Araştırma Makalesi
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Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 231 - 244, 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905
https://izlik.org/JA49AF95EB

Öz

With the expansion of global energy consumption and the increasing reliance on fossil fuels, the costs of these fuels are also rising, and the search for alternative energy sources is accelerating. The conversion of non-structural mechanical energy into electrical energy, the primary target of our study, is gaining importance every day. Piezoelectric properties can generate voltage under mechanical stress, and with these effects, energy recovery applications create active potential. This research investigates whether sudden pressure fluctuations in water prices can be used as a mechanical source for piezoelectric energy harvesting. For the experimental study, an experimental setup consisting of 1-inch diameter pipes, similar to municipal water lines, was constructed. A PZT-4 type piezoelectric material was placed inside the pipe. It was electrically insulated to ensure safe use since it would come into contact with water. Ball valves were chosen to ensure controlled pressure cycles in the experimental setup. Pressure regulators were used to maintain consistent system pressure and prevent exceeding limits. The pressure ranges in which the experiments were conducted were between 1 and 6 bar.Sudden pressure changes occurring in each cycle generated mechanical stress on the piezoelectric element, producing a measurable stress output. After conducting tests with PZT-4 material in the experimental setup, the same experiments were repeated with PZT-5 material. The data obtained from the experimental setup were analyzed, and the voltage values were used to determine the optimum working pressure range.Piezoelectric materials compatible with the results are available and suitable for integration into infrastructures. It was assessed that some of the lost hydraulic energy could be recovered in this way. Furthermore, it was concluded that it would contribute to sustainable energy applications.

Kaynakça

  • Jaffe, H. (1958). Piezoelectric ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 41(11), 494-498.
  • APC International Ltd. Product Manual (2006). Piezoelectric Ceramics: Principles and Applications, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • Schneider, J. S. (1991). Ceramic and Glasses, p.1119, Engineered Materials Handbook V4, ASM 1991, Ohio, USA .
  • Taylor, G. W., Burns, J. R., Kammann, S. A., Powers, W. B., & Welsh, T. R. (2001). The energy harvesting eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE journal of oceanic engineering, 26(4), 539-547.
  • Li, T., Li, G., Zhang, X., Xu, S., & Ghougassian, H. (2021). Study on the Electrochemical Anticorrosion Effect of Piezoelectric Materials in the Internal Environment of Water Supply Pipeline. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 20(3).
  • Tressler, J. F., Alkoy, S., & Newnham, R. E. (1998). Piezoelectric sensors and sensor materials. Journal of electroceramics, 2, 257-272.
  • Jordan, T. L., & Ounaies, Z. (2001). Piezoelectric ceramics characterization. NASA Langley Research Centre. NASA Report No NASA/CR-2001-211225.
  • Li, X. et al. (2022). Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting using soft–hard PZT composites under dynamic loading. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 341, 113657.
  • Kumar, S. & Singh, R. (2023). Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for mechanical energy harvesting: A review of materials and mechanisms. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25, 4951–4968.
  • Zhao, Y. et al. (2021). Microstructure and performance optimization of PZT5H ceramics for high-efficiency vibration energy harvesters. Ceramics International, 47(23), 32641–32649.
  • Choi, H. & Park, S. (2020). Comparative study of PZT and BNT-based energy harvesters for low-frequency applications. Smart Materials and Structures, 29(12), 125020.
  • Tanaka, M. et al. (2019). Dynamic analysis of piezoelectric transducers using hard and soft PZT materials under impact loading. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 66(4), 631–639.
  • Fu, H., Zheng, F., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Gao, Z., & Ni, J. (2025). Experimental investigation of water pipeline leakage monitoring utilizing piezoelectric distributed acoustic sensing technology. Structural Health Monitoring, 14759217251327990.
  • Chen, S., Ding, D., Shan, J., Fan, S., Zhao, J., & Liu, S. (2025, March). Research on Integrated Technology of Energy Recovery of Piezoelectric Flow Induced Vibration in Hydro Power Station. In 2025 7th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES) (pp. 521-525). IEEE.
  • Jamaludin, L. H. A., Yatim, N. H. M., & Hrairi, M. (2025). Numerical Study of Pipeline Leak Monitoring Based on Negative Pressure Wave Method. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 134(1), 123-133.
  • Sachdeva, A., Kumar, M., Luthra, V., & Tandon, R. P. (2011). Phase evolution studies of sol–gel derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowder using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Applied Physics A, 104(4), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6301-8
  • Davydok, A., Cornelius, T. W., Mocuta, C., Lima, E. C., Araújo, E. B., & Thomas, O. (2016). In situ X-ray diffraction studies on the piezoelectric response of PbZr₀.₅₀Ti₀.₅₀O₃ thin films. Thin Solid Films, 603, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.01.045
  • Oliveira, C. A., Longo, E., Varela, J. A., & Zaghete, M. A. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) obtained by two chemical methods. Ceramics International, 40(1), 1717-1722.
  • Zak, A. K., & Majid, W. A. (2010). Characterization and X-ray peak broadening analysis in PZT nanoparticles prepared by modified sol–gel method. Ceramics International, 36(6), 1905-1910.
  • Monga, S., et al. (2022). Qualitative analysis of PZT (52/48) MPB using different techniques. Materials, [volume], 7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207070
  • Sawane, M., Prasad, M., & Kumar, R. (2025). Design and optimization of a piezoelectric acoustic sensor for fluid leak detection applications. Journal of Electronic Materials, 54(1), 123-128.
  • Zong, J., Zhi, B., Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Lou, L. (2025). A MEMS hydrophone and its integration with an accelerometer for leak detection in metal pipelines. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 116613.
  • Alzoubi, J. (2024). Ultrasonic Inspection of Liquid-Filled Pressure Vessels Using Piezoelectric Transducers (Master's thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee).

PZT4 ve PZT5 Seramik Piezoelektrikler Kullanılarak Su Boru Hatlarındaki Basınç Dalgalanmalarından Enerji Elde Edilmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 231 - 244, 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905
https://izlik.org/JA49AF95EB

Öz

Küresel enerji tüketiminin artması ve fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılığın giderek artmasıyla birlikte, bu yakıtların maliyetleri de yükselmekte ve alternatif enerji kaynakları arayışı hızlanmaktadır. Çalışmamızın temel hedefi olan yapısal olmayan mekanik enerjinin elektrik enerjisine dönüştürülmesi her geçen gün daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Piezoelektrik özellikler, mekanik gerilim altında voltaj üretebilir ve bu etkilerle enerji geri kazanım uygulamaları aktif bir potansiyel yaratmaktadır. Bu araştırma, su hatlarındaki ani basınç dalgalanmalarının piezoelektrik enerji hasadı için mekanik bir kaynak olarak kullanılıp kullanılamayacağını incelemektedir. Deneysel çalışma için, belediye su hatlarına benzer 1 inç çapında borulardan oluşan bir deney düzeneği kurulmuştur. Borunun içine PZT-4 tipi bir piezoelektrik malzeme yerleştirilmiştir. Su ile temas edeceği için güvenli kullanım sağlamak amacıyla elektriksel olarak yalıtılmıştır. Deneysel düzende kontrollü basınç döngülerini sağlamak için küresel vanalar seçilmiştir. Sistem basıncının tutarlı kalmasını ve limitlerin aşılmasını önlemek için basınç regülatörleri kullanılmıştır. Deneylerin yapıldığı basınç aralıkları 1 ile 6 bar aralığında belirlenmiştir. Her döngüde meydana gelen ani basınç değişiklikleri, piezoelektrik eleman üzerinde mekanik gerilim oluşturarak ölçülebilir bir gerilim çıktısı üretmiştir. Deneysel düzende PZT-4 malzemesi ile yapılan testlerden sonra, aynı deneyler PZT-5 malzemesi ile tekrarlanmıştır. Deneysel düzenekten elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiş ve voltaj değerleri optimum çalışma basıncı aralığını belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlarla uyumlu piezoelektrik malzemeler mevcuttur ve altyapılara entegre edilmeye uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Bu şekilde kaybedilen hidrolik enerjinin bir kısmının geri kazanılabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bunun sürdürülebilir enerji uygulamalarına katkıda bulunacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Jaffe, H. (1958). Piezoelectric ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 41(11), 494-498.
  • APC International Ltd. Product Manual (2006). Piezoelectric Ceramics: Principles and Applications, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • Schneider, J. S. (1991). Ceramic and Glasses, p.1119, Engineered Materials Handbook V4, ASM 1991, Ohio, USA .
  • Taylor, G. W., Burns, J. R., Kammann, S. A., Powers, W. B., & Welsh, T. R. (2001). The energy harvesting eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE journal of oceanic engineering, 26(4), 539-547.
  • Li, T., Li, G., Zhang, X., Xu, S., & Ghougassian, H. (2021). Study on the Electrochemical Anticorrosion Effect of Piezoelectric Materials in the Internal Environment of Water Supply Pipeline. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 20(3).
  • Tressler, J. F., Alkoy, S., & Newnham, R. E. (1998). Piezoelectric sensors and sensor materials. Journal of electroceramics, 2, 257-272.
  • Jordan, T. L., & Ounaies, Z. (2001). Piezoelectric ceramics characterization. NASA Langley Research Centre. NASA Report No NASA/CR-2001-211225.
  • Li, X. et al. (2022). Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting using soft–hard PZT composites under dynamic loading. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 341, 113657.
  • Kumar, S. & Singh, R. (2023). Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for mechanical energy harvesting: A review of materials and mechanisms. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25, 4951–4968.
  • Zhao, Y. et al. (2021). Microstructure and performance optimization of PZT5H ceramics for high-efficiency vibration energy harvesters. Ceramics International, 47(23), 32641–32649.
  • Choi, H. & Park, S. (2020). Comparative study of PZT and BNT-based energy harvesters for low-frequency applications. Smart Materials and Structures, 29(12), 125020.
  • Tanaka, M. et al. (2019). Dynamic analysis of piezoelectric transducers using hard and soft PZT materials under impact loading. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 66(4), 631–639.
  • Fu, H., Zheng, F., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Gao, Z., & Ni, J. (2025). Experimental investigation of water pipeline leakage monitoring utilizing piezoelectric distributed acoustic sensing technology. Structural Health Monitoring, 14759217251327990.
  • Chen, S., Ding, D., Shan, J., Fan, S., Zhao, J., & Liu, S. (2025, March). Research on Integrated Technology of Energy Recovery of Piezoelectric Flow Induced Vibration in Hydro Power Station. In 2025 7th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES) (pp. 521-525). IEEE.
  • Jamaludin, L. H. A., Yatim, N. H. M., & Hrairi, M. (2025). Numerical Study of Pipeline Leak Monitoring Based on Negative Pressure Wave Method. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 134(1), 123-133.
  • Sachdeva, A., Kumar, M., Luthra, V., & Tandon, R. P. (2011). Phase evolution studies of sol–gel derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowder using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Applied Physics A, 104(4), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6301-8
  • Davydok, A., Cornelius, T. W., Mocuta, C., Lima, E. C., Araújo, E. B., & Thomas, O. (2016). In situ X-ray diffraction studies on the piezoelectric response of PbZr₀.₅₀Ti₀.₅₀O₃ thin films. Thin Solid Films, 603, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.01.045
  • Oliveira, C. A., Longo, E., Varela, J. A., & Zaghete, M. A. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) obtained by two chemical methods. Ceramics International, 40(1), 1717-1722.
  • Zak, A. K., & Majid, W. A. (2010). Characterization and X-ray peak broadening analysis in PZT nanoparticles prepared by modified sol–gel method. Ceramics International, 36(6), 1905-1910.
  • Monga, S., et al. (2022). Qualitative analysis of PZT (52/48) MPB using different techniques. Materials, [volume], 7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207070
  • Sawane, M., Prasad, M., & Kumar, R. (2025). Design and optimization of a piezoelectric acoustic sensor for fluid leak detection applications. Journal of Electronic Materials, 54(1), 123-128.
  • Zong, J., Zhi, B., Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Lou, L. (2025). A MEMS hydrophone and its integration with an accelerometer for leak detection in metal pipelines. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 116613.
  • Alzoubi, J. (2024). Ultrasonic Inspection of Liquid-Filled Pressure Vessels Using Piezoelectric Transducers (Master's thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee).
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Akışkan Mekaniği ve Termal Mühendislik (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Mustafa Uyar 0000-0001-9897-6279

Aydın Çıtlak 0000-0002-6837-4178

Hakan Vural 0000-0003-4600-3955

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905
IZ https://izlik.org/JA49AF95EB
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uyar, M. M., Çıtlak, A., & Vural, H. (2026). Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(1), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905
AMA 1.Uyar MM, Çıtlak A, Vural H. Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;38(1):231-244. doi:10.35234/fumbd.1791905
Chicago Uyar, Muhammed Mustafa, Aydın Çıtlak, ve Hakan Vural. 2026. “Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 38 (1): 231-44. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905.
EndNote Uyar MM, Çıtlak A, Vural H (01 Mart 2026) Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 38 1 231–244.
IEEE [1]M. M. Uyar, A. Çıtlak, ve H. Vural, “Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics”, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 38, sy 1, ss. 231–244, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.35234/fumbd.1791905.
ISNAD Uyar, Muhammed Mustafa - Çıtlak, Aydın - Vural, Hakan. “Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 38/1 (01 Mart 2026): 231-244. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1791905.
JAMA 1.Uyar MM, Çıtlak A, Vural H. Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;38:231–244.
MLA Uyar, Muhammed Mustafa, vd. “Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 38, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 231-44, doi:10.35234/fumbd.1791905.
Vancouver 1.Muhammed Mustafa Uyar, Aydın Çıtlak, Hakan Vural. Energy Harvesting from Pressure Fluctuations in Water Pipelines Using PZT4 and PZT5 Ceramic Piezoelectrics. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Mart 2026;38(1):231-44. doi:10.35234/fumbd.1791905