Time Frame Adaptive Arbitrage: Optimizing Pairs Trading Performance with Dynamic Signal Delays
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 69 - 82, 28.02.2026
Mustafa Kanber
,
Yunus Santur
Öz
This study enhances the classical z-score-based pairs trading strategy by introducing dynamic signal delay mechanisms to develop a time-adaptive approach to statistical arbitrage. Using Apple Inc. (AAPL) as a benchmark, 29 stock pairs from the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index were analyzed to assess the impact of execution delays ranging from t+1 to t+5 on trading performance. Positions were opened and closed based on z-score signals derived from daily closing prices, where delayed execution aimed to reduce short-term market noise and optimize trade timing.
Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieved favorable performance, with 93.8% of the pairs generating positive returns and 89.7% attaining a Sharpe Ratio greater than 1.0. On average, the t+3 delay window yielded the most effective balance between risk and return, achieving a Sharpe Ratio of 2.371 and a cumulative return of 192.98%. Only 24.1% of the pairs performed best under immediate execution (t+0), highlighting the advantages of adaptive timing in arbitrage.
Overall, the findings confirm that optimizing trade timing significantly enhances the profitability and stability of arbitrage models. The results provide empirical evidence supporting the potential of time-adaptive execution as a valuable improvement to traditional pairs trading frameworks.
Etik Beyan
Ethics committee permission is not required for the prepared article.
There is no conflict of interest with any person/institution in the prepared article
Destekleyen Kurum
TUBITAK under Grant No.: 7230972.
Kaynakça
-
T. A. Hanson and J. Hall, “Statistical arbitrage trading strategies and high frequency trading,” SSRN, Art. no. 2147012, 2012.
-
B. Zhan, S. Zhang, H. S. Du and X. Yang, “Exploring statistical arbitrage opportunities using machine learning strategy,” Comput. Econ., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 861–882, 2022.
-
E. Gatev, W. N. Goetzmann and K. G. Rouwenhorst, “Pairs trading: Performance of a relative-value arbitrage rule,” Rev. Financ. Stud., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 797–827, 2006.
-
[4] C. Krauss, “Statistical arbitrage pairs trading strategies: Review and outlook,” J. Econ. Surv., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 513–545, 2017.
-
Y. W. Ti, T. S. Dai, K. L. Wang, H. H. Chang and Y. J. Sun, “Improving cointegration-based pairs trading strategy with asymptotic analyses and convergence rate filters,” Comput. Econ., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 2717–2745, 2024.
-
G. J. Miao, “High frequency and dynamic pairs trading based on statistical arbitrage using a two-stage correlation and cointegration approach,” Int. J. Econ. Finance, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 96–110, 2014.
-
S. M. Sarmento and N. Horta, A Machine Learning Based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2020.
-
X. Zhu, “Examining pairs trading profitability,” Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA, Senior Essay, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-05/Zhu_Pairs_Trading.pdf. [Accessed: Aug. 26, 2025].
-
S&P Dow Jones Indices, “Dow Jones Industrial Average,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/. [Accessed: Jul. 3, 2025].
-
T. Bogomolov, “Pairs trading based on statistical variability of the spread process,” Quant. Finance, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1411–1430, 2013.
-
M. Avellaneda and J. H. Lee, “Statistical arbitrage in the US equities market,” Quant. Finance, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 761–782, 2010.
-
F. Rotondi and F. Russo, “Machine learning for pairs trading: A clustering-based approach,” SSRN, Art. no. 5080998, 2024.
-
W. F. Sharpe, “The Sharpe ratio,” J. Portfolio Manage., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 49–58, 1994.
-
S. E. Pav, The Sharpe Ratio: Statistics and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2021.
-
T. N. Rollinger and S. T. Hoffman, “Sortino: A ‘sharper’ ratio,” Red Rock Capital, Chicago, IL, USA, 2013.
-
F. A. Sortino and L. N. Price, “Performance measurement in a downside risk framework,” J. Invest., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 59–64, 1994.
-
A. Chekhlov, S. Uryasev and M. Zabarankin, “Drawdown measure in portfolio optimization,” Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13–58, 2005.
-
B. V. de Melo Mendes and R. C. Lavrado, “Implementing and testing the maximum drawdown at risk,” Finance Res. Lett., vol. 22, pp. 95–100, 2017.
-
Z. Huang and F. Martin, “Pairs trading strategies in a cointegration framework: Back-tested on CFD and optimized by profit factor,” Appl. Econ., vol. 51, no. 22, pp. 2436–2452, 2019.
-
S. Andrade, V. Di Pietro and M. Seasholes, “Understanding the profitability of pairs trading,” Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Tech. Rep., 2005.
-
I. P. Fernandes, Pair Trading: Strategies and Performance, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/retrieve/275337/Dissertation_Ines_Fernandes.pdf. [Accessed: Aug. 26, 2025].
Zaman Çerçevesine Uyarlanabilir Arbitraj: Dinamik Sinyal Gecikmeleri ile İkili İşlem Performansının Optimizasyonu
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 69 - 82, 28.02.2026
Mustafa Kanber
,
Yunus Santur
Öz
Bu çalışma, klasik z-score tabanlı çiftli işlem (pairs trading) stratejisini dinamik sinyal gecikme mekanizmalarıyla geliştirerek istatistiksel arbitraja zaman uyarlamalı bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Apple Inc. (AAPL) referans alınarak, Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) endeksindeki 29 hisse çifti üzerinde t+1’den t+5’e kadar farklı işlem gecikmelerinin performansa etkisi analiz edilmiştir. İşlemler, günlük kapanış fiyatlarından türetilen z-score sinyallerine göre açılıp kapatılmış; gecikmeli yürütme yaklaşımı kısa vadeli piyasa gürültüsünü azaltarak işlem zamanlamasını optimize etmeyi hedeflemiştir.
Ampirik bulgular, önerilen stratejinin yüksek performans sergilediğini göstermektedir. Çiftlerin %93.8’i pozitif getiri, %89.7’si ise 1.0’ın üzerinde Sharpe Oranı elde etmiştir. Ortalama olarak t+3 gecikme penceresi en etkili risk-getiri dengesini sağlamış; 2.371 Sharpe Oranı ve %192.98 toplam getiri ile en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Yalnızca %24.1 oranındaki çiftlerde anlık (t+0) işlemler en iyi sonucu vermiştir; bu da arbitrajda uyarlanabilir zamanlamanın avantajını ortaya koymaktadır.
Sonuçlar, işlem zamanlamasının optimizasyonunun arbitraj modellerinin kârlılık ve istikrarını önemli ölçüde artırdığını doğrulamaktadır. Bulgular, zaman uyarlamalı yürütme yaklaşımının geleneksel çiftli işlem çerçevelerine değerli bir katkı sunduğunu güçlü biçimde ortaya koymaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Hazırlanan makale için etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.
Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/kurumla çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK tarafından 7230972 numaralı hibe kapsamında desteklenmiştir.
Kaynakça
-
T. A. Hanson and J. Hall, “Statistical arbitrage trading strategies and high frequency trading,” SSRN, Art. no. 2147012, 2012.
-
B. Zhan, S. Zhang, H. S. Du and X. Yang, “Exploring statistical arbitrage opportunities using machine learning strategy,” Comput. Econ., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 861–882, 2022.
-
E. Gatev, W. N. Goetzmann and K. G. Rouwenhorst, “Pairs trading: Performance of a relative-value arbitrage rule,” Rev. Financ. Stud., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 797–827, 2006.
-
[4] C. Krauss, “Statistical arbitrage pairs trading strategies: Review and outlook,” J. Econ. Surv., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 513–545, 2017.
-
Y. W. Ti, T. S. Dai, K. L. Wang, H. H. Chang and Y. J. Sun, “Improving cointegration-based pairs trading strategy with asymptotic analyses and convergence rate filters,” Comput. Econ., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 2717–2745, 2024.
-
G. J. Miao, “High frequency and dynamic pairs trading based on statistical arbitrage using a two-stage correlation and cointegration approach,” Int. J. Econ. Finance, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 96–110, 2014.
-
S. M. Sarmento and N. Horta, A Machine Learning Based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2020.
-
X. Zhu, “Examining pairs trading profitability,” Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA, Senior Essay, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-05/Zhu_Pairs_Trading.pdf. [Accessed: Aug. 26, 2025].
-
S&P Dow Jones Indices, “Dow Jones Industrial Average,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/. [Accessed: Jul. 3, 2025].
-
T. Bogomolov, “Pairs trading based on statistical variability of the spread process,” Quant. Finance, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1411–1430, 2013.
-
M. Avellaneda and J. H. Lee, “Statistical arbitrage in the US equities market,” Quant. Finance, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 761–782, 2010.
-
F. Rotondi and F. Russo, “Machine learning for pairs trading: A clustering-based approach,” SSRN, Art. no. 5080998, 2024.
-
W. F. Sharpe, “The Sharpe ratio,” J. Portfolio Manage., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 49–58, 1994.
-
S. E. Pav, The Sharpe Ratio: Statistics and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2021.
-
T. N. Rollinger and S. T. Hoffman, “Sortino: A ‘sharper’ ratio,” Red Rock Capital, Chicago, IL, USA, 2013.
-
F. A. Sortino and L. N. Price, “Performance measurement in a downside risk framework,” J. Invest., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 59–64, 1994.
-
A. Chekhlov, S. Uryasev and M. Zabarankin, “Drawdown measure in portfolio optimization,” Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13–58, 2005.
-
B. V. de Melo Mendes and R. C. Lavrado, “Implementing and testing the maximum drawdown at risk,” Finance Res. Lett., vol. 22, pp. 95–100, 2017.
-
Z. Huang and F. Martin, “Pairs trading strategies in a cointegration framework: Back-tested on CFD and optimized by profit factor,” Appl. Econ., vol. 51, no. 22, pp. 2436–2452, 2019.
-
S. Andrade, V. Di Pietro and M. Seasholes, “Understanding the profitability of pairs trading,” Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Tech. Rep., 2005.
-
I. P. Fernandes, Pair Trading: Strategies and Performance, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/retrieve/275337/Dissertation_Ines_Fernandes.pdf. [Accessed: Aug. 26, 2025].