Aristoteles Epistemolojisinde Ruh ve Özelikleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 54 - 75, 31.12.2023

Hmdad Mohammed Mustafa

Öz

ÖZET: Aristoteles felsefesi çerçevesinde ruhun konumu ve önemi felsefe alanı için oldukça önemlidir. Biz de bu amaçla çalışmamızda öncelikle ruh-beden arasındaki ilişkiyi açıkladık Aristoteles ile Platon arasındaki görüş farklılıklarını dile getirdik. Farklılıkları dile getirdikten sonra ruhun farklı boyutlarına ve özelliklerine odaklandık. Bu konuda Aristoteles’in, ruhu birkaç farklı seviyeye ayırdığını gördük. Ruhun en düşük seviyesi bitki ruhudur. Ruhun bu seviyesi beslenme ve üreme yeteneğini ifade etmektedir. Aristoteles’in tasnifini yaptığı ruhun seviyeleri arasında bitki ruhu dışında bir de duyular ile sınırlı olan hayvani ruh ile ruhun en üst mertebesi olan, hayal ve aklın yüksek vasıflarının yansıtıldığı insan ruhu yer almaktadır. Ruhun birinci seviyesi bitkiler, hayvanlar ve insanlar için ortaktır ancak ikinci seviye sadece hayvanlar ve insanlar için ortaktır. Çünkü her ikisinin de duyumsamak yeteneği vardır. Üçüncü seviye sadece insanlar içindir. Bununla birlikte, tüm seviyeler birbirine bağlıdır. Birinci ve ikinci seviyeler olmadan üçüncü seviyenin var olması mümkün değildir. Her canlının yaşaması ve büyümesinin birinci şartı besindir. Ayrıca, ortak duyuların oluşması için de gerekli duyular aracılığıyla veri ve bilgi elde edilmektedir. Bu basamaklardan sonra son olarak ortak duyunun soyut verileri, hayal gücü, tecrübe ve akıl faaliyetinin temelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ruh, Duyum, Akıl, Ortak Duyu, Hayal Gücü

Soul and Its Characteristics in Aristotle's Epistemology

Öz

Abstract:The position and importance of the soul within the framework of Aristotle's philosophy is very important for the field of philosophy. For this purpose, in our study, we first explained the relationship between the soul and the body, and expressed the differences of opinion between Aristotle and Plato. After expressing the differences, we focused on the different dimensions and characteristics of the soul. We have seen in this regard that Aristotle divides the soul into several different levels. The lowest level of soul is plant soul. This level of the soul expresses the ability to feed and reproduce. Among the levels of the soul that Aristotle classified, there are the animal soul, which is limited to the senses, and the human soul, which is the highest level of the soul, in which the high qualities of imagination and mind are reflected, apart from the plant soul. The first level of the soul is common to plants, animals and humans, but the second level is common only to animals and humans, because both have the ability to sense. The third level is for humans only. However, all levels are interconnected. The third level cannot exist without the first and second levels. The first condition for the survival and growth of every living thing is food. In addition, data and information are obtained through the senses necessary for the formation of common senses. After these steps, the abstract data of the common sense is the basis of imagination, experience and reason activity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soul, Sensation, Mind, Common Sense, Imagination

Kaynakça

• Aristote, Generation of Animals, in Complete Works of Aristotle. Jonathan Barnes, New Jersey, Published by Princeton University Press, 4.edition, 1991.
• Aristoteles, Metafizik. Çev: Ahmet Arslan, İstanbul, Divan kitap, 3.Baskı. 2021.
• Aristoteles, Parva Naturalia. Çev: Furkan Akderin, Ankara: Say Yayınları, 2019.
• Aristoteles, Ruh Üzerine, Çev: Ömer Aygün- Y. Gurur Sev. İstanbul, Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2.baskı, 2019.
• Aristoteles, Ruh Üzerine415b10-14. Çev: Zeki Özcan, Ankara: Birleşik Dağıtım Kitabevi, 2011.
• Aristotle, History of Animals. in Complete Works of Aristotle. Jonathan Barnes, New Jersey, Published by Princeton University Press, 4.edition, 1991.
• Aristotle, Posterior Analytics: Book II, in Complete Works of Aristotle. Jonathan Barnes, New Jersey, Published by Princeton University Press, 4.edition, 1991.
• Arslan, Ahmet, İlkçağ Felsefe Tarihi 3 (Aristoteles), İstanbul, İstanbul bilgi üniversitesi yayınları, 10.baskı, 2022.
• Barnes, Jonathan . Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford New York, Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Bedevi, Abdurrahman, Mevsuatü'l-Felsefe, El-Muesesetü’l ʿ Arabia, Beyrut, 1984.
• Brun, Jean. Aristoteles ve Lise, Ankara: DOST Kitabevi Yayınları, 2008.
• Caston, Victor. “why Aristotle needs imagination”, Phronesis: A Journal Academic Philosophy Vol 41, No1, Published by Brill, 1996.
• Copleston, Felsefe Tarihi, Cilt1 Yunan ve Roma Felsefesi, Bölüm a2 Aristoteles, Çev: Aziz Yardımlı, İstanbul: İdea, 1986. Crubellier, Michel - Pellegrin, Pierre. Aristoteles: Filozof ve Bilme Meselesi, Çev: Burag Garen Beşiktaşlıyan, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2017.
• El-Neşar, Mustafa, Felsefet Aristo ve’l Madarisü’l El-Mutahira, Darü’l S̱aḲafatü’l ʿ Arabia, Cılt1, Kahire, 2006 .
• Fahri, Macit, Aristoteles El-Mu ʿalimü’l Evvel, cemi ʿaü’l ḤuḲuḲ Mahfuzat Li’lmatbaʿat El-Kasolikiye, Beyrut, 1958.
• Freeland, Cynthia. Aristotle on the Sense of Touch, (Amélie Oksenberg Rorty & Martha C. Nussbaum, Essays On Aristotle’s De Anima), Oxford: Publisher: Oxford University Press 1995.
• Gallop, David. Aristotle: Aesthetics and philosophy of mind, (David Furley, Routledge History of Philosophy Volume II / From Aristotle to Augustine) London: Routledge 2005.
• Gregoric Pavel and Leth Fink, Jakob. Introduction: Sense Perception in Aristotle and the Aristotelian Tradition,( Juhana Toivanen, Forms of Representation in the Aristotelian Tradition / Volume One: Sense Perception) Leiden: BRILL, 2013
• Gregoric, Pavel. Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007.
• Hammond, William Alexander. Aristotle's Psychology A Treatise on the Principle of Life {DE Anima and Parva Naturalia}, New York: Swan Sonnenschein, 1902.
• Johansen, T. K. Aristotle on the sense-organs, (Cambridge classical studies), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007.
• Johnstone, Mark A. Aristotle on Odour and Smell, (Brad İnwood, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy- Volume XLIII) United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Kaya, Mahmut. İslam Kaynakları Işığmda Aristoteles ve Felsefesi, İstanbul, Ekin Yayınları, 1983. Kenny, Anthony. Ancient Philosophy a new history of western philosophy. Volume1. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2006.
• Kerem, Yusuf. Tarih el-felsefet-ül Yunaniye, Kahira, Hendauy, 2012
• King, R. A. H. Aristotle and Plotinus on Memory, Berlin · New York: Gruyter, 2009.
• King, R. A. H. Nutrition and Hylomorphism in Aristotle, (Herausgegeben von Ludger Jansen, Christoph Jedan, Christof Rapp, Topics in Ancient Philosophy volume9/ Giouli Korobili, Roberto Lo Presti, Nutrition and Nutritive
• Soul in Aristotle And Aristotelianism, de Gruyter, 2021).
• Matsumoto, David. The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009.
• Matthews, Gareth. Aristotle: Psychology, (Christopher Shields, the Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy) United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing 3.edition 2006.
• Morel, Pierre-Marie, "Common to Soul and Body" in the Parva Naturalia,( R.A.H. King, Common to Body and Soul Philosophical Approaches to Explaining Living Behaviour in Greco-Roman Antiquity) Berlin: Gruyter, 2006.
• Moss, Jessica. Aristotle on the Apparent Good, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Ostenfeld, Erik. Ancient Greek Psychology and the modern mind-body debate, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1987.
• Peters, Francis E. Antik Yunan Felsefesi Terimleri Sözlüğü, Çev: Hakkı Hünler, İstanbul: Bayrak Matbaacılık, 2004.
• Plato, Timaios, Çev, Furkan Akderin, İstanbul, Say yayınları, 2015.
• Polansky, Ronald. Aristotle's De Anima, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
• Primavesi, Oliver. Chrıstof Rapp, Aristoteles, Çev: Barış Yiğit, İstanbul, Runik Kitap, 2021.
• R. D. Hicks, M.A. Aristotle De Anima with Translation, Introduction and Notes, Amsterdam: Adolf M.Hakkert Publisher, 1965.
• Ross, David. Aristoteles, Çev: Ahmet Arslan, İstanbul, Kabalcık yayıncılık, 2.Bakı 2014.
• Scheiter, Krisanna M. “Images, Appearances and Phantasia in Aristotle”, Phronesis 57 (2012).
• Schroeder, Frederic M. - Todd, Robert B. Two Greek Aristotelian Commentators on the İntellect- The De Intellectu Attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias and Themistius’ Paraphrase of Aristotle De Anima 3.4-8 (Introduction, Translation, Commentary and Notes), Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies 1990.
• Shields, Christopher. Aristotle De Anima (Translated with an Introduction and Commentary), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2016.
• Shields, Christopher. Aristotle, London: Published by Routledge, 2007.
• Silverman, Allan. Plato: Psychology, (Christopher Shields, The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 3 edition 2006.
• Sorabji, Richard. Aristotle on Memory, London: Brown University Press, 1972.
• Sorabji, Richard. The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200-600AD Volume 1.Psychology (With Ethics and Religion), Published by Bristol Classical Press 2012.
• Twomey, Rosemary. Phantasia and Error, (Caleb M. Cohoe, Aristotle’s on The Soul), United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press 2022.
• VandenBos, Gary R. APA Dictionary of Psychology, Washington: American Psychological Association, 2nd edition, 2002.
• Vorlander, Karl. Felsefe Tarihi, İstanbul: İZ Yayıncılık, 2004.
• White, Kevin. “The Meaning of Phantasia in Aristotle's De Anima, III, 3–8” , Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review, Volume 24, issue 3, 1985.