Oxytetracycline Removal by Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX Phase): Effects of pH, Temperature, Dosage, and Initial Concentration with Kinetic and 60-min Isotherm-Like Analyses

Öz

This study evaluates the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous solutions using Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX phase) based on experimental data. The adsorbent was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, and XPS analyses. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH (2–11), temperature (25–60 °C), adsorbent dosage (0.2–0.5 g per 50 mL), and initial OTC concentration (10–50 mg L⁻¹). The removal efficiency increased with increasing pH and temperature, reaching its highest performance at pH 11 and 60 °C. An adsorbent dosage of 0.2–0.3 g achieved approximately 80–83% OTC removal after 60 min at an initial concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹. While the removal efficiency remained close to 80% with increasing initial concentration, the adsorption capacity increased from 1.93 to 10.31 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model provided a better fit than the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model (R² = 0.915). An isotherm-like evaluation indicated that the Freundlich model showed a slightly better fit than the Langmuir model. Overall, the results demonstrate that alkaline pH and elevated temperature favor OTC removal and that Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase can achieve high removal efficiency even at low adsorbent dosages, providing a strong basis for process optimization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Oxytetracycline (OTC) removal
• Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase
• Adsorption
• Pseudo-second-order kinetics
• Freundlich isotherm
• Water treatment.

Etik Beyan

There is no need for an ethics committee approval in the prepared article. There is no conflict of interest with any person/institution in the prepared article.

Ti3AlC2 (MAX Fazı) ile Oksitetrasiklin Giderimi: Ph, Sıcaklık, Dozaj ve Başlangıç Derişimi Etkileri; Kinetik Ve 60 Dakikalık Izoterm-Benzeri Analizler

Öz

Bu çalışma, Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX fazı) kullanılarak sulu ortamdan oksitetrasiklinin (OTC) giderimini deneysel veriler temelinde değerlendirmektedir. Adsorban XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX ve XPS analizleriyle karakterize edilmiştir. Kesikli adsorpsiyon deneylerinde pH (2–11), sıcaklık (25–60 °C), adsorban dozu (0,2–0,5 g/50 mL) ve başlangıç OTC derişiminin (10–50 mg L⁻¹) etkileri incelenmiştir. Giderim verimi pH ve sıcaklık arttıkça yükselmiş, en yüksek performans pH 11 ve 60 °C'de elde edilmiştir. 0,2–0,3 g adsorban dozu ile 30 mg L⁻¹ başlangıç derişiminde 60 dakikada yaklaşık %80–83 giderim sağlanmıştır. Başlangıç derişimi arttıkça giderim yüzdesi yaklaşık %80 seviyesinde kalırken, adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 1,93'ten 10,31 mg g⁻¹'e yükselmiştir. Kinetik analizlerde yalancı ikinci dereceden (PSO) model, yalancı birinci dereceden (PFO) modele göre daha iyi uyum göstermiştir (R² = 0,915). İzoterm benzeri değerlendirmede ise Freundlich modeli, Langmuir modelinden biraz daha yüksek uyum sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, alkali pH ve yüksek sıcaklığın OTC giderimini desteklediğini ve Ti₃AlC₂ MAX fazının düşük adsorban dozlarında dahi yüksek giderim verimi sunarak süreç optimizasyonu için güçlü bir temel oluşturduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Oksitetrasiklin (otc) giderimi
• Ti3AlC2 max fazı
• adsorpsiyon
• Ikinci dereceden kinetik
• Freundlich izotermi
• Su arıtımı.

Etik Beyan

Hazırlanan makale için etik kurul onayına gerek yoktur. Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/kurumla çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

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