2012). Remittances and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. The Journal of Development Studies, 48(8), 1045-1062. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2012.663904.
  • Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. & Rohorua, H. (2015). Miserable Migrants? Natural Experiment Evidence on International Migration and Objective and Subjective Well-Being. World Development, 65, 79-93. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.07.003.
  • World Bank Group. (2017). Migration and Remittances: Recent Developments and Outlook. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Remittances and Life Satisfaction of Immigrants Living in Istanbul

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 1146 - 1157, 25.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1218383

Öz

The immigrant remittances emerged due to the international migration occupy an important place especially in the economies of developed and underdeveloped countries along with their serious contributions. In addition to their macro level importance these remittances sent to family members for various reasons cause also important transformations in the socio-economic structure of society. This study aims to analyse the effect of sending remittance on immigrants’ life satisfaction. The surveys were conducted face-to-face with 1006 immigrants living in Istanbul and the responses were analysed using the OLS analysis method. The questions in the survey were prepared in English and in Turkish. Immigrants who are a part of the study are people who have legally obtained a residence permit in Turkey. The dependent variable in this study was “All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?” It is life satisfaction, which consists of individual answers to the question. Participants were asked to rate on a ranking scale ranging from 0 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied. People from 89 different countries took part in the study. Results indicate that sending remittance reduces people’s happiness. People who have left their country due to economic conditions are observed to be more unhappy. On the other hand savings make people happier. In addition people who think that their financial status is better after the migration are happier than others.

Kaynakça

  • Akay, A., Corrado, G., Juan, D. R. & Zimmermann, K. F. (2014). Remittances and Well-Being among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China. Review of Economics of the Household, 12(3), 517–46. doi: 10.1007/s11150-013-9208-7.
  • Andersson, L. (2014). Migration, Remittances and Household Welfare in Ethiopia. MERIT Working Papers.
  • Arvin, M. & Byron, L. (2012). Do Happiness and Foreign Aid Affect Bilateral Migrant Remittances?. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(2), 212–230.
  • Bartram, D. (2010). International Migration, Open Borders Debates, and Happiness. International Studies Review, 12(3), 339–361.
  • Bartram, D. (2011). Economic Migration and Happiness: Comparing Immigrants’ and Natives’ Happiness Gains from Income. Social Indicators Research, 103(1), 57–76.
  • Bartram, D. (2013). Happiness and “Economic Migration”: A Comparison of Eastern European Migrants and Stayers. Migration Studies, 1(2), 156–75. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnt006.
  • Biyase, M., Fisher B. & Pretorius, M. (2021). Remittances and Subjective Well-Being: A Static versus Dynamic Panel Approach to Happiness. Migration Letters, 18(6), 761–74. doi: 10.33182/ml.v18i6.917.
  • Borraz, F., Pozo, S. & Rossi, M. (2008). And What About the Family Back Home? International Migration and Happiness. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Zurich 2008. 2. Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
  • Clark, A. E. (2018). Four Decades of the Economics of Happiness: Where Next?. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(2), 245–69. doi: 10.1111/roiw.12369.
  • Comes, C.-A., Bunduchi, E., Vasile, V. & Stefan, D. (2018). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments and Remittances on Economic Growth: A Case Study in Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability, 10(1), 238-253. doi: 10.3390/su10010238.
  • Dilmaghani, M. (2018). Religiosity and Subjective Wellbeing in Canada. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 629-647. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9837-7.
  • Eggoh, J., Bangake, C. & Semedo, G. (2019). Do Remittances Spur Economic Growth? Evidence from Developing Countries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(4), 391-418. doi: 10.1080/09638199.2019.1568522.
  • Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2002). What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Koenig, H. G. & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and Mental Health: Evidence for an Association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 67-78. doi: 10.1080/09540260124661.
  • Graham, C., Eggers, A. & Sukhtankar, S. (2004). Does Happiness Pay?: An Exploration Based on Panel Data from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 55(3), 319-342. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2003.09.002.
  • Gül, S. (2020). Mutluluk ve Uluslararası Göç: Genel Bir Bakış. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15, 371-387. doi: 10.17153/oguiibf.481191.
  • Ivlevs, A., Nikolova, M. & Graham, C. (2019). Emigration, Remittances, and the Subjective Well-Being of Those Staying Behind. Journal of Population Economics, 32(1), 113-151. doi: 10.1007/s00148-018-0718-8.
  • İcduygu, A. & Sert, D. S. (2019). Introduction: Syrian Refugees – Facing Challenges, Making Choices. International Migration, 57(2), 121-125. doi: 10.1111/imig.12563.
  • İnan, C. E. (2016). Türkiye’de Göç Politikaları: İskân Kanunları Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, (3), 10-33.
  • Joarder, M. A. M., Harris, M. & Dockery, A. M. (2017). Remittances and Happiness of Migrants and Their Home Households: Evidence Using Matched Samples. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(3), 422-443. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1178380.
  • Kazgan, G. (2002). Tanzimat’tan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye Ekonomisi: Birinci Küreselleşmeden Ikinci Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2014). Türkiye Demokrasisinin Ekonomi Politiği. E. A. Tonak & I. C. Schick (Ed.), Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye (61-114). Belge Yayınları.
  • Knight, J. & Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great Expectations? The Subjective Well-Being of Rural–Urban Migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113-124. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.002.
  • Lewis, C. A. & Cruise, S. M. (2006). Religion and Happiness: Consensus, Contradictions, Comments and Concerns. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 9(3), 213-225. doi: 10.1080/13694670600615276.
  • Lipson, J. G., Muecke, M. A. & Chrisman, N. J. (1992). The Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 14(1), 10-29. doi: 10.1177/019394599201400102.
  • Melzer, S. M. (2011). Does Migration Make You Happy? The Influence of Migration on Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2(2), 73–92.
  • Meyer, D. & Shera, A. (2017). The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth: An Econometric Model. EconomiA, 18(2), 147-155. doi: 10.1016/j.econ.2016.06.001.
  • Polgreen, L. A. & Simpson, N. B. (2011). Happiness and International Migration. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 819-840. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9229-3.
  • Saritaş, H. (2011). İşçi Dövizlerinin Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Bilançosuna Etkisi. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 163-182.
  • Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A. & Selvanathan, S. (2012). Remittances and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. The Journal of Development Studies, 48(8), 1045-1062. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2012.663904.
  • Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. & Rohorua, H. (2015). Miserable Migrants? Natural Experiment Evidence on International Migration and Objective and Subjective Well-Being. World Development, 65, 79-93. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.07.003.
  • World Bank Group. (2017). Migration and Remittances: Recent Developments and Outlook. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Songül Gül 0000-0002-0310-4310

Özge Gökdemir Dumlubağ 0000-0003-1578-6053

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül, S., & Gökdemir Dumlubağ, Ö. (2023). Remittances and Life Satisfaction of Immigrants Living in Istanbul. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(2), 1146-1157. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1218383

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