Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Yığma Yapılarda Görülen Tipik Hasar Mekanizmaları

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 94 - 118, 28.02.2026

Alper Özmen , Erkut Sayın

https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1733544

https://izlik.org/JA95PR64PM

Öz

Bu çalışma, 1992 ile 2023 yılları arasında Türkiye'deki yığma binaların sismik performansını incelemekte ve büyük depremler sonrasında yapılan hasar değerlendirmelerine odaklanmaktadır. Belirlenen yaygın hasar mekanizmaları arasında, duvarların düzlem dışı göçmesi, dik duvarlar arasındaki bağlantıların yetersizliği, uygunsuz duvar açıklıkları ve hatıl eksikliği yer almaktadır. Kırsal yığma yapılarda sıklıkla kullanılan ağır sıkıştırılmış toprak damlar, atalet kuvvetlerini artırarak sismik zayıflığı önemli ölçüde artırmaktadır. Moloz taşlarının düzensiz kullanımı ve harcın yetersiz aderansı, yapısal bozulmanın erken başlamasına neden olmuştur. Çalışma, yığma binaların sismik dayanıklılığını artırmak için iyileştirilmiş inşaat uygulamaları, deprem yönetmeliklerine uyum ve etkili güçlendirme stratejilerinin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Geçmiş depremlerden alınan dersler, mühendisler ve politika yapıcılar tarafından, gelecekteki depreme dayanıklı yığma yapı inşaatları için daha sağlam yönergeler geliştirilmesini sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yığma yapılar , Yapısal hasar , Deprem performansı , Donatısız yığma , Hasar mekanizmaları

Etik Beyan

Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/kurumla çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.

Typical Damage Patterns In Masonry Structures After Various Major Earthquakes

https://izlik.org/JA95PR64PM

Öz

This study examines the seismic performance of masonry buildings in Turkey between 1992 and 2023, focusing on damage assessments after major earthquakes. Common failure mechanisms identified include out-of-plane wall collapse, inadequate connections between perpendicular walls, improper wall openings, and the absence of bond beams. Heavy compacted clay roofs, often used in rural masonry structures, contribute significantly to seismic vulnerability by increasing inertial forces. The irregular use of rubble stones and insufficient mortar adherence led to early structural degradation. The study emphasizes the need for improved construction practices, compliance with seismic codes, and effective retrofitting strategies to enhance the seismic resilience of masonry buildings. Lessons learned from past earthquakes can enable engineers and policymakers to develop more robust guidelines for future earthquake-resistant masonry construction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Masonry structures , Structural damage , Earthquake performance , Unreinforced masonry , Failure mechanisms

Etik Beyan

There is no conflict of interest with any person/institution in the prepared article. Additionally, ethics committee approval is not required for this study.”

Kaynakça

• A. W. Hendry, B. P. Sinha, and S. R. Davies, Design of Masonry Structures. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2017.
• N. Ranjan, S. Banerjee, S. Nayak, and S. Das, “Efficacy of waste plastic towards enhancement of shear and flexure carrying capacity of masonry structures,” J. Clean Prod., vol. 365, p. 132669, 2022.
• J. Scacco, B. Ghiassi, G. Milani, and P. B. Lourenço, “A fast modeling approach for numerical analysis of unreinforced and FRCM reinforced masonry walls under out-of-plane loading,” Compos. B Eng., vol. 180, p. 107553, 2020.
• A. Borri, M. Corradi, G. Castori, and A. De Maria, “A method for the analysis and classification of historic masonry,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2647–2665, 2015.
• A. Keshmiry, S. Hassani, U. Dackermann, and J. Li, “Assessment, repair, and retrofitting of masonry structures: A comprehensive review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 442, p. 137380, 2024.
• P. Blagojević, S. Brzev, and R. Cvetković, “Seismic retrofitting of mid-rise unreinforced masonry residential buildings after the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake: A case study,” Buildings, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 597, 2023.
• C. Filippou, N. Kyriakides, and C. Chrysostomou, “Numerical study of the seismic retrofitting of masonry-infilled RC frames with openings using TRM,” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 776–805, 2023.
• A. Shabani, M. Kioumarsi, and M. Zucconi, “State of the art of simplified analytical methods for seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings,” Eng. Struct., vol. 239, p. 112280, 2021.
• A. Bayraktar, N. Coşkun, and A. Yalçin, “Damages of masonry buildings during the July 2, 2004 Doğubayazıt (Ağrı) earthquake in Turkey,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 147–157, Jan. 2007.
• A. Ural, A. Doğangün, H. Sezen, and Z. Angın, “Seismic performance of masonry buildings during the 2007 Bala, Turkey earthquakes,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1013–1026, 2012.
• J. Ingham and M. Griffith, “Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch, NZ) earthquake,” Aust. J. Struct. Eng., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 207–224, 2010.
• L. Halder, S. C. Dutta, R. P. Sharma, and S. Bhattacharya, “Lessons learnt from post-earthquake damage study of Northeast India and Nepal during last ten years,” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., vol. 151, p. 106990, 2021.
• A. Doğangün, A. Ural, H. Sezen, Y. Güney, and F. K. Fırat, “The 2011 earthquake in Simav, Turkey and seismic damage to reinforced concrete buildings,” Buildings, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 173–190, 2013.
• B. Yön, E. Sayın, and T. S. Köksal, “Seismic response of buildings during the May 19, 2011 Simav, Turkey earthquake,” Earthq. Struct., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 343–357, 2013.
• N. Yılmaz and Ö. Avşar, “Structural damages of the May 19, 2011, Kütahya–Simav earthquake in Turkey,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 981–1001, 2013.
• M. İnsel, H. B. Özmen, and E. Akyol, “Observations on the building damages after 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 255–283, Feb. 2013.
• F. Piroğlu and K. Özakgül, “Site investigation of masonry buildings damaged during the 23 October and 9 November 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 689–708, 2013.
• M. Müvafık, “Field investigation and seismic analysis of a historical brick masonry minaret damaged during the Van earthquakes in 2011,” Earthq. Struct., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 457–472, 2014.
• R. Oyguç and E. Oyguç, “2011 Van earthquakes: Lessons from damaged masonry structures,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 31, no. 5, p. 04017062, 2017.
• D. Güney, “Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 3337–3342, 2012.
• A. Bayraktar, A. C. Altunışık, and M. Müvafık, “Field investigation of the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011, Van earthquakes in Turkey,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 30, no. 2, p. 04014209, 2016.
• M. Doğan, “Failure of structural (RC, masonry, bridge) to Van earthquake,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 35, pp. 489–498, 2013.
• B. Yön, O. Onat, and M. E. Öncü, “Earthquake damage to nonstructural elements of reinforced concrete buildings during 2011 Van seismic sequence,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 33, no. 6, p. 04019075, 2019.
• E. Damcı, R. Temur, G. Bekdaş, and B. Sayın, “Damages and causes on the structures during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 3, pp. 112–131, 2015.
• F. Çakır, E. Uçkan, J. Shen, B. S. Şeker, and B. Akbaş, “Seismic damage evaluation of historical structures during Van earthquake, October 23, 2011,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 58, pp. 249–266, 2015.
• B. Taşkın, A. Sezen, U. M. Tuğsal, and A. Erken, “The aftermath of 2011 Van earthquakes: Evaluation of strong motion, geotechnical and structural issues,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 285–312, Feb. 2013.
• A. Sakarya, O. Akın, and A. Kılıç, “Investigating the damage from the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in terms of building characteristics in the Antakya and Defne districts of Hatay province,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., vol. 112, p. 104783, 2024.
• S. Apostolaki, E. Riga, and D. Pitilakis, “Rapid damage assessment effectiveness for the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Türkiye earthquake sequence,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., vol. 111, p. 104691, 2024.
• B. Yön, “Identification of failure mechanisms in existing unreinforced masonry buildings in rural areas after April 4, 2019 earthquake in Turkey,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 43, p. 102586, Nov. 2021.
• E. A. Godínez-Domínguez et al., “The September 7, 2017 Tehuantepec, Mexico, earthquake: Damage assessment in masonry structures for housing,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., vol. 56, p. 102123, 2021.
• O. F. Bayrak, M. Bikçe, and M. M. Erdem, “Failures of structures during the January 24, 2020, Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake in Turkey,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 1943–1969, Sep. 2021.
• M. Günaydın et al., “Seismic damage assessment of masonry buildings in Elazığ and Malatya following the 2020 Elazığ–Sivrice earthquake, Turkey,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 2421–2456, Apr. 2021.
• H. C. Mertol, G. Tunç, and T. Akış, “Evaluation of masonry buildings and mosques after Sivrice earthquake,” Građevinar, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 881–892, 2021.
• E. Sayın et al., “24 January 2020 Sivrice–Elazığ, Turkey earthquake: Geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 657–684, Jan. 2021.
• E. Işık, M. C. Aydın, and A. Büyüksaraç, “24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region,” Earthq. Struct., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 145–156, 2020.
• R. Temür, E. Damcı, S. Öncü-Davaş, C. Öser, S. Sargın, and Ç. Şekerci, “Structural and geotechnical investigations on Sivrice earthquake (Mw = 6.8), January 24, 2020,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 401–434, 2021.
• B. Atmaca et al., “Field investigation on the performance of mosques and minarets during the Elazığ–Sivrice earthquake,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 34, no. 6, p. 04020120, 2020.
• S. Demir et al., “Performance evaluation of reinforced concrete buildings during the Sivrice–Elazığ earthquake (Mw = 6.8, January 24, 2020) in accordance with Turkish earthquake code,” J. Earthq. Tsunami, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 2150018, 2021.
• Ö. Yurdakul, B. Duran, O. Tunaboyu, and Ö. Avşar, “Field reconnaissance on seismic performance of RC buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazığ–Sivrice earthquake,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 859–887, 2021.
• H. C. Mertol, G. Tunç, and T. Akış, “Damage observation of reinforced concrete buildings after 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake, Turkey,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 35, no. 5, p. 04021053, 2021.
• O. F. Nemutlu, B. Balun, and A. Sarı, “Damage assessment of buildings after 24 January 2020 Elazığ–Sivrice earthquake,” Earthq. Struct., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 325–335, 2021.
• A. Caner, A. Natale, S. Masood, and N. Huvaj, “Successful seismic performance of bridges after Sivrice earthquake,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 35, no. 4, p. 04021025, 2021.
• B. Atmaca et al., “Lessons learned from the past earthquakes on building performance in Turkey,” J. Struct. Eng. Appl. Mech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 61–84, 2020.
• S. K. Sezgin et al., “Reconnaissance report on damage caused by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in reinforced-concrete structures,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 89, p. 109200, 2024.
• M. L. Ivanov and W.-K. Chow, “Structural damage observed in reinforced concrete buildings in Adıyaman during the 2023 Türkiye Kahramanmaraş earthquakes,” Structures, vol. 49, p. 105578, 2023.
• E. Tapia-Hernández, M. C. Genes, and H. Guerrero-Bobadilla, “Damages observed in Turkey due to the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes of February 6, 2023,” J. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–19, 2024.
• E. Altunsu, O. Güneş, S. Öztürk, S. Sorosh, A. Sarı, and S. T. Beeson, “Investigating the structural damage in Hatay province after Kahramanmaraş–Türkiye earthquake sequences,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 157, p. 107857, 2024.
• A. Demir and H. Sezen, “Seismic performance of industrial buildings during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquakes,” J. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–15, 2024.
• A. Demir et al., “Destructive impact of successive high-magnitude earthquakes occurred in Türkiye’s Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–27, 2024.
• O. İnce, “Structural damage assessment of reinforced concrete buildings in Adıyaman after Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes on 6 February 2023,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 156, p. 107799, 2024.
• M. Ozturk, M. H. Arslan, and H. H. Korkmaz, “Effect on RC buildings of 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake doublets and new doctrines for seismic design,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 153, p. 107521, 2023.
• Ö. F. Nemutlu, A. Sarı, and B. Balun, “Comparison of actual loss of life and structural damage in 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7–Mw 7.6) with estimated values,” Afyon Kocatepe Univ. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1222–1234, 2023.
• İ. Kocaman, “The effect of the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on historical masonry mosques and minarets,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 149, p. 107225, 2023.
• A. B. Ersöz, O. Pekcan, M. Altun, T. Teke, and O. Aydogmuş, “Utilizing digital technologies for rapid damage assessment and reconnaissance: The February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş–Türkiye earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6),” Bull. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–19, 2024.
• A. Akıncı, A. A. Dindar, İ. E. Bal, D. Ertuncay, E. Smyrou, and D. Cheloni, “Characteristics of strong ground motions and structural damage patterns from the February 6th, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, Türkiye,” Nat. Hazards, pp. 1–31, 2024.
• F. Akar, E. Işık, F. Avcil, A. Büyüksaraç, E. Arkan, and R. İzol, “Geotechnical and structural damages caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman),” Appl. Sci., vol. 14, no. 5, p. 2165, 2024.
• A. C. Altunışık et al., “Field observations and damage evaluation in reinforced concrete buildings after the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaraş–Türkiye earthquakes,” J. Earthq. Tsunami, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 2350024, 2023.
• F. Avcil et al., “Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 2953–2991, 2024.
• B. Yön, İ. Ö. Dedeoğlu, M. Yetkin, H. Erkek, and Y. Calayır, “Evaluation of the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings in the light of lessons learned from the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake sequences,” Nat. Hazards, pp. 1–37, 2024.
• A. I. Turan, A. Çelik, A. Kumbasaroğlu, and H. Yalçıner, “Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023),” Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., vol. 54, p. 101718, 2024.
• B. Sevim, Y. Ayvaz, S. Akbulut, M. F. Aydıner, S. Uzun, and A. Ari, “Seismic performance and damage evaluation of reinforced concrete structures based on field investigation made after February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes,” J. Earthq. Tsunami, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 2350032, 2024.
• Ö. Yıldız and C. Kına, “Geotechnical and structural investigations in Malatya province after Kahramanmaraş earthquake on February 6, 2023,” Bitlis Eren Üniv. Fen Bil. Derg., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 686–703, 2023.
• G. Ozkula et al., “Field reconnaissance and observations from the February 6, 2023, Turkey earthquake sequence,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 663–700, 2023.
• S. Avğın, M. M. Köse, and A. Özbek, “Damage assessment of structural and geotechnical damages in Kahramanmaraş during the February 6, 2023 earthquakes,” Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., vol. 57, p. 101811, 2024.
• İ. Kazaz, “Evaluation of seismic performance, design and practice of frame-wall buildings in Türkiye after the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 99, p. 111557, 2025.
• İ. Kazaz, Ö. Avşar, and A. Dilsiz, “Importance of building inspection on the seismic response of a severely damaged RC structure during the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 162, p. 108410, 2024.
• T. P. Doğan, H. Kalkan, Ö. Aldemir, M. Ayhan, M. Böcek, and Ö. Anıl, “Investigation of RC structure damages after February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake in the Hatay region,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 5201–5229, 2024.
• S. Öztürk, E. Altunsu, O. Güneş, and A. Sarı, “Investigation of industrial structure performances in the Hatay and Gaziantep provinces during the Türkiye earthquakes on February 6, 2023,” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., vol. 179, p. 108569, 2024.
• B. Binici et al., “Performance of RC buildings after Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: lessons toward performance based design,” Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 883–894, 2023.
• E. Vuran, C. Serhatoğlu, M. Ö. Timurağaoğlu, E. Smyrou, İ. E. Bal, and R. Livaoğlu, “Damage observations of RC buildings from 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence and discussion on the seismic code regulations,” Bull. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–30, 2024.
• J. Yuzbasi, “Post-earthquake damage assessment: Field observations and recent developments with recommendations from the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Türkiye on February 6th, 2023 (Pazarcık M7.8 and Elbistan M7.6),” J. Earthq. Eng., pp. 1–26, 2024.
• O. İnce, M. Atar, Ö. F. Taş, A. Özmen, and E. Sayın, “Betonarme prefabrik endüstri yapılarının 6 Şubat 2023 depremleri sonrası hasarlarının incelenmesi,” Türk Deprem Araştırma Derg., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 291–300, 2023.
• A. Özmen, O. İnce, Ö. F. Taş, M. Atar, O. E. Ozbulut, and E. Sayın, “Seismic performance assessment of structures in Malatya Province after 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake sequences,” Nat. Hazards, pp. 1–34, 2024.
• Ö. Mercimek, “Seismic failure modes of masonry structures exposed to Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and 7.6) on February 6, 2023,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 151, p. 107422, 2023.
• C. Murty, “Learning earthquake design and construction 12: How do brick masonry houses behave during earthquakes,” Resonance, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 88–90, 2005.
• F. Clementi, V. Gazzani, M. Poiani, and S. Lenci, “Assessment of seismic behaviour of heritage masonry buildings using numerical modelling,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 8, pp. 29–47, 2016.
• P. G. Asteris et al., “Stochastic vulnerability assessment of masonry structures: Concepts, modeling and restoration aspects,” Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 243, 2019.
• G. Grünthal, European Macroseismic Scale 1998: EMS-98, 1998. [Online]. Available.
• C. Alessandri, M. Garutti, V. Mallardo, and G. Milani, “Crack patterns induced by foundation settlements: Integrated analysis on a Renaissance masonry palace in Italy,” Int. J. Archit. Herit., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111–129, Feb. 2015.
• R. Latifi, M. Hadzima-Nyarko, D. Radu, and R. Rouhi, “A brief overview on crack patterns, repair and strengthening of historical masonry structures,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 1882, 2023.
• M. Solla, S. Lagüela, B. Riveiro, and H. Lorenzo, “Non-destructive testing for the analysis of moisture in the masonry arch bridge of Lubians (Spain),” Struct. Control Health Monit., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1366–1376, 2013.
• M. A. Aiello and S. M. Sciolti, “Bond analysis of masonry structures strengthened with CFRP sheets,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 90–100, 2006.
• G. Guerrini, S. Kallioras, S. Bracchi, F. Graziotti, and A. Penna, “Displacement demand for nonlinear static analyses of masonry structures: Critical review and improved formulations,” Buildings, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 118, 2021.
• A. M. El-Maissi, M. M. Kassem, C. G. Tan, R. Fikri, and F. M. Nazri, “Damage index seismic assessment methodologies of URM buildings: A state-of-the-art review,” Eng. J., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 39–53, 2022.
• Eurocode 6, “Design of masonry structures—Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures,” Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, Belgium, 2005.
• TBEC, Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018, 2018.
• B. Standard, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 1, 2005.
• R. E. Klingner, “Behavior of masonry in the Northridge (US) and Tecomán–Colima (Mexico) earthquakes: Lessons learned, and changes in US design provisions,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 209–219, 2006.
• M. Bruneau and K. Yoshimura, “Damage to masonry buildings caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake,” Can. J. Civ. Eng., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 797–807, 1996.
• M. Bruneau, “State-of-the-art report on seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings,” J. Struct. Eng., vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 230–251, 1994.
• Z. Celep, A. Erken, B. Taskin, and A. Ilki, “Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010 Kovancilar and Palu (Elazig) earthquakes in Turkey,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 868–889, Apr. 2011.
• A. Bayraktar, A. C. Altunışık, and M. Muvafık, “Field investigation of the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011, Van earthquakes in Turkey,” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., vol. 30, no. 2, p. 04014209, 2016.
• Y. S. Tama, A. Solak, N. Cetinkaya, G. Şen, S. Yılmaz, and H. Kaplan, “Damages to unreinforced masonry buildings by the Van earthquakes of 23 October and 9 November 2011,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 329–337, 2013.
• Y. S. Tama, “Structural damages observed in state buildings after Simav/Turkey earthquake occurred on 19 May 2011,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2709–2718, 2012.
• V. Kahya et al., “Evaluation of earthquake-related damages on masonry structures due to the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş–Türkiye earthquakes: A case study for Hatay Governorship Building,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 156, p. 107855, 2024.
• A. Özmen, M. M. Maraş, Y. Ayaz, and E. Sayın, “Assessments of masonry buildings and historical structures during the 2020 Sivrice–Elazığ earthquake,” Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng., 2023.
• A. Doğangün, A. Ural, and R. Livaoğlu, “Seismic performance of masonry buildings during recent earthquakes in Turkey,” 2008. [Online]. Available.
• E. Işık, “Structural failures of adobe buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 15, p. 8937, 2023.
• R. İzol, E. Işık, F. Avcil, M. H. Arslan, E. Arkan, and A. Büyüksaraç, “Seismic performance of masonry structures after 06 February 2023 earthquakes: Site survey and FE modelling approach,” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., vol. 186, p. 108904, 2024.
• D. D’Ayala and E. Speranza, “Definition of collapse mechanisms and seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings,” Earthq. Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 479–509, 2003.
• E. Işık et al., “Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adıyaman during the Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 151, p. 107405, 2023.
• İ. F. Çırak, “Yığma yapılarda oluşan hasarlar, nedenleri ve öneriler,” Ulus. Teknol. Bil. Derg., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 55–60, 2011.