Araştırma Makalesi

Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques

Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 27 Haziran 2026
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Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques

Öz

Student dropout poses a significant challenge to both individual and societal progress. While artificial intelligence is widely used to identify potential dropouts and analyze their causes, its success relies heavily on well-structured datasets. Imbalanced datasets may limit models from achieving good generalization by adapting to the majority class. This study examines the impact of dataset balancing techniques on dropout prediction using artificial intelligence models and interprets model decisions through explainable artificial intelligence, based on the publicly available Predict Students’ Dropout and Academic Success datasets. Accordingly, four different datasets were created using the SMOTE, SMOTE-ENN, and SMOTE-Tomek balancing techniques and were trained with machine learning models. The SMOTE-ENN + CATBoost combination, which achieved 98% accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and an AUC score of 1.00, was selected as the best-performing combination and was subjected to LIME and SHAP analyses for model interpretability. The analyses showed that low academic performance increases the risk of dropping out; in addition, support mechanisms such as scholarships encourage students to complete their education. Compared to similar studies, the findings address both class balancing techniques and model explainability within a broader scope and examine the underlying causes of student dropout through explainable artificial intelligence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Etik Beyan

This study does not involve any human participants or animals, and no intervention was performed. The analyses were conducted on anonymized and/or publicly available secondary data. Therefore, formal ethical approval and informed consent were not required.

Teşekkür

We thank the reviewers and editors for their helpful comments that improved the manuscript.

Kaynakça

  1. H. M. Levin, “The economic payoff to investing in educational justice,” Educ. Res., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 5–20, 2009.
  2. E. M. Allensworth and J. Q. Easton, What Matters for Staying On-Track and Graduating in Chicago Public High Schools: A Close Look at Course Grades, Failures, and Attendance in the Freshman Year, Chicago, IL, USA: Consortium on Chicago School Research, Res. Rep., 2007.
  3. R. W. Rumberger and S. A. Lim, Why Students Drop Out of School: A Review of 25 Years of Research, 2008.
  4. R. Baker and G. Siemens, “Learning analytics and educational data mining,” in Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, 2014, pp. 253–272.
  5. H. He and E. A. Garcia, “Learning from imbalanced data,” IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1263–1284, 2009.
  6. A. Fernández, S. Garcia, F. Herrera, and N. V. Chawla, “SMOTE for learning from imbalanced data: Progress and challenges, marking the 15-year anniversary,” J. Artif. Intell. Res., vol. 61, pp. 863–905, 2018.
  7. M. Nagy and R. Molontay, “Predicting dropout in higher education based on secondary school performance,” in Proc. IEEE 22nd Int. Conf. Intell. Eng. Syst. (INES), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 2018, pp. 389–394.
  8. B. Kiss, M. Nagy, R. Molontay, and B. Csabay, “Predicting dropout using high school and first-semester academic achievement measures,” in Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Emerg. eLearning Technol. Appl. (ICETA), Starý Smokovec, Slovakia, 2019, pp. 383–389.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Yazılım Kalitesi, Süreçler ve Metrikler, Yazılım Testi, Doğrulama ve Validasyon, Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

27 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

12 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

4 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Zirekgür, M., Karakaya, B., & Avcı, D. (2026). Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, 5(2), 574-593. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1887893
AMA
1.Zirekgür M, Karakaya B, Avcı D. Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5(2):574-593. doi:10.62520/fujece.1887893
Chicago
Zirekgür, Merve, Barış Karakaya, ve Derya Avcı. 2026. “Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 (2): 574-93. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1887893.
EndNote
Zirekgür M, Karakaya B, Avcı D (01 Haziran 2026) Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 2 574–593.
IEEE
[1]M. Zirekgür, B. Karakaya, ve D. Avcı, “Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques”, Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 2, ss. 574–593, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.62520/fujece.1887893.
ISNAD
Zirekgür, Merve - Karakaya, Barış - Avcı, Derya. “Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 574-593. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1887893.
JAMA
1.Zirekgür M, Karakaya B, Avcı D. Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5:574–593.
MLA
Zirekgür, Merve, vd. “Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 574-93, doi:10.62520/fujece.1887893.
Vancouver
1.Merve Zirekgür, Barış Karakaya, Derya Avcı. Predicting Student Dropout Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of SMOTE-Based Class Balancing Techniques. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 01 Haziran 2026;5(2):574-93. doi:10.62520/fujece.1887893