Araştırma Makalesi

Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)

Sayı: 25 18 Haziran 2025
  • Kemal Doğan
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Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)

Öz

When the Ottoman Empire fell into a severe financial crisis during the Crimean War (1853-1856), it turned to external borrowing. However, as the first loan taken in 1854 failed to cover the war expenses, it borrowed again in 1855. Afterwards, the Ottoman government started to borrow in order to withdraw the unrequited paper money issued in the previous years from the market, to cover the budget deficit and, more importantly, to pay the interest and debt installments of its debts as of 1865. To summarize, 10 years after it started borrowing, the Ottoman government was unable to pay its debts. Thanks to the appetite for easy money in European financial markets, the government continued to borrow at very high interest rates and, beginning from 1865 onwards, the discussion was not about whether it would declare bankruptcy, but when it would declare bankruptcy. In 1873, the stock markets of Europe and the United States suffered a major collapse and the Great Depression of 1873-1896 began, which would later be characterized as the first great crisis of capitalism. In addition, between 1873-1875, the Ottoman Empire suffered a catastrophic famine. It was almost impossible to borrow money from abroad, and therefore to “roll over debt with debt”. Zühtü Efendi, who was the undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance at the time, was hastily dispatched to London to obtain a new loan in order to alleviate the heavy budgetary costs of the rebellions in the Empire’s European territories and the financial burden of the newly started Ottoman-Russian War (1877- 1878).Zühtü Efendi had to find a new reliable collateral for a new loan. To this end, he saw that he could use the collateral that would be freed up by reducing the interest rates on bonds issued in previous years. After reaching an agreement with the bondholders, Zühtü Efendi managed to sign a £5 million loan agreement, known as “the Loan For Protection of the Ottoman Rights”. This article discusses his borrowing adventure. For this purpose, both the Ottoman and the British archives were consulted for financial correspondence and reports from the period. The developments not always documented in the archival records were evaluated with the help of local and foreign newspapers in İstanbul, as well as newspapers published in London. The article, based on previously unused documents and information obtained through this research, aims to contribute to the literature on Ottoman external borrowing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Ahmet Midhat Efendi, Üss-i İnkılap, ed. İdris Nebi Uysal, İstanbul, Dergâh Yay., 2013.
  2. Akyıldız, Ali, Kâğıt Para ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkileri, İstanbul, Eren Yayıncılık, 1996.
  3. Beydilli, Kemal, “Sâdık Mehmed Pasha”, DİA, Vol. 35, Ankara, TDV Yayınları, 2008.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Kemal Doğan Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

18 Haziran 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

4 Mart 2025

Kabul Tarihi

20 Mayıs 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA
Doğan, K. (2025). Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877). FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 25, 61-84. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.1722232
AMA
1.Doğan K. Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877). FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;(25):61-84. doi:10.16947/fsmia.1722232
Chicago
Doğan, Kemal. 2025. “Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)”. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 25: 61-84. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.1722232.
EndNote
Doğan K (01 Haziran 2025) Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877). FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi 25 61–84.
IEEE
[1]K. Doğan, “Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)”, FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 25, ss. 61–84, Haz. 2025, doi: 10.16947/fsmia.1722232.
ISNAD
Doğan, Kemal. “Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)”. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi. 25 (01 Haziran 2025): 61-84. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.1722232.
JAMA
1.Doğan K. Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877). FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;:61–84.
MLA
Doğan, Kemal. “Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877)”. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 25, Haziran 2025, ss. 61-84, doi:10.16947/fsmia.1722232.
Vancouver
1.Kemal Doğan. Ahmet Zühtü Pasha’s Financial Missions in Europe (1873-1877). FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2025;(25):61-84. doi:10.16947/fsmia.1722232