Araştırma Makalesi

Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures

Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3 25 Ekim 2026
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Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures

Öz

Smart meters and Internet of Things (IoT) modems are now essential for remote monitoring and management in energy distribution systems, but they also widen the attack surface. Vulnerabilities span the hardware, firmware, communication, and data-management layers, and this study addresses them with a five-layer security and hardening framework based on the zero-trust model. Seven mechanisms are integrated within a single architecture: endpoint hardware protection, secure boot, mutual authentication, network micro-segmentation, operational command verification, artificial intelligence-based anomaly detection, and privacy-preserving data aggregation. The framework was evaluated in a laboratory testbed across eight scenarios: physical tampering, malicious firmware, unauthorized connection, network scanning, denial-of-service, replay attacks, low-rate stealthy network anomalies, and consumer profiling via data exposure. Cryptographic key zeroization had a mean latency of 14.2 ± 1.1 ms, unauthorized network traffic was blocked according to the configured security policies, and the SIEM alert associated with replay rejection was generated within 127.08 ms. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based time-series model achieved 95.73% accuracy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9696. For the privacy layer, anonymized load-profile data obtained from field-deployed smart meters operating within the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of Dicle Electricity Distribution Inc. were used. The MCFE hourly aggregate of the 11 complete meter profiles matched the plaintext reference with zero error in all 24 hourly slots. These laboratory results support the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed layered design for smart-meter and IoT-modem infrastructures under the tested conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Kaynakça

  1. S. Tan, D. De, W.-Z. Song, J. Yang, and S. K. Das, “Survey of security advances in smart grid: A data-driven approach,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 397–422, 2017.
  2. P. O. Ajiboye, K. O.-B. O. Agyekum, and E. A. Frimpong, “Privacy and security of advanced metering infrastructure data and network: A comprehensive review,” J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 71, Art. no. 91, 2024.
  3. A. Hansen, J. Staggs, and S. Shenoi, “Security analysis of an advanced metering infrastructure,” Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot., vol. 18, pp. 3–19, 2017.
  4. M. Shokry, A. I. Awad, M. K. Abd-Ellah, and A. A. M. Khalaf, “Systematic survey of advanced metering infrastructure security: Vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and future vision,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 136, pp. 358–377, 2022.
  5. U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Assessment of electricity disruption incident response capabilities,” Rep. prepared pursuant to Executive Order 13800, Aug. 9, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f51/EO13800%20electricity%20subsector%20report.pdf.
  6. V. Kayalvizhy and A. Banumathi, “A survey on cyber security attacks and countermeasures in smart grid metering network,” in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Methodol. Commun. (ICCMC), 2021.
  7. J. C. Foreman and D. Gurugubelli, “Cyber attack surface analysis of advanced metering infrastructure,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.04811, 2016.
  8. M. Fanlin and Y. Wei, “Summary of research on security and privacy of smart grid,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Netw. Security (CCNS), Xi’an, China, 2020, pp. 39–42.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Elektrik Enerjisi Taşıma, Şebeke ve Sistemleri

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

25 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

23 Temmuz 2026

Kabul Tarihi

11 Ekim 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ateşşahin, C., Acar, H., & Haydaroglu, C. (2026). Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, 5(3), 928-956. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.2001687
AMA
1.Ateşşahin C, Acar H, Haydaroglu C. Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5(3):928-956. doi:10.62520/fujece.2001687
Chicago
Ateşşahin, Celal, Hüseyin Acar, ve Cem Haydaroglu. 2026. “Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 (3): 928-56. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.2001687.
EndNote
Ateşşahin C, Acar H, Haydaroglu C (01 Ekim 2026) Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 3 928–956.
IEEE
[1]C. Ateşşahin, H. Acar, ve C. Haydaroglu, “Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures”, Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 3, ss. 928–956, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.62520/fujece.2001687.
ISNAD
Ateşşahin, Celal - Acar, Hüseyin - Haydaroglu, Cem. “Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5/3 (01 Ekim 2026): 928-956. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.2001687.
JAMA
1.Ateşşahin C, Acar H, Haydaroglu C. Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 2026;5:928–956.
MLA
Ateşşahin, Celal, vd. “Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, c. 5, sy 3, Ekim 2026, ss. 928-56, doi:10.62520/fujece.2001687.
Vancouver
1.Celal Ateşşahin, Hüseyin Acar, Cem Haydaroglu. Experimental Validation of a Zero-Trust-Based Layered Cybersecurity and Hardening Framework for Smart Metering and IoT Modem Infrastructures. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering. 01 Ekim 2026;5(3):928-56. doi:10.62520/fujece.2001687