Araştırma Makalesi

Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches

Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 26 Haziran 2025
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Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches

Öz

In this study, an automatic classification of cervical vertebra maturation (CVM) stages was performed using raw lateral cephalometric radiographs to assess growth and development. A total of 4285 radiographs from the Department of Orthodontics at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Dentistry were utilized. Following detailed evaluations by specialist physicians, 3750 images meeting diagnostic accuracy and clinical suitability criteria were included. The selected images were categorized into six classes (CVMS 1–6), forming a balanced dataset for classification with the NFNet, ConvNeXt V2, EfficientNet V2, and DeiT3 models. The NFNet model achieved the highest overall performance, with 96% training accuracy and 85.7% test accuracy. ConvNeXt V2, attaining 95% training accuracy and 86.9% test accuracy, emerged as the most balanced in terms of generalization. Although EfficientNet V2 reached 94% training accuracy, its 80.7% test accuracy indicated limited generalization. With 93% training accuracy and 77.6% test accuracy, DeiT3 demonstrated the lowest capacity. Both NFNet and ConvNeXt V2 stood out as strong classification candidates based on their high accuracy and balanced performance. While NFNet showed a 10.3% gap between training and test accuracy, indicating somewhat reduced generalization, ConvNeXt V2’s narrower 8.1% gap suggested greater stability. In conclusion, NFNet and ConvNeXt V2 are promising models for CVM classification. Future studies should employ larger datasets and conduct hyperparameter optimization to enhance these models’ performance and strengthen their clinical applicability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

In this study, all relevant legal and ethical considerations were observed during the collection and evaluation of data from human participants. All procedures related to the research were approved by the Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Non-Invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee on September 18, 2023 (Decision No. 2023/09-12). The research was carried out in line with the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and appropriate data protection measures were taken to safeguard participant confidentiality. Furthermore, no conflict of interest exists with any individual, institution, or organization in the planning, execution, data analysis, or reporting stages of this study. All authors confirm their adherence to research ethics throughout every phase of the work.

Kaynakça

  1. S. F. Atici et al., “A collaborative fusion of vision transformers and convolutional neural networks in classifying cervical vertebrae maturation stages,” in Proc. 2023 30th IEEE Int. Conf. on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), 2023, pp. 1–4.
  2. M. T. Radwan, Ç. Sin, N. Akkaya, and L. Vahdettin, “Artificial intelligence-based algorithm for cervical vertebrae maturation stage assessment,” Orthod. Craniofac. Res., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 349–355, 2023.
  3. H. Li et al., “Convolutional neural network-based automatic cervical vertebral maturation classification method,” Dentomaxillofac. Radiol., vol. 51, no. 6, p. 20220070, 2022.
  4. H. Seo, J.-H. Kim, S.-H. Lee, and Y. H. Kim, “Comparison of deep learning models for cervical vertebral maturation stage classification on lateral cephalometric radiographs,” J. Clin. Med., vol. 10, no. 16, p. 3591, 2021.
  5. M. S. İzgi and H. Kök, “Kemik yaşı ve maturasyon tespiti,” Selçuk Dental J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 124–133, 2020.
  6. J. A. McNamara Jr. and L. Franchi, “The cervical vertebral maturation method: A user's guide,” Angle Orthod., vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 133–143, 2018.
  7. S. F. Atici et al., “A novel continuous classification system for the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) stages using convolutional neural networks,” 2023.
  8. M. Khazaei et al., “Automatic determination of pubertal growth spurts based on the cervical vertebral maturation staging using deep convolutional neural networks,” J. World Fed. Orthod., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 56–63, 2023.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Bilgisayar Yazılımı, Otomatik Yazılım Mühendisliği

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

26 Haziran 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

14 Mart 2025

Kabul Tarihi

30 Mayıs 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kayaoğlu, M., Şengür, A., Bor, S., & Kotan, S. (2025). Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, 4(2), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1657886
AMA
1.Kayaoğlu M, Şengür A, Bor S, Kotan S. Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2025;4(2):393-405. doi:10.62520/fujece.1657886
Chicago
Kayaoğlu, Mazhar, Abdülkadir Şengür, Sabahattin Bor, ve Seda Kotan. 2025. “Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 4 (2): 393-405. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1657886.
EndNote
Kayaoğlu M, Şengür A, Bor S, Kotan S (01 Haziran 2025) Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 4 2 393–405.
IEEE
[1]M. Kayaoğlu, A. Şengür, S. Bor, ve S. Kotan, “Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches”, Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 4, sy 2, ss. 393–405, Haz. 2025, doi: 10.62520/fujece.1657886.
ISNAD
Kayaoğlu, Mazhar - Şengür, Abdülkadir - Bor, Sabahattin - Kotan, Seda. “Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 4/2 (01 Haziran 2025): 393-405. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1657886.
JAMA
1.Kayaoğlu M, Şengür A, Bor S, Kotan S. Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2025;4:393–405.
MLA
Kayaoğlu, Mazhar, vd. “Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 4, sy 2, Haziran 2025, ss. 393-05, doi:10.62520/fujece.1657886.
Vancouver
1.Mazhar Kayaoğlu, Abdülkadir Şengür, Sabahattin Bor, Seda Kotan. Classification of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stages and Bone Age Assessment Using Transfer Learning–Based Deep-Learning Approaches. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 01 Haziran 2025;4(2):393-405. doi:10.62520/fujece.1657886