Kireç-Ponza Harçların İki Parametreli Kırılma Modeline Göre Analizi
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1
,
359
-
369
,
29.03.2026
Ragip İnce
,
Erkin Eren
Öz
1970’lere kadar betonun kırılma mekaniği üzerine yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar, klasik doğrusal elastik kırılma mekaniğinin (DEKM) beton gibi yarı-gevrek malzemeler için geçersiz olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. DEKM’nin bu yetersizliği; betonda çatlak ucunun önünde yer alan, geniş ölçekli ve tam çatlaklar içeren inelastik bir bölgenin mevcudiyetinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Kırılma süreci bölgesi olarak adlandırılan bu bölge, DEKM tarafından ihmal edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, pek çok araştırmacı beton yapıların göçmesini karakterize etmek amacıyla doğrusal olmayan kırılma mekaniği yaklaşımları geliştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kireç-ponza harçlarının kırılma parametrelerini hesaplamak amacıyla üç farklı başlangıç çatlak uzunluğuna sahip kirişler üretilmiştir. Üç nokta eğilme deneyi uygulanan numunelerin göçme yükleri belirlenmiştir. Harçların kırılma parametreleri, iki parametreli kırılma modeli kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak kireç-ponza harçlarının normal çimento bazlı karışımlara nazaran, kırılma tokluğu ve gevreklik açısından oldukça zayıf olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Etik Beyan
Yazarlar, bu makalede rapor edilen çalışmayı etkiliyor gibi görünebilecek, birbiriyle rekabet eden herhangi bir finansal çıkar veya kişisel ilişkinin bulunmadığını beyan ederler.
Teşekkür
R.İ ve E.E. fikir sahibi ve deneyleri gerçekleştirdi. R.İ. ve E.E. sonuçları yorumladı ve makaleyi yazdı. Bu makale, ikinci yazarın, Ragıp İnce danışmanlığında hazırladığı, “Tarihi Harçlardan Üretilmiş Elemanların Kırılma Mekaniği Prensipleri İle İncelenmesi” başlıklı doktora tezinden türetilmiştir. Yazar Erkin Eren, doktora eğitimi süresince sağladığı destekten dolayı Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumuna (TÜBİTAK), Yurt İçi Genel Doktora Burs Programı (2211-A) kapsamında teşekkürlerini sunar.
Kaynakça
-
Kaplan MF. Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete. J of ACI 1961; 58: 591-610.
-
Kesler CE, Naus DJ, Lott LL. Fracture mechanics-its applicability to concrete. In: Proceedings of the Int Conf on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol. 4, Kyoto, 1971. The Soc of Mater Sci; 1972. p. 113-124.
-
Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE. Analysis of crack formation and growth in concrete by means of fracture
mechanics and finite elements. Cem & Conc Res 1976; 6: 773-782.
-
Bazant ZP, Oh BH. Crack band theory for fracture concrete. Mater Struct (RILEM) 1983; 16(93):155-157.
-
Jenq YS, Shah SP. A two-parameter model for concrete. J Eng Mech- ASCE 1985; 111: 1227-1241.
-
Nallathambi P, Karihaloo BL. Determination of the specimen size independent fracture toughness of plain concrete. Mag
of Conc Res 1986; 38: 67-76.
-
Bazant ZP, Kazemi MT. Determination of fracture energy, process zone length, and brittleness number from size effect
with application to rock and concrete. Int J Fract 1990; 44(2): 111-131.
-
Xu S, Reinhardt HW. Determination of double-K criterion for crack propagation in quasi-brittle fracture, Part I: Experimental investigation of crack propagation. International Journal of Fracture 1999; 98, 111-149.
-
Çamlıbel AN. Geleneksel yapılarda stabilitenin iyileştirilmesi: Temellerin Takviyesi. Birsen Yayınevi,1984.
-
Erdoğan ST, Erdoğan TY. Bağlayıcı malzemelerin ve betonun on bin yıllık tarihi. ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2007.
-
habertürk.com. Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan kalan eserler nasıl bu kadar dayanıklı olabildi? Kaynak: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2023.
-
Aşanlı M. Geleneksel Yapı Teknikleri, 2. Baskı, Yeni İnsan Yayınevi, 2016.
-
TS 25. Doğal Puzolan (Tras) – Çimento ve Betonda Kullanılan – Tarifler, Gerekler ve Uygunluk Kriterleri, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 2008.
-
Weibull W. A statistical theory of the strength materials. Stockholm: Swedish Royal Institute for Engineering Research; 1939.
-
Tada H, Paris PC, Irwin GR. The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook, Third Edition, ASME Press, 2000.
-
Yang S, Tang T, Zollinger DG, Gurjar A. Splitting tension tests to determine concrete fracture parameters by peak–load method. Adv Cem Based Mater 1997; 5: 18–28.
-
Tang T, Ouyang C, Shah SP. A simple method for determining material fracture parameters from peak loads. ACI Mater J 1996; 93(2): 143-157.
-
Ince R. A modified peak load method based on the two-parameter model in concrete fracture. The Eurasia Proc of Sci, Tech, Eng & Math (EPSTEM), 2025; 36: 141-150.
-
Ince R. Determination of concrete fracture parameters based on two-parameter and size effect models using split-tension cubes. Eng Fract Mech 2010; 77: 2233-2250.
-
Ince R. Determination of concrete fracture parameters based on peak-load method with diagonal split-tension cubes. Eng Fract Mech 2012; 82, 100-114.
-
Ince R. Determination of the Fracture Parameters of the Double-K Model Using Weight Functions of Split-Tension Specimens. Eng Fract Mech 2012; 96: 416-432.
-
Ince R. Usage of compact compression specimens to determine non-linear fracture parameters of concrete. Fatigue Fract. Engng Mater Struct 2021; 44: 410-426.
-
Ince R. Utilization of Splitting-Strips in Fracture Mechanics Tests of Quasi-Brittle Materials. Arch of App Mech 2021; 91: 2661–2679
-
Ince R. Bildik AT. Batch design of cementitious composites for the double-K fracture model. Mater and Struct 2023; 56, 145.
-
Lydon FD. Concrete Mix Design, Second Edition, Applied Science Publishers, 1984.
Analysis of Lime-Pumice Mortars According to the Two-Parameter Fracture Model
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1
,
359
-
369
,
29.03.2026
Ragip İnce
,
Erkin Eren
Öz
Experimental studies on the fracture mechanics of concrete conducted until the 1970s demonstrated that classical linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was invalid for semi-brittle materials such as concrete. This inapplicability of LEFM stems from the presence of an inelastic region in the concrete containing large-scale, complete cracks located ahead of the crack tip. This region, called the fracture process region, is neglected by LEFM. Therefore, many researchers have developed nonlinear fracture mechanics approaches to characterize the failure of concrete structures. In this study, beams with three different initial crack lengths were produced to calculate the fracture parameters of lime-pumice mortars. The failure loads of the samples were determined by using to three-point bending tests. The fracture parameters of the samples were calculated employing the two-parameter fracture model. The findings demonstrate that lime–pumice mortars exhibit considerably lower fracture toughness and higher brittleness compared to conventional cement-based mixtures.
Etik Beyan
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Teşekkür
R.İ. and E.E. originated the idea and conducted the experiments. R.İ. and E.E. interpreted the results and wrote the article. This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of the second author, “Investigation of Elements Produced from Historical Mortars Using Fracture Mechanics Principles,” prepared under the supervision of Ragıp İnce. Erkin Eren would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for the support provided during his doctoral studies within the scope of the Domestic General Doctoral Scholarship Program (2211-A).
Kaynakça
-
Kaplan MF. Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete. J of ACI 1961; 58: 591-610.
-
Kesler CE, Naus DJ, Lott LL. Fracture mechanics-its applicability to concrete. In: Proceedings of the Int Conf on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol. 4, Kyoto, 1971. The Soc of Mater Sci; 1972. p. 113-124.
-
Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE. Analysis of crack formation and growth in concrete by means of fracture
mechanics and finite elements. Cem & Conc Res 1976; 6: 773-782.
-
Bazant ZP, Oh BH. Crack band theory for fracture concrete. Mater Struct (RILEM) 1983; 16(93):155-157.
-
Jenq YS, Shah SP. A two-parameter model for concrete. J Eng Mech- ASCE 1985; 111: 1227-1241.
-
Nallathambi P, Karihaloo BL. Determination of the specimen size independent fracture toughness of plain concrete. Mag
of Conc Res 1986; 38: 67-76.
-
Bazant ZP, Kazemi MT. Determination of fracture energy, process zone length, and brittleness number from size effect
with application to rock and concrete. Int J Fract 1990; 44(2): 111-131.
-
Xu S, Reinhardt HW. Determination of double-K criterion for crack propagation in quasi-brittle fracture, Part I: Experimental investigation of crack propagation. International Journal of Fracture 1999; 98, 111-149.
-
Çamlıbel AN. Geleneksel yapılarda stabilitenin iyileştirilmesi: Temellerin Takviyesi. Birsen Yayınevi,1984.
-
Erdoğan ST, Erdoğan TY. Bağlayıcı malzemelerin ve betonun on bin yıllık tarihi. ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2007.
-
habertürk.com. Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan kalan eserler nasıl bu kadar dayanıklı olabildi? Kaynak: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2023.
-
Aşanlı M. Geleneksel Yapı Teknikleri, 2. Baskı, Yeni İnsan Yayınevi, 2016.
-
TS 25. Doğal Puzolan (Tras) – Çimento ve Betonda Kullanılan – Tarifler, Gerekler ve Uygunluk Kriterleri, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 2008.
-
Weibull W. A statistical theory of the strength materials. Stockholm: Swedish Royal Institute for Engineering Research; 1939.
-
Tada H, Paris PC, Irwin GR. The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook, Third Edition, ASME Press, 2000.
-
Yang S, Tang T, Zollinger DG, Gurjar A. Splitting tension tests to determine concrete fracture parameters by peak–load method. Adv Cem Based Mater 1997; 5: 18–28.
-
Tang T, Ouyang C, Shah SP. A simple method for determining material fracture parameters from peak loads. ACI Mater J 1996; 93(2): 143-157.
-
Ince R. A modified peak load method based on the two-parameter model in concrete fracture. The Eurasia Proc of Sci, Tech, Eng & Math (EPSTEM), 2025; 36: 141-150.
-
Ince R. Determination of concrete fracture parameters based on two-parameter and size effect models using split-tension cubes. Eng Fract Mech 2010; 77: 2233-2250.
-
Ince R. Determination of concrete fracture parameters based on peak-load method with diagonal split-tension cubes. Eng Fract Mech 2012; 82, 100-114.
-
Ince R. Determination of the Fracture Parameters of the Double-K Model Using Weight Functions of Split-Tension Specimens. Eng Fract Mech 2012; 96: 416-432.
-
Ince R. Usage of compact compression specimens to determine non-linear fracture parameters of concrete. Fatigue Fract. Engng Mater Struct 2021; 44: 410-426.
-
Ince R. Utilization of Splitting-Strips in Fracture Mechanics Tests of Quasi-Brittle Materials. Arch of App Mech 2021; 91: 2661–2679
-
Ince R. Bildik AT. Batch design of cementitious composites for the double-K fracture model. Mater and Struct 2023; 56, 145.
-
Lydon FD. Concrete Mix Design, Second Edition, Applied Science Publishers, 1984.