Augmenting Wireless Communication Performance through Signal Space Diversity and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 581 - 589, 30.09.2025

İrem Yüce , Mustafa Anıl Reşat , Serdar Özyurt

https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1624650

Öz

This study investigates the enhancement of the performance of single input single output communication systems, employing binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying modulation schemes, through the integration of signal space diversity (SSD) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). The study conducts a comparative analysis of analog and quantized RIS configurations under Rayleigh fading conditions. The findings reveal that both architectures significantly improve the bit error rate performance relative to conventional non-RIS-assisted systems. Specifically, the analog RIS configuration demonstrates greater resilience in mitigating error performance degradation, whereas the quantized RIS configuration exhibits higher susceptibility to phase distortions arising from quantization-induced inaccuracies. Furthermore, the incorporation of SSD results in a marked improvement in error performance while incurring only a minimal increase in system complexity. These results underscore the potential of integrating RIS and SSD as a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution, particularly in addressing the stringent reliability and performance requirements of 5G and beyond networks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces , binary phase shift keying , quadrature phase shift keying , single input single output , signal space diversity , quantization error

İşaret Uzayı Çeşitliliği ve Yeniden Yapılandırılabilir Akıllı Yüzeyler Aracılığıyla Kablosuz Haberleşme Başarımının Arttırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, ikili faz kaydırmalı anahtarlama ve dörtlü faz kaydırmalı anahtarlama modülasyon teknikleri için, işaret uzayı çeşitliliği (SSD) ve yeniden yapılandırılabilir akıllı yüzeyler (RIS) kullanan tek giriş tek çıkış sistemlerinin performansı araştırılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Rayleigh sönümlemeli kanallar altında analog ve nicemlenmiş RIS kurulumları karşılaştırılmaktadır. Her iki RIS yapılandırması da bit hata oranı performansını RIS olmayan sistemlere kıyasla önemli ölçüde artırmaktadır. Buna karşılık, analog RIS kurulumunun, nicemleme hataları sebebiyle ortam faz kaymalarından daha fazla etkilenen nicemlenmiş RIS kurulumuna kıyasla hata performansı üzerinde önemli ölçüde daha az etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, SSD kullanımı sayesinde sadece çok küçük bir karmaşıklık artışıyla hata performansı oldukça iyileşmektedir. Bu açıdan, RIS ve SDD tekniklerinin birlikte kullanımı, 5G ve ötesi ağların taleplerini karşılamak için uygun maliyetli ve enerji verimli çözümler sağlama potansiyelini gerçekleştirebilecek bir alternatif olarak sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeniden yapılandırılabilir akıllı yüzeyler , ikili faz kaydırma anahtarlaması , dörtlü faz kaydırma anahtarlaması , tek giriş tek çıkış , işaret uzayı çeşitliliği , nicemleme hatası

Kaynakça

• Siddiqui MU, Arfeen A. Multi-antenna arrays and high frequency communication for B5G/6G networks: State-of-the-art, issues, and future research directions. Inf 2024; 15(8): 442.
• Siddiky MNA, Rahman ME, Uzzal MS, Kabir HMD. A comprehensive exploration of 6G wireless communication technologies. Comput 2025; 14(1): 15.
• Banafaa M, Shayea I, Din J, Azmi MH, Alashbi A, Daradkeh YI, Alhammadi A. 6G mobile communication technology: Requirements, targets, applications, challenges, advantages, and opportunities. Alex Eng J 2023; 64: 245–274.
• Asghar MZ, Memon SA, Hämäläinen J. Evolution of wireless communication to 6G: Potential applications and research directions. Sustainability 2022; 14(10): 6356.
• Wang J, Tang W, Han Y, Jin S, Li X, Wen CK, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Interplay between RIS and AI in Wireless Communications: Fundamentals, Architectures, Applications, and Open Research Problems. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 2021;39(8):2271–2288.
• Amodu OA, Nordin R, Abdullah NF, Busari SA, Abu-Samah A, Otung I, Ali M, Behjati M. Technical Advancements Toward RIS-Assisted NTN-Based THz Communication for 6G and Beyond. IEEE Access 2024;12:183153–183181.
• Chen W, Lin X, Lee J, Toskala A, Sun S, Chiasserini CF, Liu L. 5G-Advanced Toward 6G: Past, Present, and Future. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 2023;41(6):1592–1619.
• Bae J, Khalid W, Lee A, Lee H, Noh S, Yu H. Overview of RIS-Enabled Secure Transmission in 6G Wireless Networks. Digit Commun Netw 2024;10(6):1553–1565.
• Jahanbakhsh Basherlou H, Ojaroudi Parchin N, See CH. Antenna Design and Optimization for 5G, 6G, and IoT. Sensors 2025;25(5):1494.
• Abualhayjaa M, Centeno A, Butt MM, Sehier P, Tran DH, Imran MA, Mohjazi L. RIS-Assisted UAV for IoT Data Harvesting. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. Workshops (ICC Workshops); 2024 Jun 9. p. 816–821.
• Ren Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Jiang F, Lu G. Computation Efficiency Maximization in UAV and RIS Assisted NOMA-MEC Networks for Emergency Communications. In: Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun Netw Conf (WCNC); 2024 Apr 21. p. 1–6.
• Zhang M, Su Z, Xu Q, Qi Y, Fang D. Energy-Efficient Task Offloading in UAV-RIS-Assisted Mobile Edge Computing with NOMA. In: Proc. IEEE INFOCOM Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS); 2024 May 20. p. 1–6.
• William Marques Guerra D, Carlos Marinello J, Hossain E, Abrão T. Energy‐Efficient Uplink Transmission in RIS‐Aided M‐MIMO IoT Systems. In: Massive MIMO Future Wirel Commun Syst Technol Appl 2025:151–188.
• Shaiek H. Multi-carrier waveforms for 5G and beyond systems: from power amplifier impairments to energy efficiency enhancement [dissertation]. Paris (France): Conservatoire Natl Arts Métiers; 2022.
• Sikri A, Mathur A, Kaddoum G. Joint Impact of Phase Error, Transceiver Hardware Impairments, and Mobile Interferers on RIS-Aided Wireless System over κ-μ Fading Channels. IEEE Commun Lett 2022;26(10):2312–2316.
• Barrueco J, Montalban J, Iradier E, Angueira P. Constellation Design for Future Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Access 2021;9:89778–89797.
• Sikri A, Mathur A, Kaddoum G. Signal Space Diversity-Based Distributed RIS-Aided Dual-Hop Mixed RF-FSO Systems. IEEE Commun Lett 2022;26(5):1066–1070.
• Rahbari D, Ahmed F, Jenihhin M, Alam MM, Le Moullec Y. Reliability-Critical Computation Offloading in UAV Swarms. IEEE Syst J 2024.
• Kang W. A Probabilistic Shaping Scheme for MIMO Systems with Signal Space Diversity. In: Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC); 2022 Apr 10. p. 251–255.
• Poddar H, Ju S, Shakya D, Rappaport TS. A Tutorial on NYUSIM: Sub-Terahertz and Millimeter-Wave Channel Simulator for 5G, 6G, and Beyond. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2024;26(2):824–857.
• Verma GD, Mathur A. Performance Improvement of FSO Communication Systems Using Hybrid-ARQ Protocols. Appl. Opt. 2021;60(19):5553–5563.
• He Y, Qi W, Shen P, Lu L. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Aided Parallel RF and FSO Communications Using Adaptive Combining. In: Proc. SPIE Spectral Technol Appl 2024;13283:592–605.
• Nour CA. Signal Definition and Resource Management Techniques for Upcoming Communication and Broadcasting Systems [dissertation]. Lorient (France): Univ. Bretagne Sud; 2020.
• Song W, Rajak S, Dang S, Liu R, Li J, Chinnadurai S. Deep Learning Enabled IRS for 6G Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Comprehensive Study. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 2022;24(11):12973–12990.
• Mora HC, Orozco NG, Chiliguano PT, De Almeida C. Enabling Signal Space Diversity for MU-MIMO/OFDMA Cellular Systems That Employ Frequency Diversity. IEEE Access 2019;7:111204–111221.
• Van Chien T, Tu LT, Chatzinotas S, Ottersten B. Coverage Probability and Ergodic Capacity of Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Enhanced Communication Systems. IEEE Commun Lett 2020;25(1):69–73.
• Haque AU, Saeed M, Siddiqui FA. Comparative Study of BPSK and QPSK for Wireless Networks over NS2. Int J Comput Appl 2012;41(19):8–12.
• Li D. Ergodic Capacity of Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Assisted Communication Systems with Phase Errors. IEEE Commun Lett 2020;24(8):1646–1650.
• Khaleel A, Basar E. Phase Shift-Free Passive Beamforming for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces. IEEE Trans Commun 2022;70(10):6966–6976.