Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göçmen İşçileri ‘Yönetmek

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı düzensizliğin sosyo-politik inşasını dikkate almak ve bunun ‘göç yönetimi’ ve emek göçü politika ve stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine nasıl hizmet edebileceğini tartışmaktır. Makale, öncelikle Türkiye’nin hızla bir göç ülkesine dönüşümüne genel bir bakış getirecek, buna paralel olarak da konuyla ilgili önemli yasal değişiklikleri ele alacaktır. Bu çerçevede, düzensiz yabancı emek göçü ile ‘mücadele’ için geliştirilen yöntemlere özel bir vurgu yapılacaktır. Yasadışılık ve düzensizliğin karşılıklı bağımlılığının irdelenmesi, düzensiz yabancı emek kavramının yapı sökümüne (deconstruction) izin verecektir. Makale aynı zamanda göçmenlerin kendileri için toplumsal aktör (agency) olabilme boyutunun ve bir toplumsal harekete dönüşme ve/veya başka toplumsal hareketlerle, mülteci dernekleri, STK’lar ve sendikalarla ittifaklar kurma potansiyelinin dikkate alınması çabasıdır. Göçmenlerin toplumsal aktör olma potansiyellerine işaret etmek ve onların suçlular değil de emek pazarının bir parçası olduklarına dikkat çekmek, ‘düzensizliğe’ ve onun işçi ve insan haklarıyla ilişkisine bakmak için önemli bir başlangıç noktası olacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Düzensiz göçmen işçiler, göç yönetimi, düzensizliğin toplumsal inşası, göçmen otonomisi, Türkiye

‘Managing’ Irregular Labor Migrants in Turkey

Öz

The aim of this article is to consider the socio-political construction of irregularity and to discuss how this serves the development of policies and strategies for ‘the management of migration’ and migrant labor. This paper will first provide a short overview of Turkey’s rapid transformation into a country of immigration. Parallel to this, a discussion of the important legal amendments that have been enacted regarding the subject will be introduced. A specific emphasis will be given to measures introduced ‘to combat’ irregular foreign labor migration. An elaboration of the interconnectedness of illegality and irregularity will permit a deconstruction of the concept of irregular foreign labor. The article will attempt to reconsider the dimensions of agency for the migrants themselves and their potential for turning into social movements and/or forming alliances with other social movements, migrant associations, NGOs and labor unions. Addressing the potential of migrants as holders of agency and noting the fact that they are not criminals but part of the labor market, provides an important starting point to reconsider ‘irregularity’ and its relation to labor and human rights

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Irregular labor migrants, migration management, social construction of irregularity, autonomy of migrants, Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Atasü-Topçuoğlu, R. (2012), Türkiye’de Göçmen Çocukların Profili, Sosyal Politika Ve Sosyal Hizmet Önerileri Hızlı Değerlendirme Araştırması, Re- trieved 23.08.2015, from http://www.turkey.iom.int/documents/Child/ IOM_GocmenCocukRaporu_tr_03062013.pdf.
2. Ayata, A., Acar, F. Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Beşpınar, U. & Çelik, K. (2008), Türkiye’de İnsan Ticaretinin Farklı Formlarına Olan Talebin İncelenmesi, IOM Publication: Ankara.
3. Andersson, R. (2014), Time and the Migrant Other: European Border Con- trols and the Temporal Economics of Illegality, American Anthropologist, Vol. 116, No. 4, pp. 795-809.
4. Bojadzijev, M. (2006), Does Contemporary Capitalism Need Racism? Re- trieved 14 August 2015 from http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/02/bo- jadzijev-strands01en#redir
5. Brewer, K. T. & Yükseker, H. D. (2006), A Survey on African Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Istanbul, MiReKoc Research.
6. Castles, S. & Miller, M. J. (2003), The Age of Migration, International Pop- ulation Movements in the Modern World, Guilford Press: New York, Lon- don.
7. Castles, S. (2011), Migration, Crisis and The Global Labour Market, Glo- balizations, Vol. 8, No. 3, 311-324.
8. Castles, S. (2013), The Forces Driving Global Migration, Journal of Intercul- tural Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 122-140.

9. Dağdelen, G. (n.y.), Between Cultural Exclusion and Economic Inclusion: Moldovan Immigrants’ Everyday Life Strategies in Istanbul, Retrieved 11 July 2015 from http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/up- loads/2010/08/gdagdelenpaper.pdf
10. De Genova, N (2004), The Legal Production of Mexican/Migrant Illegality, Latino Studies, No. 2, pp. 160-185.
11. Düvell, F. (2006), Introduction and Background, in F. Düvell, (ed.) Illegal immigration in Europe:Beyond Control? Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.
12. Düvell, F. (2011), Paths into Irregularity: The Legal and Political Construc- tion of Irregular Migration, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 13, pp. 275–295.
13. Gökalp, E.& Ela, N. (2013), A Multi-level and Multi-sited Analysis of the European Union’s Immigration and Asylum Policy Concerning Irregular Migration and its Implications for Turkey: Edirne and Izmir as to Major Gateway Cities, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, METU, Ankara.
14. Gökbayrak, Ş. & Erdoğdu, S. (2010), Irregular Migration and Trade Union Responses: The Case of Turkey, İşgüç Dergisi, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 89-114.
15. Harvey, D. (2005), A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
16. İçduygu, A. & Aksel, D. B. (2012), Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göç, IOM Publica- tions: Ankara.
17. İçduygu, A. (2014), Global Turkey in Europe, Turkey’s Migration Transition and Its Implications for the Euro-Turkish Transnational Space, Working Paper, No.7, Stiftung Mercator, IAI, IPC.
18. Inda, J. X. (2013), Subject to Deportation, IRCA, ‘Criminal Aliens’, and the Policing of Immigration, Migration Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 292-310.
19. Kirişci, K. (1996), Is Turkey Lifting the Geographical Limitation: The No- vember 1994 Regulation on Asylum in Turkey, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 8. No. 3, pp. 293-318.
20. Karataş, K., Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Atasü-Topçuoğlu, R. & Demir, Ö. O. (2014), http://cocukhizmetleri.aile.gov.tr/data/552bb0a4369dc57140f- da44f/rapor_tr_08122014.pdf, 23.8.2015.
21. Krenn, M. & Haidinger, B. (2009), Un(der)documented Migrant Labour Characteristics, Conditions and Labour Market Impacts, Forba Research Report 2.
22. Levinson, A. (2005), The Regularisation of Unauthorized Migrants: Liter- ature Survey and Country Case Studies, COMPAS Oxford Retrieved 17 June 2015 from http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/Publi- cations/Reports/Regularisation%20Report.pdf,
23. Lewis, H., Dwyer, P., Hodkinson, S. & Waite, L. (2014), Hyper-precarious lives: Migrants, Work and Forced Labour in the Global North, Progress in Human Geography, September pp. 1-21.
24. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Kouaouci, H. A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993), Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal, Population and De- velopment Review, Vol.19, No. 3, pp. 431 – 466.
25. Mezzadra, S. (2011), The Gaze of Autonomy. Capitalism, Migration and Social Struggles, in Squire, Vicky (ed.) The Contested Politics of Mobility: Borderzones and Irregularity, Routledge: London.
26. Morehouse, C. & Blomfield, M. (2011), Irregular Migration in Europe, Migration Policy Institute, Retrieved 17 June 2015 from http://www. migrationpolicy.org/pubs/tcmiregularmıgration.pdf
27. Munck, R., Schierup, C. U. & Delgado, W. R. (2011), Migration, Work and the Citizenhip in the New World Order, Globalizations, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 249-260.
28. Özçürümez, S. & Şenses, N. (2011), Europeanization and Turkey: studying irregular migration policy, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 233-248.
29. Özçürümez, S. & Deniz, Y. (2014), Limits to Regulating Irregular Migra- tion in Turkey: What Constrains Public Policy and Why? Turkish Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 442-457.
30. Parla, A. (2011), Undocumented Migrants and the Double Binds of Rights Claims, Differences. A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 64-98.
31. Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Aykan, E. (2008), Migration Policies and Integration in the European Union: Impacts on Society and Politics, in Güneş-Ayata, Ayata, (ed.), Challenges of Global Migration: EU and its Neighbourhood, KORA: Ankara, pp. 43-54.
32. Soykan, C. (2012), Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration, Vol. 2, No. 2, 38-47, http://oxmofm.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Cavidan-FİNAL. pdf., 18.8.2015.
33. Standing, G. (2011), The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, Bloomsbury Academic: London.
34. Toksöz, G. (2007), Informal Labour Markets and the Need for Migrant Workers: The Case of Turkey from a Comparative Perspective, in Erik Berggren (ed.) Irregular Migration, Informal Labour and Community. A Challenge for Europe, Shaker Publishing: Maastricht, pp. 183-198.
35. Toksöz, G. & Erdoğdu, S. (2012a), The Visible Face of Women’s Invisible La- bour. Domestic Workers in Turkey, ILO, Draft Report.
36. Toksöz, G., Erdoğdu, S. & Kaşka, S. (2012b), Türkiye’de Düzensiz Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin İşgücü Piyasasındaki Durumları, IOM Publications: Ankara.
37. Toksöz, G. (2015), Göç ve Kalkınma Üzerine Küresel Forum, İdealkent, Vol. 14, pp. 29-37. Internet Resources
38. http://www.alomaliye.com/2015/ozkan-aykar-yabanci-isci-istihdamin- da-yeni-duzenlemeler.html, 16.7.2015
39. http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224, 18.08. 2015.
40. http://www.turkey.iom.int/pa2.htm, 23.08. 2015
41. http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/ikamet-izinleri_363_378_4709_icerik, 24.08. 2015.
42. http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/ShowProperty/WLP%20Repository/ csgb/dosyalar/istatistikler/Yabanci-Izinleri-2014, p. 6, 24.08. 2015.
43. http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/2013_Y%C4%B0L%C4%B0_ TURK%C4%B0YE_GOC_RAPORU%281%29.pdf, 24.8.2015.
44. http://refworld.org/docid/49746cc62.html, 26.08. 2015.
45. www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/csgb.portal, 24.8.2015.
46. http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/2013_Y%C4%B0L%C4%B0_ TURK%C4%B0YE_GOC_RAPORU.pdf, p. 61, 11.07.2015.
47. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identi- ty, 12.07.2015.
48. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tasari_teklif_sd.onerge_bilgileri?ka- nunlar_sira_no=176457, 23.08.2015
49. http://www.alomaliye.com/2015/yabanci-istihdami-kanun-tasarisi.pdf, 23.08. 2015. https://www.gfmd.org/files/.../gfmd_turkey2014-2015_concept_note. pdf,12.07.2015. http://tarim.kalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Onuncu_Kalk- inma_Plani.pdf., 14.07.2015.