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Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 363 - 381, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048
https://izlik.org/JA47FW42BB

Öz

In recent decades, several environmental parameters such as climate change, expanding urbanization, deforestation, and land use land cover change resulted in various environmental issues. To evaluate and observe these impacts, this study indicated the Land Surface Temperature (LST), and some spectral indices including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) in the Burdur Basin for the years between 2014-2025. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing technologies were integrated by using the images obtained from multi-temporal Landsat satellites to calculate correlation analysis, temporal changes, and spatial distribution of indices used in this study over the Burdur Basin. Based on the results of this study, LST values increased especially in the northeastern and central parts of the basin in 2016 and 2019. Although no significant variation was seen for NDBI and NDBaI values during the studied period, slight upward changes were partly observed in 2018. NDVI values varied between -0.36 and 0.68 while those values were observed mostly stable over years. A very weak positive correlation analysis was indicated between LST and NDVI. Additionally, the relationship between LST and NDBI, and NDBaI produced a moderately positive correlation between 2014-2025. The results indicated that, expanding urban and bare soil areas, resulted in increased LST values. In contrast, presence of vegetation can help to reduce surface temperature. To conclude, this study proved that, the presence of vegetation, urbanization, and land use and land cover properties has an impact on LST values over the Burdur Basin. Furthermore, this study indicated that integrating GIS and Remote Sensing technologies are valuable technique to evaluate temporal and spatial environmental changes.

Etik Beyan

There is no conflict of interest with any person/institution in the prepared article.

Kaynakça

  • R. Thapa et al., “Examining the spatio-temporal relationship between LST, NDVI, NDBI and LULC change of Pachhua Dun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India),” J. Geospatial Inf. Sci. Eng., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 136–152, Nov. 2023.
  • B. Guo, Y. Zhou, S. X. Wang, and H. P. Tao, “The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climate factors in the semiarid region: A case study in Yalu Tsangpo River Basin of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,” J. Mt. Sci., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 926–940, May 2014.
  • N. You, J. Meng, and L. Zhu, “Sensitivity and resilience of ecosystems to climate variability in the semi-arid to hyper-arid areas of Northern China: A case study in the Heihe River Basin,” Ecol. Res., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 161–174, Dec. 2018.
  • J. Peng, J. Jia, Y. Liu, H. Li, and J. Wu, “Seasonal contrast of the dominant factors for spatial distribution of land surface temperature in urban areas,” Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 215, pp. 255–267, Sep. 2018.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “A long-term monthly analytical study on the relationship of LST with normalized difference spectral indices,” Eur. J. Remote Sens., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 487–512, Aug. 2021.
  • Shahfahad et al., “Longitudinal study of land surface temperature (LST) using mono- and split-window algorithms and its relationship with NDVI and NDBI over selected metro cities of India,” Arab. J. Geosci., vol. 13, Art. no. 1040, pp. 1–19, Sep. 2020.
  • D. Sun and R. T. Pinker, “Estimation of land surface temperature from a geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES-8),” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., vol. 108, no. D11, Jun. 2003.
  • K. Deilami, M. Kamruzzaman, and Y. Liu, “Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures,” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., vol. 67, pp. 30–42, May 2018.
  • F. Altıner and F. Bingol, “Spatio-temporal assessment of land surface temperature, vegetation cover, and built-up areas using LST, NDVI, and NDBI in Balıkesir, Türkiye (1985–2025),” Sustainability, vol. 17, Art. no. 9245, pp. 1–25, Oct. 2025.
  • S. Garai et al., “Assessing correlation between rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) in Eastern India,” Saf. Extrem. Environ., vol. 4, pp. 119–127, Jun. 2022.
  • B. Naga, K. Naidu, and F. Ahmed, “Assessing LULC changes and LST through NDVI and NDBI spatial indicators: A case of Bengaluru, India,” GeoJournal, vol. 88, pp. 4335–4350, Apr. 2023.
  • P. E. Zope, T. I. Eldho, and V. Jothiprakash, “Impacts of land use–land cover change and urbanization on flooding: A case study of Oshiwara River Basin in Mumbai, India,” CATENA, vol. 145, pp. 142–154, Oct. 2016.
  • A. Ali et al., “Examining the landscape transformation and temperature dynamics in Pakistan,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, Art. no. 2575, pp. 1–16, Jan. 2025.
  • M. S. A. Salan and M. A. H. Bhuiyan, “Estimating impacts of micro-scale land use/land cover change on urban thermal comfort zone in Rajshahi, Bangladesh: A GIS and remote sensing based approach,” Urban Clim., vol. 58, Art. no. 102187, Nov. 2024.
  • X. Yuan et al., “Vegetation changes and land surface feedbacks drive shifts in local temperatures over Central Asia,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 3–10, Jun. 2017.
  • S. Anbazhagan and C. R. Paramasivam, “Statistical correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI) using multi-temporal Landsat TM data,” Int. J. Adv. Earth Sci. Eng., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 333–346, Apr. 2016
  • B. Ç. Değerli and M. Çetin, “Evaluation from rural to urban scale for the effect of NDVI-NDBI indices on land surface temperature in Samsun, Türkiye,” Turkish J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2446–2452, Oct. 2022.
  • E. Karakoyun, “Evaluating the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),” MAUN J. Fac. Eng. Archit., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 15–25, May 2024.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “An assessment on the relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1944–1963, Jan. 2021.
  • S. Guha, H. Govil, and M. Besoya, “An investigation on seasonal variability between LST and NDWI in an urban environment using Landsat satellite data,” Geomatics Nat. Hazards Risk, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1319–1345, Jul. 2020.
  • M. Jothimani, J. Gunalan, and R. Duraisamy, “Study the relationship between LULC, LST, NDVI, NDWI and NDBI in Greater Arba Minch area, Rift,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Integr. Intell. Comput. Commun. Security (ICIIC), 2021, pp. 183–193.
  • J. Siqi and W. Yuhong, “Effects of land use and land cover pattern on urban temperature variations: A case study in Hong Kong,” Urban Clim., vol. 34, p. 100693, Dec. 2020.
  • H. Zhao and X. Chen, “Use of normalized difference bareness index in quickly mapping bare areas from TM/ETM+,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp. (IGARSS), vol. 3, pp. 1666–1668, 2005.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “Estimating the seasonal relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference bareness index using Landsat data series,” Int. J. Eng. Geosci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 9–16, Jan. 2022.
  • A. S. Alademomi et al., “The interrelationship between LST, NDVI, NDBI, and land cover change in a section of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria,” Appl. Geomatics, vol. 14, pp. 299–314, Apr. 2022.
  • W. Ullah et al., “Analysis of the relationship among land surface temperature (LST), land use land cover (LULC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with topographic elements in the lower Himalayan region,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 2, p. e13322, Feb. 2023.
  • E. Kilic and S. Arslan, “Uzaktan algılama teknikleri ile altyapı sistemlerinin konumsal analizi: Burdur Havzası örneği,” Turkish J. For., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 146–155, Jun. 2022.
  • A. Sekertekin and S. H. Kutoglu, “Evaluation of spatio-temporal variability in land surface temperature: A case study of Zonguldak, Turkey,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 188, no. 30, pp. 1–15, Jan. 2016.
  • O. Orhan, S. Ekercin, and F. Dadeser-Celik, “Use of Landsat land surface temperature and vegetation indices for monitoring drought in the Salt Lake Basin area, Turkey,” Sci. World J., vol. 2014, pp. 1–11, Jan. 2014.
  • A. Unver and Z. Baskaya, “NDVI, NDBI ve UI analizleriyle yapılaşma yoğunluğu değişimi analizi (1999–2022): Yıldırım İlçesi (Bursa) örneği,” J. Geogr., vol. 49, pp. 65–81, Oct. 2024.

Burdur Havzası’nda Kara Yüzey Sıcaklığı (LST) ve Spectral İndekslerin (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) Mekansal-Zamansal Dinamikleri

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 363 - 381, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048
https://izlik.org/JA47FW42BB

Öz

Son yıllarda iklim değişikliği, artan kentleşme, ormansızlaşma ve arazi kullanım-arazi örtüsü değişikliği gibi çeşitli çevresel parametreler farklı çevresel sorunlara yol açmıştır. Bu etkileri değerlendirmek ve gözlemlemek için, bu çalışma 2014-2025 yılları arasında Burdur Havzası'ndaki Kara Yüzey Sıcaklığı (LST) ve Normalleştirilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI), Normalleştirilmiş Fark Çıplaklık İndeksi (NDBaI) ve Normalleştirilmiş Fark Yapılaşma İndeksi (NDBI) gibi bazı spektral indeksleri incelemiştir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (GIS) ve Uzaktan Algılama teknolojileri, çok zamanlı Landsat uydularından elde edilen görüntüler kullanılarak Burdur Havzası üzerindeki bu çalışmada kullanılan indekslerin korelasyon analizi, zamansal değişimleri ve mekansal dağılımını hesaplamak için entegre edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, LST değerleri özellikle havzanın kuzeydoğu ve orta kesimlerinde 2016 ve 2019 yıllarında artış göstermiştir. Çalışma döneminde NDBI ve NDBaI değerlerinde önemli bir değişiklik görülmemesine rağmen, 2018 yılında kısmen hafif yukarı yönlü değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. NDVI değerleri -0,36 ile 0,68 arasında değişmiş olup, bu değerler yıllar boyunca çoğunlukla istikrarlı kalmıştır. LST ve NDVI arasında çok zayıf pozitif bir korelasyon analizi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, LST ile NDBI ve NDBaI arasındaki ilişki, 2014-2025 yılları arasında orta derecede pozitif bir korelasyon göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, kentsel ve çıplak toprak alanlarının genişlemesinin LST değerlerinde artışa neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, bitki örtüsünün varlığı yüzey sıcaklığını düşürmeye yardımcı olabilir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, bitki örtüsünün varlığı, kentleşme ve arazi kullanımı ve arazi örtüsü özelliklerinin Burdur Havzası üzerindeki LST değerleri üzerinde etkili olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Dahası, bu çalışma, CBS ve uzaktan algılama teknolojilerinin entegrasyonunun, zamansal ve mekansal çevresel değişiklikleri değerlendirmek için değerli bir teknik olduğunu göstermiştir.

Etik Beyan

Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/kurumla çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • R. Thapa et al., “Examining the spatio-temporal relationship between LST, NDVI, NDBI and LULC change of Pachhua Dun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India),” J. Geospatial Inf. Sci. Eng., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 136–152, Nov. 2023.
  • B. Guo, Y. Zhou, S. X. Wang, and H. P. Tao, “The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climate factors in the semiarid region: A case study in Yalu Tsangpo River Basin of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,” J. Mt. Sci., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 926–940, May 2014.
  • N. You, J. Meng, and L. Zhu, “Sensitivity and resilience of ecosystems to climate variability in the semi-arid to hyper-arid areas of Northern China: A case study in the Heihe River Basin,” Ecol. Res., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 161–174, Dec. 2018.
  • J. Peng, J. Jia, Y. Liu, H. Li, and J. Wu, “Seasonal contrast of the dominant factors for spatial distribution of land surface temperature in urban areas,” Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 215, pp. 255–267, Sep. 2018.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “A long-term monthly analytical study on the relationship of LST with normalized difference spectral indices,” Eur. J. Remote Sens., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 487–512, Aug. 2021.
  • Shahfahad et al., “Longitudinal study of land surface temperature (LST) using mono- and split-window algorithms and its relationship with NDVI and NDBI over selected metro cities of India,” Arab. J. Geosci., vol. 13, Art. no. 1040, pp. 1–19, Sep. 2020.
  • D. Sun and R. T. Pinker, “Estimation of land surface temperature from a geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES-8),” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., vol. 108, no. D11, Jun. 2003.
  • K. Deilami, M. Kamruzzaman, and Y. Liu, “Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures,” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., vol. 67, pp. 30–42, May 2018.
  • F. Altıner and F. Bingol, “Spatio-temporal assessment of land surface temperature, vegetation cover, and built-up areas using LST, NDVI, and NDBI in Balıkesir, Türkiye (1985–2025),” Sustainability, vol. 17, Art. no. 9245, pp. 1–25, Oct. 2025.
  • S. Garai et al., “Assessing correlation between rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) in Eastern India,” Saf. Extrem. Environ., vol. 4, pp. 119–127, Jun. 2022.
  • B. Naga, K. Naidu, and F. Ahmed, “Assessing LULC changes and LST through NDVI and NDBI spatial indicators: A case of Bengaluru, India,” GeoJournal, vol. 88, pp. 4335–4350, Apr. 2023.
  • P. E. Zope, T. I. Eldho, and V. Jothiprakash, “Impacts of land use–land cover change and urbanization on flooding: A case study of Oshiwara River Basin in Mumbai, India,” CATENA, vol. 145, pp. 142–154, Oct. 2016.
  • A. Ali et al., “Examining the landscape transformation and temperature dynamics in Pakistan,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, Art. no. 2575, pp. 1–16, Jan. 2025.
  • M. S. A. Salan and M. A. H. Bhuiyan, “Estimating impacts of micro-scale land use/land cover change on urban thermal comfort zone in Rajshahi, Bangladesh: A GIS and remote sensing based approach,” Urban Clim., vol. 58, Art. no. 102187, Nov. 2024.
  • X. Yuan et al., “Vegetation changes and land surface feedbacks drive shifts in local temperatures over Central Asia,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 3–10, Jun. 2017.
  • S. Anbazhagan and C. R. Paramasivam, “Statistical correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI) using multi-temporal Landsat TM data,” Int. J. Adv. Earth Sci. Eng., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 333–346, Apr. 2016
  • B. Ç. Değerli and M. Çetin, “Evaluation from rural to urban scale for the effect of NDVI-NDBI indices on land surface temperature in Samsun, Türkiye,” Turkish J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2446–2452, Oct. 2022.
  • E. Karakoyun, “Evaluating the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),” MAUN J. Fac. Eng. Archit., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 15–25, May 2024.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “An assessment on the relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1944–1963, Jan. 2021.
  • S. Guha, H. Govil, and M. Besoya, “An investigation on seasonal variability between LST and NDWI in an urban environment using Landsat satellite data,” Geomatics Nat. Hazards Risk, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1319–1345, Jul. 2020.
  • M. Jothimani, J. Gunalan, and R. Duraisamy, “Study the relationship between LULC, LST, NDVI, NDWI and NDBI in Greater Arba Minch area, Rift,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Integr. Intell. Comput. Commun. Security (ICIIC), 2021, pp. 183–193.
  • J. Siqi and W. Yuhong, “Effects of land use and land cover pattern on urban temperature variations: A case study in Hong Kong,” Urban Clim., vol. 34, p. 100693, Dec. 2020.
  • H. Zhao and X. Chen, “Use of normalized difference bareness index in quickly mapping bare areas from TM/ETM+,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp. (IGARSS), vol. 3, pp. 1666–1668, 2005.
  • S. Guha and H. Govil, “Estimating the seasonal relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference bareness index using Landsat data series,” Int. J. Eng. Geosci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 9–16, Jan. 2022.
  • A. S. Alademomi et al., “The interrelationship between LST, NDVI, NDBI, and land cover change in a section of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria,” Appl. Geomatics, vol. 14, pp. 299–314, Apr. 2022.
  • W. Ullah et al., “Analysis of the relationship among land surface temperature (LST), land use land cover (LULC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with topographic elements in the lower Himalayan region,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 2, p. e13322, Feb. 2023.
  • E. Kilic and S. Arslan, “Uzaktan algılama teknikleri ile altyapı sistemlerinin konumsal analizi: Burdur Havzası örneği,” Turkish J. For., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 146–155, Jun. 2022.
  • A. Sekertekin and S. H. Kutoglu, “Evaluation of spatio-temporal variability in land surface temperature: A case study of Zonguldak, Turkey,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 188, no. 30, pp. 1–15, Jan. 2016.
  • O. Orhan, S. Ekercin, and F. Dadeser-Celik, “Use of Landsat land surface temperature and vegetation indices for monitoring drought in the Salt Lake Basin area, Turkey,” Sci. World J., vol. 2014, pp. 1–11, Jan. 2014.
  • A. Unver and Z. Baskaya, “NDVI, NDBI ve UI analizleriyle yapılaşma yoğunluğu değişimi analizi (1999–2022): Yıldırım İlçesi (Bursa) örneği,” J. Geogr., vol. 49, pp. 65–81, Oct. 2024.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Erkan Karakoyun 0000-0003-2821-9103

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048
IZ https://izlik.org/JA47FW42BB
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakoyun, E. (2026). Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, 5(1), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048
AMA 1.Karakoyun E. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5(1):363-381. doi:10.62520/fujece.1854048
Chicago Karakoyun, Erkan. 2026. “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 (1): 363-81. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048.
EndNote Karakoyun E (01 Şubat 2026) Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 1 363–381.
IEEE [1]E. Karakoyun, “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin”, Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 1, ss. 363–381, Şub. 2026, doi: 10.62520/fujece.1854048.
ISNAD Karakoyun, Erkan. “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5/1 (01 Şubat 2026): 363-381. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1854048.
JAMA 1.Karakoyun E. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5:363–381.
MLA Karakoyun, Erkan. “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 1, Şubat 2026, ss. 363-81, doi:10.62520/fujece.1854048.
Vancouver 1.Erkan Karakoyun. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Spectral Indices (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI) in the Burdur Basin. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 01 Şubat 2026;5(1):363-81. doi:10.62520/fujece.1854048