An Example of Travertine Formations in the Ilıca Segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone: Hacılar (Bingöl) Ridge Type Travertine
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 651 - 663, 30.09.2025
Serap Çolak Erol
,
Ercan Aksoy
Öz
In this study, the formation of ridge type travertine on the Ilıca segment of the left-lateral strike-slip East Anatolian Fault Zone, which is located approximately 34 km northeast of Bingöl city center and has the second largest neotectonic structure feature in Turkey, is discussed. The outcrops of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Bitlis Metamorphites around Bingöl play the role of source rock in the formation of travertine and are generally characterized by marbles. It is thought that the Solhan Volcanics, which mostly consist of pyroclastic rocks, play the role of a cap rock that maintains this temperature. The element amounts determined in the travertine samples are Ca: 370140-380789 ppm, Mg: 7116.30-9468.30 ppm, Sr: 7104-16292 ppm. The high Sr content indicates that the waters that precipitated the ridge type travertine had deep circulation. δ13C values range from 4.9 to 6.1 (‰ PDB), and δ18O values range from -18.6 to -15.0 (‰ PDB). Positive δ13C values indicate the contribution of CO2 resulting from thermo-metamorphic processes other than magmatic activities. U-Th age data obtained from the samples indicate that travertine deposition started at least 7000 years ago in the Holocene (corresponding to MIS 1, Marine Isotope Stage).
Destekleyen Kurum
Tübitak
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 110Y172
Teşekkür
Authors would like to thank to Mehmet ÖZKÜL from Pamukkale University
Kaynakça
-
Bates RL, Jackson JA. Glossary of Geology (2nd edition). Virginia, USA: American Geology Institute Falls Church, 1980.
-
Julia R. Travertines, In: Carbonate Depositional Environments. Scholle PA, Bebout DG, Moore CH (Eds). Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA: Mem Am Assoc Pet Geol Memoir, 1983; 33, 64-72.
-
Chafetz HS, Folk RL. Travertines, depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimantary Petrology 1984; 54: 289-316.
-
Wyatt, A. Challinor’s Dictionary of Geology (6th edition). Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1986.
-
Guo L, Riding R. Hot-springs travertine facies and sequences, Late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology 1998; 45: 163-180.
-
Sibson RH, Moore JM, Rankin AJ. Seismic pumping a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism. J Geol Soc London 1975; 131: 653-659.
-
Heimann A, Sass E. Travertines in the northern Hula Valley, Israel. Sedimentology 1989; 36(1): 95-108.
-
Altunel E. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve neotektonik önemleri. MTA Dergisi 1996; 118: 47-64.
-
Arpat E, Şaroğlu F. Doğu Anadolu Fayı ile ilgili bazı gözlem ve düşünceler. MTA Bült 1972; 73: 1-9.
-
Jackson J, McKenzie D. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geoph J Royal Astr Soc 1984; 77: 185-264.
-
Şengör AMC, Görür N, Şaroğlu F. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zone of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, In: Strike-slip deformation, basin deformation and sedimentation. Biddle KT, Christie-Blick N (Eds). Soc Econ Paleont and Min Spec Publ, 1985; 37: 227-264.
-
Koçyiğit A, Aksoy E, İnceöz M. Basic neotectonic characteristics of the Sivrice Fault Zone in the Sivrice-Palu area, East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. International Workshop on the North Anatolian, East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault systems; Recent progress in Tectonics and Paleoseismology 2003; 31 August to 12 September 2003; METU-Ankara-Turkey. Pre-International workshop excursion guide-book, 20 p.
-
Şaroğlu F, Emre Ö, Kuşçu İ. The East Anatolian fault zones of Turkey. Annales Tectonicae 1992; 6: 99-125.
-
Westaway R. Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish J Earth Sci J 2003; 12: 5-46.
-
Gürsoy H, Tatar O, Piper JDA, Heiman A, Mesci L. Neotectonic deformation linking the East Anatolian and Karatas-Osmaniye intracontinental transform fault zones in the Gulf of İskenderun, Southern Turkey, deduced from paleomagnetic study of the Ceyhan-Osmaniye volcanic. Tectonics 2003; 22 (6): 1067.
-
Altunel E, Hancock PL. Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological Journal 1993; 28: 335-346.
-
Çakır Z, Tectonic significance of Quaternary travertine deposits in the Gediz and Menderes grabens, Western Turkey. MSc, Bristol University, UK, 1996
-
Çakır Z. Along–strike discontinuity of active normal faults and its influence on Quaternary travertine deposition: Examples from western Turkey. Tr J of Earth Sciences 1999; 8: 67-80.
-
Ayaz E, Sıcak Çermik (Yıldızeli-Sivas) yöresindeki traverten sahalarının jeolojisi ve travertenlerin endüstriyel özellikleri. Doktora Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas, 1998.
-
Karabacak V, Ihlara Vadisi civarındaki traverten oluşumları ve tektonik önemleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, 2002.
-
Çolak Erol S, Doğu Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin kuzeydoğu bölümündeki travertenlerin neotektonik önemi. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ, 2014.
-
Özkul M, Kele S, Gökgöz A, Shen CC, Jones B, Baykara MO, Fόrizs I, Nemeth T, Chang YW, Alçiçek MC. Comparison of the Quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data. Sedimentary Geology 2013; 294: 179-204.
-
Özkul M, Gökgöz A, Kele S, Baykara MO, Shen CC, Chang YW, Kaya A, Hançer M, Aratman C, Akın T, Örü Z. Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of a fluvial travertine: a case from the eastern Mediterranean region. Sedimentology 2014; 61: 291-318.
-
Mesci BL, Sıcak Çermik ve yakın yöresindeki (Sivas) travertenlerin gelişimi ve aktif tektonikle ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas, 2004.
-
Mesci BL, Gürsoy H, Tatar O. The evolution of travertine masses in the Sivas area (Central Turkey) and their relationship to active tectonics. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 17: 219-240.
-
Mesci BL. Active tectonics of the Ortaköy fissure-ridge-type travertines: Implications for the Quaternary stress state of the Neotectonic structures of the Central Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2013b; 25: 12-25.
-
Uysal T, Feng Y, Zhao J, Altunel E, Weatherley D, Karabacak V, Cengiz O, Golding SD, Lawrence MG, Collerson KD. U-series dating and geochemical tracing of late Quaternary travertines in co-seismic fissures, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007; 257: 450-462.
-
Çolak Erol S, Özkul M, Aksoy E, Kele S, Ghaleb B. Travertine occurences along major strike-slip fault zones: Structural, depositional and geochemical constraints from the Eastern Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2015; 27 (2-3): 154-173.
-
Çolak Erol S. Doğrultu atımlı fay sistemlerindeki traverten oluşumlarının jeolojik, tektonik, jeokimyasal ve jeokronolojik özelliklerine Sivrice (Elazığ) güneybatısı’ndan bir örnek. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2016; 59(3): 341-356.
-
Çolak Erol S, Aksoy E, Özkul M. Bağdere tufası’nın jeolojik, jeokimyasal ve jeokronolojik özellikleri (Elazığ, D Türkiye). Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022; 34(1): 377-388.
-
Koçak İ, Temiz U, Öksüz N. Salanda Fay Zonu (SFZ) ile ilişkili traverten oluşumlarının paleoiklimsel önemi. Müh Bil ve Araş Dergisi 2021; 3(2): 218-225.
-
Demirkıran Z, Elçi H. Urganli (Manisa) travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri ve tektonizma ile ilişkisi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 2022; 10(3): 1027-1042.
-
Şaroğlu F, Güner Y. Doğu Anadolu'nun jeomorfolojik gelişimine etki eden öğeler: jeomorfoloji, tektonik volkanizma ilişkileri. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült 1981; 24(2): 39-50.
-
Altunel E, Karacabak V. Determination of horizontal extension from fissure-ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2005; 18: 333-342.
-
Brogi A, Capezzuoli E. Travertine deposition and faulting: the fault-related travertine fissure ridge at Terme S. Giovanni, Rapolano Terme (Italy). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 2009; 98: 931-947.
-
De Filippis L, Faccenna C, Billi A, Anzalo E, Brilli M, Özkul M, Soligo M, Tuccimei M, Villa I. Growth of Fissure Ridge Travertines from Geothermal Springs of Denizli Basin, Western Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2012; 124 (9-10) :1629-1645.
-
Mesci BL. Özgün Niteliklere Sahip Travertenler ve Önemleri: Sivas Yöresi Travetenlerinden Örnekler. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2013a; 56 (1): 23-37.
-
Brogi A, Capezzuoli E, Alçiçek MC, Gandin A. Evolution of a fault-controlled fissure-ridge type travertine deposit in the western Anatolia extensional province: the Çukurbağ fissure-ridge (Pamukkale, Turkey). Journal of the Geological Society 2014; 171 (3): 425-441.
-
Hancock PL, Chalmers RML, Altunel E, Çakır Z. Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology 1999; 21: 903-916.
-
Koçyiğit A, Aksoy E, İnceöz M. Basic neotectonic characteristics of the Sivrice Fault Zone in the Sivrice-Palu area, East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. International Workshop on the North Anatolian, East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault systems; Recent progress in Tectonics and Paleoseismology 2003; 31 August to 12 September 2003; METU-Ankara-Turkey. Pre-International workshop excursion guide-book, 20 p.
-
Özkul M, Varol B, Alçiçek MC. Denizli travertenlerinin petrografik özellikleri ve depolanma ortamları. MTA Dergisi 2002; 125: 13-29.
-
Bárdossy Gy, Bottyán L, Gadó P, Griger Á, Sasvári J. Automated quantitative phase analysis of bauxites. American Mineralogist 1980; 65: 135-141.
-
Pentecost A. Travertine. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 2005.
-
Uysal IT, Feng Y, Zhao J, Işık V, Nuriel P, Golding SD. Hydrothermal CO2 degassing in seismically active zones during the late Quaternary. Chemical Geology 2009; 265: 442-454.
-
Spötl C, Vennemann T. Continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry 2003; 17(9): 1004-1006.
-
Deocampo D M. The geochemistry of continental carbonates. Developments in Sedimentology 2010; 62: 1-59.
-
Smart PL. Uranium series dating, In: Quaternary dating Methods-a User’s Guide. Smart PL, Francis PD (Eds). London, UK: Qart Res Assoc Tech Guide 4, 1991; 45-83.
-
De Filippis L, Faccenna C, Billi A, Anzalo E, Brilli M, Özkul M, Soligo M, Tuccimei M and Villa I. Growth of Fissure Ridge Travertines from Geothermal Springs of Denizli Basin, Western Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2012; 124 (9-10):1629-1645.
-
Kele S, Özkul M, Gökgöz A, Fórizs I, Baykara MO, Alçiçek MC, Németh T. Stable isotope geochemical and facies study of Pamukkale travertines: new evidences of low-temperature non-equilibrium calcite-water fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 2011; 238: 191-212.
-
Selim HH, Yanık G. Development of the Cambazlı (Turgutlu/MANISA) fissure-ridge-type travertine and relationship with active tectonics. Gediz Graben, Turkey. Quaternary International 2009; 199 (1-2); 157-163.
-
Brogi A, Capezzuoli E, Buracchi E, Branca M. Tectonic control on travertine and calcareous tufa deposition in a low-temperature geothermal system (Sarteano, Central Italy). Journal of the Geological Society 2012; 169(4): 461-476.
Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu Ilıca Segmentindeki Traverten Oluşumlarına Bir Örnek: Hacılar (Bingöl) Sırt Tipi Traverteni
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 651 - 663, 30.09.2025
Serap Çolak Erol
,
Ercan Aksoy
Öz
Bu çalışmada Bingöl şehir merkezinin yaklaşık 34 km kuzeydoğusunda bulunan ve Türkiye’nin ikinci büyük neotektonik yapısı özelliğine sahip sol yanal doğrultu atımlı Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun Ilıca segmenti üzerindeki sırt tipi traverten oluşumu ele alınmıştır. Paleozoyik-Mesozoyik yaşlı Bitlis Metamorfitleri’nin Bingöl çevresindeki yüzlekleri, traverten oluşumunda kaynak kaya rolü oynamakta olup genellikle mermerlerle karakterize edilir. Çoğunlukla piroklastik kayaçlardan oluşan Solhan Volkanitleri’nin ise bu sıcaklığı koruyan bir örtü kaya rolü oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Traverten örneklerinde belirlenen element miktarları, Ca: 370140-380789 ppm, Mg: 7116.30-9468.30 ppm, Sr: 7104-16292 ppm düzeyindedir. Yüksek Sr içeriği, sırt tipi traverteni çökelten suların derin dolaşımlı olduğunu göstermektedir. δ13C değerleri 4.9 ile 6.1 (‰ PDB), δ18O değerleri ise -18.6 ile -15.0 (‰ PDB) arasındadır. Pozitif δ13C değerleri, magmatik faaliyetlerin dışında termo-metamorfik süreçler sonucunda ortaya çıkan CO2’nin katkısını göstermektedir. Örneklerden elde edilen U-Th yaş verileri, traverten çökeliminin günümüzden en azından 7000 yıl önce Holosen’de (MIS 1, Marine Isotope Stage’e denk gelen zamanda) başlamış olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK, FÜBAP
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 110Y172
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, Pamukkale Üniversitesi'nden Mehmet ÖZKUL'a teşekkür eder.
Kaynakça
-
Bates RL, Jackson JA. Glossary of Geology (2nd edition). Virginia, USA: American Geology Institute Falls Church, 1980.
-
Julia R. Travertines, In: Carbonate Depositional Environments. Scholle PA, Bebout DG, Moore CH (Eds). Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA: Mem Am Assoc Pet Geol Memoir, 1983; 33, 64-72.
-
Chafetz HS, Folk RL. Travertines, depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimantary Petrology 1984; 54: 289-316.
-
Wyatt, A. Challinor’s Dictionary of Geology (6th edition). Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1986.
-
Guo L, Riding R. Hot-springs travertine facies and sequences, Late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology 1998; 45: 163-180.
-
Sibson RH, Moore JM, Rankin AJ. Seismic pumping a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism. J Geol Soc London 1975; 131: 653-659.
-
Heimann A, Sass E. Travertines in the northern Hula Valley, Israel. Sedimentology 1989; 36(1): 95-108.
-
Altunel E. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve neotektonik önemleri. MTA Dergisi 1996; 118: 47-64.
-
Arpat E, Şaroğlu F. Doğu Anadolu Fayı ile ilgili bazı gözlem ve düşünceler. MTA Bült 1972; 73: 1-9.
-
Jackson J, McKenzie D. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geoph J Royal Astr Soc 1984; 77: 185-264.
-
Şengör AMC, Görür N, Şaroğlu F. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zone of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, In: Strike-slip deformation, basin deformation and sedimentation. Biddle KT, Christie-Blick N (Eds). Soc Econ Paleont and Min Spec Publ, 1985; 37: 227-264.
-
Koçyiğit A, Aksoy E, İnceöz M. Basic neotectonic characteristics of the Sivrice Fault Zone in the Sivrice-Palu area, East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. International Workshop on the North Anatolian, East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault systems; Recent progress in Tectonics and Paleoseismology 2003; 31 August to 12 September 2003; METU-Ankara-Turkey. Pre-International workshop excursion guide-book, 20 p.
-
Şaroğlu F, Emre Ö, Kuşçu İ. The East Anatolian fault zones of Turkey. Annales Tectonicae 1992; 6: 99-125.
-
Westaway R. Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish J Earth Sci J 2003; 12: 5-46.
-
Gürsoy H, Tatar O, Piper JDA, Heiman A, Mesci L. Neotectonic deformation linking the East Anatolian and Karatas-Osmaniye intracontinental transform fault zones in the Gulf of İskenderun, Southern Turkey, deduced from paleomagnetic study of the Ceyhan-Osmaniye volcanic. Tectonics 2003; 22 (6): 1067.
-
Altunel E, Hancock PL. Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological Journal 1993; 28: 335-346.
-
Çakır Z, Tectonic significance of Quaternary travertine deposits in the Gediz and Menderes grabens, Western Turkey. MSc, Bristol University, UK, 1996
-
Çakır Z. Along–strike discontinuity of active normal faults and its influence on Quaternary travertine deposition: Examples from western Turkey. Tr J of Earth Sciences 1999; 8: 67-80.
-
Ayaz E, Sıcak Çermik (Yıldızeli-Sivas) yöresindeki traverten sahalarının jeolojisi ve travertenlerin endüstriyel özellikleri. Doktora Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas, 1998.
-
Karabacak V, Ihlara Vadisi civarındaki traverten oluşumları ve tektonik önemleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, 2002.
-
Çolak Erol S, Doğu Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin kuzeydoğu bölümündeki travertenlerin neotektonik önemi. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ, 2014.
-
Özkul M, Kele S, Gökgöz A, Shen CC, Jones B, Baykara MO, Fόrizs I, Nemeth T, Chang YW, Alçiçek MC. Comparison of the Quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data. Sedimentary Geology 2013; 294: 179-204.
-
Özkul M, Gökgöz A, Kele S, Baykara MO, Shen CC, Chang YW, Kaya A, Hançer M, Aratman C, Akın T, Örü Z. Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of a fluvial travertine: a case from the eastern Mediterranean region. Sedimentology 2014; 61: 291-318.
-
Mesci BL, Sıcak Çermik ve yakın yöresindeki (Sivas) travertenlerin gelişimi ve aktif tektonikle ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas, 2004.
-
Mesci BL, Gürsoy H, Tatar O. The evolution of travertine masses in the Sivas area (Central Turkey) and their relationship to active tectonics. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 17: 219-240.
-
Mesci BL. Active tectonics of the Ortaköy fissure-ridge-type travertines: Implications for the Quaternary stress state of the Neotectonic structures of the Central Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2013b; 25: 12-25.
-
Uysal T, Feng Y, Zhao J, Altunel E, Weatherley D, Karabacak V, Cengiz O, Golding SD, Lawrence MG, Collerson KD. U-series dating and geochemical tracing of late Quaternary travertines in co-seismic fissures, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007; 257: 450-462.
-
Çolak Erol S, Özkul M, Aksoy E, Kele S, Ghaleb B. Travertine occurences along major strike-slip fault zones: Structural, depositional and geochemical constraints from the Eastern Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2015; 27 (2-3): 154-173.
-
Çolak Erol S. Doğrultu atımlı fay sistemlerindeki traverten oluşumlarının jeolojik, tektonik, jeokimyasal ve jeokronolojik özelliklerine Sivrice (Elazığ) güneybatısı’ndan bir örnek. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2016; 59(3): 341-356.
-
Çolak Erol S, Aksoy E, Özkul M. Bağdere tufası’nın jeolojik, jeokimyasal ve jeokronolojik özellikleri (Elazığ, D Türkiye). Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022; 34(1): 377-388.
-
Koçak İ, Temiz U, Öksüz N. Salanda Fay Zonu (SFZ) ile ilişkili traverten oluşumlarının paleoiklimsel önemi. Müh Bil ve Araş Dergisi 2021; 3(2): 218-225.
-
Demirkıran Z, Elçi H. Urganli (Manisa) travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri ve tektonizma ile ilişkisi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 2022; 10(3): 1027-1042.
-
Şaroğlu F, Güner Y. Doğu Anadolu'nun jeomorfolojik gelişimine etki eden öğeler: jeomorfoloji, tektonik volkanizma ilişkileri. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült 1981; 24(2): 39-50.
-
Altunel E, Karacabak V. Determination of horizontal extension from fissure-ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 2005; 18: 333-342.
-
Brogi A, Capezzuoli E. Travertine deposition and faulting: the fault-related travertine fissure ridge at Terme S. Giovanni, Rapolano Terme (Italy). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 2009; 98: 931-947.
-
De Filippis L, Faccenna C, Billi A, Anzalo E, Brilli M, Özkul M, Soligo M, Tuccimei M, Villa I. Growth of Fissure Ridge Travertines from Geothermal Springs of Denizli Basin, Western Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2012; 124 (9-10) :1629-1645.
-
Mesci BL. Özgün Niteliklere Sahip Travertenler ve Önemleri: Sivas Yöresi Travetenlerinden Örnekler. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2013a; 56 (1): 23-37.
-
Brogi A, Capezzuoli E, Alçiçek MC, Gandin A. Evolution of a fault-controlled fissure-ridge type travertine deposit in the western Anatolia extensional province: the Çukurbağ fissure-ridge (Pamukkale, Turkey). Journal of the Geological Society 2014; 171 (3): 425-441.
-
Hancock PL, Chalmers RML, Altunel E, Çakır Z. Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology 1999; 21: 903-916.
-
Koçyiğit A, Aksoy E, İnceöz M. Basic neotectonic characteristics of the Sivrice Fault Zone in the Sivrice-Palu area, East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS), Turkey. International Workshop on the North Anatolian, East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault systems; Recent progress in Tectonics and Paleoseismology 2003; 31 August to 12 September 2003; METU-Ankara-Turkey. Pre-International workshop excursion guide-book, 20 p.
-
Özkul M, Varol B, Alçiçek MC. Denizli travertenlerinin petrografik özellikleri ve depolanma ortamları. MTA Dergisi 2002; 125: 13-29.
-
Bárdossy Gy, Bottyán L, Gadó P, Griger Á, Sasvári J. Automated quantitative phase analysis of bauxites. American Mineralogist 1980; 65: 135-141.
-
Pentecost A. Travertine. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 2005.
-
Uysal IT, Feng Y, Zhao J, Işık V, Nuriel P, Golding SD. Hydrothermal CO2 degassing in seismically active zones during the late Quaternary. Chemical Geology 2009; 265: 442-454.
-
Spötl C, Vennemann T. Continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry 2003; 17(9): 1004-1006.
-
Deocampo D M. The geochemistry of continental carbonates. Developments in Sedimentology 2010; 62: 1-59.
-
Smart PL. Uranium series dating, In: Quaternary dating Methods-a User’s Guide. Smart PL, Francis PD (Eds). London, UK: Qart Res Assoc Tech Guide 4, 1991; 45-83.
-
De Filippis L, Faccenna C, Billi A, Anzalo E, Brilli M, Özkul M, Soligo M, Tuccimei M and Villa I. Growth of Fissure Ridge Travertines from Geothermal Springs of Denizli Basin, Western Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2012; 124 (9-10):1629-1645.
-
Kele S, Özkul M, Gökgöz A, Fórizs I, Baykara MO, Alçiçek MC, Németh T. Stable isotope geochemical and facies study of Pamukkale travertines: new evidences of low-temperature non-equilibrium calcite-water fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 2011; 238: 191-212.
-
Selim HH, Yanık G. Development of the Cambazlı (Turgutlu/MANISA) fissure-ridge-type travertine and relationship with active tectonics. Gediz Graben, Turkey. Quaternary International 2009; 199 (1-2); 157-163.
-
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