Effect of Ground Diatomite on Early Strength of Self-Compacting Mortars

Öz

Portland cement fabrication is a significant factor that increases the amount of carbon dioxide released into nature. For this reason, it is very important to use natural and waste materials with pozzolanic properties instead of portland cement. In this article, the usability of diatomite rock, a natural pozzolanic material that can be substituted with portland cement, in the manufacture of self-compacting mortar was studied. In the experimental study, prismatic specimens with dimensions of 40 × 40 × 160 mm were used to examine the impact of ground diatomite on the early age mechanical properties of self-compacting mortar; it was produced by replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of diatomite with portland cement, respectively. The slump-flow test to obtain self-compacting mortar was conducted according to the European Federation of Specialized Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems guidance. Specimens prepared using 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% diatomite were cured in water at 23±2 ̊C temperature for 3 days. 3-day (early age) flexural and compressive strength worths were gained for the samples whose curing period was completed. As a result of this experimental study, it was specified that the highest strengths were in the series containing 5% diatomite, exceeding the reference samples. Additionally, it has been determined that mechanical strength decreases when the diatomite ratio in mixtures is more than 5%.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ground diatomite
• Self-compacting mortar
• Mechanical properties
• Early strength

Öğütülmüş Diyatomitin Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Erken Dayanımına Etkisi

Öz

Çimento üretimi doğaya salınan karbondioksit miktarını arttıran önemli bir etkendir. Bu nedenle çimento yerine puzolanik özellik gösteren doğal ve atık malzemelerin kullanımı oldukça önemlidir. Bu makalede, çimento ile ikame edilebilecek doğal puzolanik bir malzeme olan diyatomit kayacının kendiliğinden yerleşen harç üretiminde kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmada, öğütülmüş diyatomitin kendiliğinden yerleşen harçlarda erken yaştaki mekanik özelliklerine olan etkisini incelemek için 40×40×160 mm boyutlarında olan prizmatik numuneler; sırasıyla %0, %5, %10, %15, %20 oranında diyatomitin çimento ile değiştirilmesiyle üretilmiştir. kendiliğinden yerleşen harç elde etmek için çökme-akış testi, Avrupa Uzman Yapı Kimyasalları ve Beton Sistemleri Federasyonu kılavuzuna göre yürütülmüştür. %0, %5, %10, %15 ve %20 diyatomit kullanılarak hazırlanan numuneler 3 gün boyunca 23±2 ̊C sıcaklıktaki suda kürlenmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Kür süresi tamamlanan numunelerin 3 günlük (erken yaş) eğilme ve basınç dayanım değerleri elde edilmiştir. Bu deneysel çalışmanın sonucunda en yüksek dayanımların referans numuneleri de aşarak, %5 diyatomit içeren serilerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca karışımlardaki diyatomit oranının %5 ten fazla olmasıyla mekanik dayanımların azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Öğütülmüş diyatomit
• Kendiliğinden yerleşen harç
• Mekanik özellikler
• Erken dayanım

Kaynakça

1. B. Yilmaz and N. Ediz, “The use of raw and calcined diatomite in cement production,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 202–211, 2008.
2. G. Kaplan et al., “Physico-mechanical, thermal insulation and resistance characteristics of diatomite and attapulgite based geopolymer foam concrete: Effect of different curing regimes,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 373, no. March, p. 130850, 2023.
3. N. Bentlemsan, W. Yahiaoui, and S. Kenai, “Strength and durability of self-compacting mortar with waste marble as sand substitution,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 19, no. June, p. e02331, 2023.
4. K. Vardhan, R. Siddique, and S. Goyal, “Strength, permeation and micro-structural characteristics of concrete incorporating waste marble,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 203, pp. 45–55, 2019.
5. I. B. Topçu, T. Bilir, and T. Uygunoǧlu, “Effect of waste marble dust content as filler on properties of self-compacting concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1947–1953, 2009.
6. M. J. Munir, S. M. S. Kazmi, and Y. F. Wu, “Efficiency of waste marble powder in controlling alkali–silica reaction of concrete: A sustainable approach,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 590–599, 2017.
7. A. C. Aydin and R. Gül, “Influence of volcanic originated natural materials as additives on the setting time and some mechanical properties of concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1277–1281, 2007.
8. Z. Lv, A. Jiang, and J. Jin, “Influence of ultrafine diatomite on cracking behavior of concrete: an acoustic emission analysis,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 308, no. July, p. 124993, 2021.

9. A. Ergün, “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 806–812, 2011.
10. H. Zhang, B. He, B. Zhao, and P. JM Monteiro, “Using diatomite as a partial replacement of cement for improving the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)-Effects and mechanism,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 385, no. April, p. 131518, 2023.
11. A. A. Mota dos Santos and G. C. Cordeiro, “Investigation of particle characteristics and enhancing the pozzolanic activity of diatomite by grinding,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 270, no. May, 2021.
12. M. Sarıdemir, S. Çelikten, and A. Yıldırım, “Mechanical and microstructural properties of calcined diatomite powder modified high strength mortars at ambient and high temperatures,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 3004–3017, 2020.
13. N. Degirmenci and A. Yilmaz, “Use of diatomite as partial replacement for Portland cement in cement mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 284–288, 2009.
14. S. Xu, J. Wang, Q. Ma, X. Zhao, and T. Zhang, “Study on the lightweight hydraulic mortars designed by the use of diatomite as partial replacement of natural hydraulic lime and masonry waste as aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 73, pp. 33–40, 2014.
15. M. Sun, C. Zou, and D. Xin, “Pore structure evolution mechanism of cement mortar containing diatomite subjected to freeze-thaw cycles by multifractal analysis,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 114, no. June, p. 103731, 2020.
16. Y. Kocak and İ. Pınarcı, “Effects of hydration mechanism on mechanical properties of diatomite-cement composites,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 3707–3721, 2023.
17. P. Ramanathan, I. Baskar, P. Muthupriya, and R. Venkatasubramani, “Performance of self-compacting concrete containing different mineral admixtures,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 465–472, 2013.
18. M. Ş. Yön, F. Arslan, M. Karatas, and A. Benli, “High-temperature and abrasion resistance of self-compacting mortars incorporating binary and ternary blends of silica fume and slag,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 355, no. September, 2022.
19. E. Türk, M. Karataş, and M. Dener, “Rheological, mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting mortars containing basalt powder and silica fume,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 356, no. September, 2022.
20. A. Benli, M. Karataş, and E. Gurses, “Effect of sea water and MgSO4 solution on the mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting mortars with fly ash/silica fume,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 146, pp. 464–474, 2017.
21. M. Karatas, M. Dener, A. Benli, and M. Mohabbi, “High temperature effect on the mechanical behavior of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete containing ground pumice powder,” Structural Concrete, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1734–1749, 2019.
22. M. Ş. Yön and M. Karataş, “Evaluation of the mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting alkali-activated mortar made from boron waste and granulated blast furnace slag,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 61, no. September, p. 105263, 2022.
23. M. K. Sharbatdar, M. Abbasi, and P. Fakharian, “Improving the properties of self-compacted concrete with using combined silica fume and metakaolin,” Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 535–544, 2020.
24. F. Arslan, A. Benli, and M. Karatas, “Effect of high temperature on the performance of self-compacting mortars produced with calcined kaolin and metakaolin,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 256, p. 119497, 2020.
25. S. Dadsetan and J. Bai, “Mechanical and microstructural properties of self-compacting concrete blended with metakaolin, ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 146, pp. 658–667, 2017.
26. N. Gülmez, “Performance of marble powder on cementitious composites including waste steel chips as an additive,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 312, no. October, p. 125369, 2021.
27. N. Gülmez, “Performance of marble powder on cementitious composites including waste steel chips as an additive,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 312, no. March, p. 125369, 2021.
28. M. Sarıdemir and S. Çelikten, “Investigation of fire and chemical effects on the properties of alkali-activated lightweight concretes produced with basaltic pumice aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 260, 2020.
29. F. Ameri, P. Shoaei, M. Zahedi, M. Karimzadeh, H. R. Musaeei, and C. B. Cheah, “Physico-mechanical properties and micromorphology of AAS mortars containing copper slag as fine aggregate at elevated temperature,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 39, no. September 2020, p. 102289, 2021.
30. H. Y. Aruntaş, E. Yildiz, and G. Kaplan, “the Engineering Performance of Eco-Friendly Concretes Containing Diatomite Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag,” Acta Polytechnica, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 505–521, 2022.
31. E. Bozkurt, S. Türkel, and B. Feleko, “Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of woven fabric-reinforced calcined diatomite substituted cement-based composites,” 2024.
32. S. F. A. Shah, B. Chen, S. Y. Oderji, M. A. Haque, and M. R. Ahmad, “Improvement of early strength of fly ash-slag based one-part alkali activated mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 246, p. 118533, 2020.
33. G. Ren, Z. Tian, J. Wu, and X. Gao, “Effects of combined accelerating admixtures on mechanical strength and microstructure of cement mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 304, no. March, p. 124642, 2021.
34. EFNARC, “EFNARC, (European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems), The European guidelines for selfcompacting concrete: Specification, production and use, U.K, 2002,” Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 401–409, 2002.
35. K. Turk and S. Demirhan, “Effect of limestone powder on the rheological, mechanical and durability properties of ECC,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1151–1170, 2017.
36. A. ASTM C348, “Flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars,” American Society for Testing and Material, vol. 04, pp. 1–6, 2002.
37. ASTM C349, “Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic-cement mortars (Using portions of prisms broken in flexure),” ASTM International, pp. 1–6, 2002.
38. Z. Ahmadi, J. Esmaeili, J. Kasaei, and R. Hajialioghli, “Properties of sustainable cement mortars containing high volume of raw diatomite,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 16, pp. 47–53, 2018.
39. S. Xu, J. Wang, Q. Ma, X. Zhao, and T. Zhang, “Study on the lightweight hydraulic mortars designed by the use of diatomite as partial replacement of natural hydraulic lime and masonry waste as aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 73, pp. 33–40, 2014.
40. N. Roussel and R. Le Roy, “The Marsh cone: A test or a rheological apparatus?,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 823–830, 2005.
41. S. Saraç, M. Karatas, and A. Benli, “The effect of dunite powder and silica fume on the viscosity, physico-mechanical properties and sulphate resistance of self-compacting mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 375, no. March, p. 130970, 2023.