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Impact of Urbanization on the Environment: Evidence from Some Mediterranean Countries

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 459 - 477, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1380136

Öz

This study focuses on carbon emissions because of their possible effects on the environment in some Mediterranean countries with low and medium development levels. In this context, the effects of urbanization on carbon emissions compose the main purpose of this study. The phenomenon of global warming, which has become an unbearable problem especially in today's world, has become an issue that closely concerns all countries, whether developed or underdeveloped. Although low carbon emission policies seem to be implemented by developed countries at the beginning of solution proposals to this problem, it is an issue that all countries attach great importance to it. In this study, the effects of carbon emissions caused by urbanization for the period 1995-2020 in some Mediterranean countries at low and medium development levels are investigated. The findings of the study based on panel data, which found urbanization threshold value 2.582, show that the urbanization threshold value is at higher levels than many studies in the literature. This situation clearly demonstrates the effects of countries' development levels on urbanization and environmental sensitivities.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulqadir, İ.A. (2023). Urbanization, renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions: a pathway to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 1750-6220, Doi: 10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0032.
  • Akıncı, M. (2013). Ekonomik özgürlükler ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Gelişmiş, gelişmekte olan ve azgelişmiş ülkeler üzerine bir uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Anwar, A., Younis, M., & Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emission: A case of far east Asian countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2531.
  • Aydın, C., Akıncı, M. and Yılmaz, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme Dinamizmini Enflasyon Ne Zaman Engeller? Yükselen Ekonomiler Üzerine Bir Dinamik Panel Eşik Modeli, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 18(3), 748-761.
  • Badoe, D. A., & Miller, E. J. (2000). Transportation—land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implications for modeling. Transportation Research Part D, 5, 235–263.
  • Caner, M. and Hansen, B. E. (2004), “Instrumental Variable Estimation of a Threshold Model”, Econometric Theory, 20(5), 813-843.
  • Chen Y., Liu X., (2011). Estimating the relationship between urban forms and energy consumption: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, 2005–2008, Landscape and Urban Planning, 102, 1, 33-42.
  • Chen, S., Jin, H., & Lu, Y. (2019). Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions and energy consumption structure: a panel data analysis for Chinese prefecture-level cities. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 49, 107-119.
  • Chen, M., Ma, M., Lin, Y., Ma, Z., and Li, K. (2022). Carbon Kuznets Curve in China’s Building Operations: Retrospective and Prospective Trajectories. Sci. Total Environ. 803, 150104.
  • Chen F, Liu A, Lu X, Zhe R, Tong J and Akram R (2022) Evaluation of the Effects of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: The Transformative Role of Government Effectiveness. Front. Energy Res. 10:848800, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.848800.
  • Cole, M.A. and Neumayer, E. (2004). Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Popul Environ, 26 (1), 5–21.
  • Danish, Uluocak, R. and Khan, S. (2020). “Determinants of The Ecological Footprint: Role of Renewable Energy, Natural Resources, And Urbanization”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 54.
  • Elliott, J. R., & Clement, M. T. (2014). Urbanization and carbon emissions: a nationwide study of local countervailing effects in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 95(3), 795-816.
  • Fan, Y., Lui, L.C., Wu, G. and Wie, Y.M. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environ Impact Assess, 26(4), 377–95.
  • Issaoui, F., Toumi, H., & Touili, W. (2015). The effects of carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth, urbanization, and welfare. The Journal of Energy and Development, 41(1/2), 223-252.
  • Hansen, B. E. (1999),“Threshold Effects in Non-Dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference”, Journal of econometrics, 93(2), 345-368.
  • Hossain, S. (2012). An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan. Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
  • Khan, K., Su, C. W., Tao, R., & Hao, L. N. (2019). Urbanization and carbon emission: causality evidence from the new industrialized economies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-21.
  • Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Rehan, M. (2020). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1-13.
  • Khan K and Su C.W. (2021) Urbanization and carbon emissions: a panel threshold analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 28(20), 26073–26081.
  • Kremer, S., Bick, A. and Nautz, D. (2013), “Inflation and Growth: New Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis”, Empirical Economics, 44(2), 861-878.
  • Lenzen, M., Wier, M., Cohen, C., Hayami, H., Pachauri, S. and Schaeffer, R. (2006). A comparative multivariate analysis of household energy requirements in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India and Japan. Energy 31 (2–3), 181–207.
  • Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, Z., & Xiao, R. (2018). Forecasting China’s CO2 emissions for energy consumption based on cointegration approach. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2018, 1-9.
  • Li, R., Li, L. and Wang, Q. (2022). The impact of energy efficiency on carbon emissions: Evidence from the transportation sector in Chinese 30 provinces. Sustainable Cities and Society, 82, 103880.
  • Liddle, B. (2004). Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: Using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport. Population and Environment, 26 (1), 23–39.
  • Liddle, B. and Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developing countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption related environmental impacts. Popul Environ, 31, 317–43.
  • Ma, H. and Du, J. (2012) Influence of industrialization and urbanisation on China's energy consumption. Adv Mater Res, 524–527, 3122–8.
  • Mishra, V., Smyth, R. and Sharma, S. (2009) The energy-GDP nexus: Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries Resource and Energy Economics 31(3): 210-220.
  • Nayaga, P., Poku, F.A., Dramani, J.B. and Takyi, P.O. (2021). The threshold effect of electricity consumption and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 33(3), 586-604.
  • Nguyen, Q.A., Kakinaka, M. and Kotani, K. (2017). How Does Urbanization Affect Energy and CO2 Emission Intensities in Vietnam? Evidence from Province-Level Data, Social Design Engineering Series SDES-2017-8.
  • Odugbesan, J.A. and Rjoub, H. (2020). “Relationship Among Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission, and Urbanization: Evidence From MINT Countries”, SAGE Open, DOI: 10.1177/2158244020914648, journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo.
  • Ottelin, J., Heinonen, J., Nässén, J., & Junnila, S. (2019). Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114016.
  • Parikh. J. and Shukla, V. (1995). Energy use and greenhouse effects in economic development: results from a cross-country study of developing economies. Global Environ Change 1995;5:87–103.
  • Poumanyvong, P. and Kaneko, S. (2010). Does Urbanization lead to Less Energy Use and Lower CO2 Emissions? A Cross-Country Analysis. Ecological Economics, 70, 434-444.
  • Qi, X., Han, Y., & Kou, P. (2020). Population urbanization, trade openness and carbon emissions: an empirical analysis based on China. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1-10.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2014). The Effect of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Emerging Economies. Energ. Econ. 41, 147-153.
  • Salim, R. A., Rafiq, S., & Shafiei, S. (2017). Urbanization, energy consumption, and pollutant emission in Asian developing economies: an empirical analysis (No. 718). ADBI Working Paper.
  • Sarwar, S., & Alsaggaf, M. I. (2019). Role of urbanization and urban income in carbon emissions: Regional analysis of china. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(5), 10303-10311.
  • Sevinç, H. , Akıncı, M. & Kirikkaleli, D. (2022). Kentleşme ve Çevresel Gelişim: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Dinamik Eşik Modeli Analizi . Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi , 17 (66) , 351-366.
  • Siddique, H.M.A., Majeed, M.T. and Ahmad, H.K. (2016). The Impact of Urbanization and Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions in South Asia, South Asian Studies, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 31(2), 745-757.
  • Shahbaz, M. Sbia, R. Hamdi, H. ve Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A.T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M.A. (2016) How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 83-93.
  • Şimsek, T. and Yiğit, E. (2017). BRICT Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Petrol Fiyatları, CO2Emisyonu, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Sun, J. Q., Shi, J., Shen, B. Y., Li, S. Q., & Wang, Y. W. (2018). Nexus among energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization and carbon emissions: Heterogeneous panel evidence considering China’s regional diferences. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072383.
  • Sun, W., and Huang, C. (2020). How Does Urbanization Affect Carbon Emission Efficiency? Evidence from China. J. Clean. Prod. 272, 122828. doi:10.1016/j. jclepro.2020.122828.
  • Tan, F., Yang, S. and Niu, Z. (2023) The impact of urbanization on carbon emissions: both from heterogeneity and mechanism test, Environment, Development and Sustainability (2023) 25:4813–4829.
  • Tang, W., Xu, Y. J., & Li, S. Y. (2021). Rapid urbanization efects on partial pressure and emission of CO2 in three rivers with diferent urban intensities. Ecological Indicators, 125, 107515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107515
  • Tang, Y. and Chen, M. (2022). Impact Mechanism and Effect of Agricultural Land Transfer on Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Evidence from Mediating Effect Test and Panel Threshold Regression Model. Sustainability, 14, 13014.
  • Uluocak, R., Erdoğan, F. and Bostancı, S.H. (2021). A STIRPAT-based investigation on the role of economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption in shaping a sustainable environment in the Mediterranean region, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14860-z.
  • Wang, O. (2014). Effects of urbanisation on energy consumption in China, Energy Policy, 65, 332-339.
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Kentleşmenin Çevre Üzerine Etkisi: Bazı Akdeniz Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 459 - 477, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1380136

Öz

Bu çalışma düşük ve orta gelişmişlik seviyesinde olan bazı Akdeniz ülkelerinde çevreye olan muhtemel etkileri dolayısıyla karbon emisyonları üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda kentleşmenin karbon emisyonlarına olan etkileri bu çalışmanın ana amacını oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle günümüz dünyasında içinden çıkılmaz bir sorun haline gelen küresel ısınma olgusu ister gelişmiş ister geri kalmış olsun, tüm ülkeleri yakından ilgilendiren bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu soruna karşı geliştirilen çözüm önerilerinin başında gelen düşük karbon emisyonu politikaları gelişmiş ülkelerin başını çektiği ülkeler tarafından uygulanıyor görünse de temelde tüm ülkelerin önemle üzerinde durdukları bir konudur. Bu çalışma da düşük ve orta gelişmişlik seviyesinde olan bazı Akdeniz ülkelerinde 1995-2020 dönemi için kentleşme sebepli karbon emisyonlarının etkileri incelenmektedir. Panel veriye dayalı çalışma bulguları 2.582 olarak bulunan kentleşme eşik değerinin literatürde yapılan birçok çalışmadan daha yüksek seviyelerde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum ülkelerin gelişmişlik seviyelerinin kentleşme ve çevre hassasiyetlerine etkilerini net bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulqadir, İ.A. (2023). Urbanization, renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions: a pathway to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 1750-6220, Doi: 10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0032.
  • Akıncı, M. (2013). Ekonomik özgürlükler ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Gelişmiş, gelişmekte olan ve azgelişmiş ülkeler üzerine bir uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Anwar, A., Younis, M., & Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emission: A case of far east Asian countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2531.
  • Aydın, C., Akıncı, M. and Yılmaz, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme Dinamizmini Enflasyon Ne Zaman Engeller? Yükselen Ekonomiler Üzerine Bir Dinamik Panel Eşik Modeli, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 18(3), 748-761.
  • Badoe, D. A., & Miller, E. J. (2000). Transportation—land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implications for modeling. Transportation Research Part D, 5, 235–263.
  • Caner, M. and Hansen, B. E. (2004), “Instrumental Variable Estimation of a Threshold Model”, Econometric Theory, 20(5), 813-843.
  • Chen Y., Liu X., (2011). Estimating the relationship between urban forms and energy consumption: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, 2005–2008, Landscape and Urban Planning, 102, 1, 33-42.
  • Chen, S., Jin, H., & Lu, Y. (2019). Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions and energy consumption structure: a panel data analysis for Chinese prefecture-level cities. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 49, 107-119.
  • Chen, M., Ma, M., Lin, Y., Ma, Z., and Li, K. (2022). Carbon Kuznets Curve in China’s Building Operations: Retrospective and Prospective Trajectories. Sci. Total Environ. 803, 150104.
  • Chen F, Liu A, Lu X, Zhe R, Tong J and Akram R (2022) Evaluation of the Effects of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: The Transformative Role of Government Effectiveness. Front. Energy Res. 10:848800, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.848800.
  • Cole, M.A. and Neumayer, E. (2004). Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Popul Environ, 26 (1), 5–21.
  • Danish, Uluocak, R. and Khan, S. (2020). “Determinants of The Ecological Footprint: Role of Renewable Energy, Natural Resources, And Urbanization”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 54.
  • Elliott, J. R., & Clement, M. T. (2014). Urbanization and carbon emissions: a nationwide study of local countervailing effects in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 95(3), 795-816.
  • Fan, Y., Lui, L.C., Wu, G. and Wie, Y.M. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environ Impact Assess, 26(4), 377–95.
  • Issaoui, F., Toumi, H., & Touili, W. (2015). The effects of carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth, urbanization, and welfare. The Journal of Energy and Development, 41(1/2), 223-252.
  • Hansen, B. E. (1999),“Threshold Effects in Non-Dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference”, Journal of econometrics, 93(2), 345-368.
  • Hossain, S. (2012). An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan. Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
  • Khan, K., Su, C. W., Tao, R., & Hao, L. N. (2019). Urbanization and carbon emission: causality evidence from the new industrialized economies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-21.
  • Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Rehan, M. (2020). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1-13.
  • Khan K and Su C.W. (2021) Urbanization and carbon emissions: a panel threshold analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 28(20), 26073–26081.
  • Kremer, S., Bick, A. and Nautz, D. (2013), “Inflation and Growth: New Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis”, Empirical Economics, 44(2), 861-878.
  • Lenzen, M., Wier, M., Cohen, C., Hayami, H., Pachauri, S. and Schaeffer, R. (2006). A comparative multivariate analysis of household energy requirements in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India and Japan. Energy 31 (2–3), 181–207.
  • Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, Z., & Xiao, R. (2018). Forecasting China’s CO2 emissions for energy consumption based on cointegration approach. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2018, 1-9.
  • Li, R., Li, L. and Wang, Q. (2022). The impact of energy efficiency on carbon emissions: Evidence from the transportation sector in Chinese 30 provinces. Sustainable Cities and Society, 82, 103880.
  • Liddle, B. (2004). Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: Using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport. Population and Environment, 26 (1), 23–39.
  • Liddle, B. and Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developing countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption related environmental impacts. Popul Environ, 31, 317–43.
  • Ma, H. and Du, J. (2012) Influence of industrialization and urbanisation on China's energy consumption. Adv Mater Res, 524–527, 3122–8.
  • Mishra, V., Smyth, R. and Sharma, S. (2009) The energy-GDP nexus: Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries Resource and Energy Economics 31(3): 210-220.
  • Nayaga, P., Poku, F.A., Dramani, J.B. and Takyi, P.O. (2021). The threshold effect of electricity consumption and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 33(3), 586-604.
  • Nguyen, Q.A., Kakinaka, M. and Kotani, K. (2017). How Does Urbanization Affect Energy and CO2 Emission Intensities in Vietnam? Evidence from Province-Level Data, Social Design Engineering Series SDES-2017-8.
  • Odugbesan, J.A. and Rjoub, H. (2020). “Relationship Among Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission, and Urbanization: Evidence From MINT Countries”, SAGE Open, DOI: 10.1177/2158244020914648, journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo.
  • Ottelin, J., Heinonen, J., Nässén, J., & Junnila, S. (2019). Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114016.
  • Parikh. J. and Shukla, V. (1995). Energy use and greenhouse effects in economic development: results from a cross-country study of developing economies. Global Environ Change 1995;5:87–103.
  • Poumanyvong, P. and Kaneko, S. (2010). Does Urbanization lead to Less Energy Use and Lower CO2 Emissions? A Cross-Country Analysis. Ecological Economics, 70, 434-444.
  • Qi, X., Han, Y., & Kou, P. (2020). Population urbanization, trade openness and carbon emissions: an empirical analysis based on China. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1-10.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2014). The Effect of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Emerging Economies. Energ. Econ. 41, 147-153.
  • Salim, R. A., Rafiq, S., & Shafiei, S. (2017). Urbanization, energy consumption, and pollutant emission in Asian developing economies: an empirical analysis (No. 718). ADBI Working Paper.
  • Sarwar, S., & Alsaggaf, M. I. (2019). Role of urbanization and urban income in carbon emissions: Regional analysis of china. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(5), 10303-10311.
  • Sevinç, H. , Akıncı, M. & Kirikkaleli, D. (2022). Kentleşme ve Çevresel Gelişim: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Dinamik Eşik Modeli Analizi . Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi , 17 (66) , 351-366.
  • Siddique, H.M.A., Majeed, M.T. and Ahmad, H.K. (2016). The Impact of Urbanization and Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions in South Asia, South Asian Studies, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 31(2), 745-757.
  • Shahbaz, M. Sbia, R. Hamdi, H. ve Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A.T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M.A. (2016) How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 83-93.
  • Şimsek, T. and Yiğit, E. (2017). BRICT Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Petrol Fiyatları, CO2Emisyonu, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Sun, J. Q., Shi, J., Shen, B. Y., Li, S. Q., & Wang, Y. W. (2018). Nexus among energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization and carbon emissions: Heterogeneous panel evidence considering China’s regional diferences. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072383.
  • Sun, W., and Huang, C. (2020). How Does Urbanization Affect Carbon Emission Efficiency? Evidence from China. J. Clean. Prod. 272, 122828. doi:10.1016/j. jclepro.2020.122828.
  • Tan, F., Yang, S. and Niu, Z. (2023) The impact of urbanization on carbon emissions: both from heterogeneity and mechanism test, Environment, Development and Sustainability (2023) 25:4813–4829.
  • Tang, W., Xu, Y. J., & Li, S. Y. (2021). Rapid urbanization efects on partial pressure and emission of CO2 in three rivers with diferent urban intensities. Ecological Indicators, 125, 107515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107515
  • Tang, Y. and Chen, M. (2022). Impact Mechanism and Effect of Agricultural Land Transfer on Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Evidence from Mediating Effect Test and Panel Threshold Regression Model. Sustainability, 14, 13014.
  • Uluocak, R., Erdoğan, F. and Bostancı, S.H. (2021). A STIRPAT-based investigation on the role of economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption in shaping a sustainable environment in the Mediterranean region, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14860-z.
  • Wang, O. (2014). Effects of urbanisation on energy consumption in China, Energy Policy, 65, 332-339.
  • Wang, F., Gao, M., Liu, J., Qin, Y., Wang, G., Fan, W., & Ji, L. (2019). An empirical study on the impact path of urbanization to carbon emissions in the China Yangtze River delta urban agglomeration. Applied Sciences, 9(6), 1116, 1-18.
  • Wang, J., & Yang, Y. (2020). A regional-scale decomposition of energy-related carbon emission and its decoupling from economic growth in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15.
  • Wang, W.Z., Liu, L.C., Liao, H. and Wei, Y.M. (2021). Impacts of urbanization on carbon emissions: An empirical analysis from OECD countries, Energy Policy Volume 151, April 2021, 112171.
  • Wang, X., Zhou, D. and Telli, Ş. (2022) The impact of semi‑urbanization on carbon emissions: a spatial econometric perspective, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022) 29:54718-54732.
  • Xu, Q., Dong, Y. X., & Yang, R. (2018). Urbanization impact on carbon emissions in the Pearl River Delta region: Kuznets curve relationships. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.194
  • Yang, X., Wang, X. C., & Zhou, Z. Y. (2018). Development path of Chinese low-carbon cities based on index evaluation. Advances in Climate Change Research, 9(2), 144-153.
  • Yao, X. L., Kou, D., Shao, S., Li, X. Y., Wang, W. X., & Zhang, C. T. (2018). Can urbanization process and carbon emission abatement be harmonious? New evidence from China. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.04.005
  • Yapraklı, S. (2007). Ticari ve Finansal Disa Aciklik Ile Ekonomik Buyume Arasindaki Iliski: Turkiye Uzerine Bir Uygulama, İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ İKTİSAT FAKÜLTESİ EKONOMETRİ VE İSTATİSTİK DERGİSİ, 5, 67-89.
  • Yazdi, S.K. and Dariani, A.G. (2019). CO2 Emissions, Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 510-530.
  • York, R. (2007). Demographic trends and energy consumption in European Union Nations, 1960–2025. Social Science Research, 36, 855–872.
  • York, R., Rosa, E., and Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT, and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46, 351–365.
  • Zhang, C. and Lin, Y. (2012) Panel estimates for urbanisation, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a regional analysis in China. Energy Policy, 40, 488–98.
  • Zhang, Y. J., Yi, W. C., & Li, B. W. (2015). The impact of urbanization on carbon emission: empirical evidence in Beijing. Energy Procedia, 75, 2963-2968.
  • Zhang, N., Yu, K. and Chen, Z. (2017). “How Does Urbanization Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions? A CrossCountry Panel Data Analysis”, Energy Policy, 107. 678-687.
  • Zhang, S. X., Li, Z. F., Ning, X., & Li, L. (2021). Gauging the impacts of urbanization on CO2 emissions from the construction industry: Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Management, 288, 112440.
  • Zhou, Y., Chen, M. X., Tang, Z. P., & Mei, Z. (2021). Urbanization, land use change, and carbon emissions: Quantitative assessments for city-level carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Sustainable Cities and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102701.
  • Zhu, H., Xia, H., Guo, Y. and Peng, C. (2018). “The Heterogeneous Effects of Urbanization and Income Inequality On CO2 Emissions in BRICS Economies: Evidence from Panel Quantile Regression”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 17176-17193.
  • Zi, C., Jie, W. and Hong-Bo, C. (2016). CO2 emissions and urbanization correlation in China based on threshold analysis, Ecological Indicators, 61, 193–201.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Demet Eroğlu Sevinç 0000-0003-3510-8970

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 16 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu Sevinç, D. (2024). Kentleşmenin Çevre Üzerine Etkisi: Bazı Akdeniz Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 459-477. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1380136

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