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Jewish Immigration to the American Continent

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30 - 64, 15.06.2018

Öz


This study investigates the migration of
the Jews from the Ottoman Empire from the 1860s onward and from modern Turkey
to the American continent and provides a picture of the process of Jewish
migration to and Jewish integration in the destination countries in the continent.
Country-by-country analyses of the integration processes and the profile of
immigrants reveal parallels and differences of the integration of Jewish people
in different countries in the American continent. The article finds that Jewish
immigrants established communities around religious, educational, and
philanthropic organizations that facilitated the preservation of their distinct
culture and their integration in the host nations.




Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, N. S. (2012), “‘Speak Turkish Campaigns’ and the Jewish Community during the reformation and nation building process of The Early Turkish Republic, 1928‐1938”, in Jewish Migration: Voices of the Diaspora, Igitur Publishing, Utrecht, p. 89-108.
  • Aktar, A. (1996), “Trakya Yahudi Olaylarını ‘Doğru’ Yorumlamak”, Tarih ve Toplum, No. 155, p. 45-56.
  • Aktar, A. (1999), “Varlık Vergisi sırasında Gayrimenkul Satışları: Istanbul Tapu Kayıtlarının analizi (26 Aralık 1942 – 30 Haziran 1943)”, Toplumsal Tarih, No. 69, Eylül p. 8-19.
  • Aktar, A. (2000), Varlık Vergisi ve ‘Türkleştirme’ Politikaları, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Aktar, A. (2004), “Varlık Vergisinin Hikayesi”, Toplumsal Tarih, No. 121, p.82-87.
  • Aktar, A. (2012), “Tax me to the end of my life!” Anatomy of an Anti-minority Tax Legislation (1942–3)” in State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945, edited by Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas, Routledge, London, p. 188– 220.
  • American Jewish Committee. (2007), “World Jewish Population”, The American Jewish Year Book.
  • Angel, M. D. (1973), “The Sephardim of the United States: An Exploratory Study”, American Jewish Yearbook, Vol.74, p.77-138.
  • Arocena, F. (2009), “How Immigrants Have Shaped Uruguay”, Culturales, Vol.5 No.9, p. 105-140.
  • Aydıngün, A. & Aydıngün, I. (2004), “The Role of Language in the Formation of Turkish National Identity and Turkishness”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.10 No.3, p. 415-432.
  • Bali, R. N. (1996), “Irkçı Bir Dernek: Türkiye Siyonizmle Mücadele Derneği”, Toplumsal Tarih, Vol. 29, p. 32-36.
  • Bali, R. N. (1997), “Çok Partili Demokrasi Döneminde Varlık Vergisi Üzerine Tartışmalar”, Tarih ve Toplum, No.165, 47-59.
  • Bali, R. N. (2000), Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni. (2nd ed.) İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul
  • Bali, R. N. (2001), Musa’nın Evlatları Cumhuriyet’in Yurttaşları, İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Bali, R. N. (2003), Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Aliya- Bir Toplu Göçün Öyküsü 1946-1949, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Bali, R. N. (2006), “From Anatolia to the New World: The First Anatolian Immigrants to America”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.12 No. 1-2, p.53-69.
  • Bali, R. N. (2011), Anadolu’dan Yeni Dünya’ya: Amerika’ya İlk Göç Eden Türklerin Yaşam Öyküleri, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Bauer, J. (2011), “Jews as Symbols and Reality in Multicultural Canada.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs No.67,
  • Bejarano, M. (2012), “From Turkey to the United States: The Trajectory of Cuban Sephardim in Miami”, in Modern Jewish History: Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse: p.141-158.
  • Bejarano, M. (2005), “Sephardic Communities in Latin America: Past and Present”, Universidad ORT Uruguay, p. 1-19.
  • Ben-ur, A. (2009), Sephardic Jews in America a Diasporic History, New York University Press, New York.
  • Besalel, Y. (1999), Osmanlı ve Türk Yahudileri, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş, Istanbul.
  • Blank, L. (1993), “The Integration of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in Venezuela through the Decision-Making Process in The Educational System”, Jewish Political Studies Reviews, Vol.5 No.3-4, p.209-246.
  • Brodsky, A. (2011), “Educating the Argentina Jews: Sephardim and Their Schools, 1920s-1960s”, in Returning to Babel: Jewish Latin American Experiences, Representations, and Identity, Brill NV, Leiden, p.33-53.
  • Bureau of Jewish Social Services. (1926), The Communal Life of the Sephardic Jews of New York, City Bureau of Jewish Social Services, New York.
  • Canadian Jewish Advocacy, http://cija.ca/resource/canadian-jewry/basic-demographics-of-the-canadian-jewish-community/ (01.03.2018).
  • Çolak, Y. (2004), “Language Policy and Official Ideology in Early Republican Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40 No.6, p. 67-91.
  • Eisenstadt, S. N. (1992), Jewish Civilization: The Jewish Historical Experience in a Comparative Perspective, State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • Eligür, B. (2016), “The 1934 Anti-Jewish Thrace Riots: The Jewish Exodus of Thrace through the Lens of Nationalism and Collective Violence”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.44 No.1, p. 88-109.
  • Franklin, D. D. (2016). The Jewish Lived Experience in Cuba, Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Alabama.
  • Galanti, A. (1995), Türkler ve Yahudiler, Tan Matbaası 1949. (Reprint). Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Genç, H. & Bozkurt, I. M. (2010), “Osmanlı’dan Brezilya ve Arjantin’e Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu”, The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol.28 No.1, p. 71-103.
  • Güleryüz, N. (1993), Türkiye Yahudileri Tarihi I: 20. Yüzyılın Başına Kadar. Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Haker, E. (2002), Bir Zamanlar Kırklareli’de Yahudiler Yaşardı: Kırklarelili Adato Ailesi’nin Öyküsü. N. Medina, trans. İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • İçduygu, A. (1996a), “Citizenship at the Crossroads: Immigration and the Nation-State”, in E. Kofman and G. Youngs (Eds.), Globalization: Theory and Practice, Pinter Publication, London, p. 150-162.
  • İçduygu, A. (1996b), “Becoming a New Citizen in an Immigration Country,” International Migration, Vol. 31 No. 2, p. 257-272.
  • İçduygu, A., Toktaş, Ş. & Soner, B. A. (2008), “The Politics of Population in a Nation Building Process: Emigration of Non-Muslims from Turkey,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 31 No. 2, p. 358-389.
  • Jasso, G. & Rosenzweig M. R. (1990), New Chosen People: The Immigrants in the United States, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
  • Jewish Distribution Committee. (2017), Archives in New York, Microfilms of 1050.1, 1050.2, 1050.3, 1050.4, 1050.5, 1051, 1052, 1059, 1060.
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/venezuela-virtual-jewish-history-tour (15.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/brazil-virtual-jewish-history-tour (15.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/chile-virtual-jewish-history-tour (16.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bolivia-virtual-jewish-history-tour (16.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ecuador-virtual-jewish-history-tour (17.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/colombia-virtual-jewish-history-tour (17.01.2018).
  • Johnson, P. (2000), Yahudi Tarihi, F. Orman, trans. Pozitif Yayınları. Istanbul.
  • Kara, A. (2007), “Amerika'ya Osmanlı Göçleri ve Devletin Aldığı Tedbirler”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, No. 33, p. 84-99.
  • Karpat, K. (1985), “The Ottoman Emigration to America: 1860-1914”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.17 No.2, p. 175-209.
  • Kastoryano, R. (2000), “Settlement, Transnational Communities and Citizenship,” International Social Science Journal, Vol. 52 No. 165, p. 307-312.
  • Kedourie, E. (1988), “Ethnicity, Majority and Minority in the Middle East”, in M. J. Esman and H. Rabinovich, (Eds.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and the State in the Middle East, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p. 25-31.
  • Landau, J. M. (1996). Tekinalp: Bir Türk Yurtseveri (1883-1961), İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Lesser, J. (1997), “‘Jews are Turks who Sell on Credit’: Elite images of Arabs and Jews in Brazil”, Immigrants and Minorities, Vol.16 No.1-2, p. 38-56.
  • Levi, A. (1996), “1934 Trakya Yahudileri Olayı Alınamayan Ders”, Tarih ve Toplum, Vol.10 No. 17, p.10.
  • Levy, A. (1994), The Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Darwin Press, Princeton. Lewis, B. (1996), İslam Dünyasında Yahudiler, B. S. Şener, trans. İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Liberles, A. W. 1984. The Balkan Jewish Communities: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, University Press of America, New York, London, p. 127-170.
  • Lipka, M. (2013), “How many Jews are there in the United States?”, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/ (05.02.2018).
  • Liwerant, B. J. (2013), “Latin American Jewish Life in the 21st Century: The Paradox of Shrinking Communities and Expanded-Revitalized Jewish Life”, The Jewish People Policy Institute, p.159-172.
  • Molinas, I. (2018), “O Güzel İnsanlar O Güzel Atlara Binip Gitmesinler”, http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-105429-o_guzel_insanlar_o_guzel_atlara_binip_gitmesinler.html (01.03.2018).
  • Naar, D. E. (2015), “Turkinos beyond the Empire: Ottoman Jews in America, 1893 to 1924”, The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.105 No.2, p.174-205.
  • Nahum, H. (2000), İzmir Yahudileri: 19.-20. Yüzyıl, E. S. Vali, trans. İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Odman, A. (2007), “Türk Basınında Emperyal Düşler ve Meksika’daki Osmanli Saat Kulesi”, Toplumsal Tarih, No.167, p. 66-74.
  • Osterweil, M. J. (1997), “The Economic and Social Condition of Jewish and Arab Immigrants in Bolivia: 1890–1980”, Immigrants & Minorities, Vol.16 No.1-2, p.146-166.
  • Özcan, Z. (2006), “Güney Amerika’da Yitik Osmanlılar”, http://www.haber7.com/yasam/haber/166714-guney-amerika8217da-yitik-osmanlilar (15.02.2018).
  • Pool, D. S. (1913), “The Levantine Jews in the United States”, American Jewish Year Book, Vol. 15, p.207-220.
  • Porzecanski, T. (2009), “Private Life and Identity Construction: Memories of Immigrant Jews in Uruguay”, Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, Vol. 4 No.1, p. 73-91.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1991), The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. New York University Press, New York.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1992), Turkey and the Holocaust, İnönü Foundation, Istanbul.
  • Shaw, S. J. (2001), “Turkey and the Jews of Europe during World War II”, in M. Tütüncü (Ed.), Turkish-Jewish Encounters, Stichting SOTA, Haarlem, p. 309-334.
  • Şeber, N. I. (2011), “II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Rusya ve Romanya’dan Gelen Yahudi Muhacirler”, Tarih Dergisi, Vol.53 No.11, p.39-61.
  • Toktaş, Ş. (2006), “Turkey’s Jews and Their Immigration to Israel”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.42 No.3, p. 505-519.
  • Toktaş, Ş. (2008), “Cultural Identity, Minority Position and Immigration: Turkey’s Jewish Minority vs. Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44 No. 3, p. 511-525.
  • World Jewish Congress, http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/AR (18.01.2018).
  • Yetkin, Ç. (1996), Türkiye Devlet Yaşamında Yahudiler, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Zetler, R. (2014), “Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933: What did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 mean for the Turkish Jews?”, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung Bulletin, No. 23, p.13-50.

Yahudilerin Amerika'ya Göçleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30 - 64, 15.06.2018

Öz

Bu çalışma, Yahudilerin Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu’ndan ve Türkiye’den Amerika kıtasına göçünü inceleyerek
yerleşilen ülkelerdeki göç ve uyum süreçlerinin genel bir değerlendirmesini
yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Genel olarak Yahudi göçmenlerin profilleri ve sergilediği
uyum, Güney ve Kuzey Amerika’da yer alan birçok varış ülkesinin kendi
karakteristik özelliklerine göre farklılık arz etmektedir. Dil benzerliği,
ekonomik esneklik, vize ve göçmen kabul yasaları gibi bazı yönlerden
birbirleriyle benzerlik gösteren göç süreçleri, ulus devlet normları,
toplumların göçmen kabul etme tolerans sınırları ve göç kotaları gibi çeşitli
diğer faktörler ışığında farklılık arz etmektedir.. Bu makale, Yahudi göçünde
önemli bir damar olan Amerika kıtasına göçünü, entegrasyon süreci ve göçmen
profillerinin ülke bazında analizi yolu ile aydınlatmaktadır. Ayrıca, Yahudi
göçmenlerin yerleştikleri ülkelerde kurdukları dini, eğitim ve yardım
kuruluşları aracılığıyla kültürlerini nasıl koruduklarına değinilmektedir.




Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, N. S. (2012), “‘Speak Turkish Campaigns’ and the Jewish Community during the reformation and nation building process of The Early Turkish Republic, 1928‐1938”, in Jewish Migration: Voices of the Diaspora, Igitur Publishing, Utrecht, p. 89-108.
  • Aktar, A. (1996), “Trakya Yahudi Olaylarını ‘Doğru’ Yorumlamak”, Tarih ve Toplum, No. 155, p. 45-56.
  • Aktar, A. (1999), “Varlık Vergisi sırasında Gayrimenkul Satışları: Istanbul Tapu Kayıtlarının analizi (26 Aralık 1942 – 30 Haziran 1943)”, Toplumsal Tarih, No. 69, Eylül p. 8-19.
  • Aktar, A. (2000), Varlık Vergisi ve ‘Türkleştirme’ Politikaları, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Aktar, A. (2004), “Varlık Vergisinin Hikayesi”, Toplumsal Tarih, No. 121, p.82-87.
  • Aktar, A. (2012), “Tax me to the end of my life!” Anatomy of an Anti-minority Tax Legislation (1942–3)” in State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945, edited by Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas, Routledge, London, p. 188– 220.
  • American Jewish Committee. (2007), “World Jewish Population”, The American Jewish Year Book.
  • Angel, M. D. (1973), “The Sephardim of the United States: An Exploratory Study”, American Jewish Yearbook, Vol.74, p.77-138.
  • Arocena, F. (2009), “How Immigrants Have Shaped Uruguay”, Culturales, Vol.5 No.9, p. 105-140.
  • Aydıngün, A. & Aydıngün, I. (2004), “The Role of Language in the Formation of Turkish National Identity and Turkishness”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.10 No.3, p. 415-432.
  • Bali, R. N. (1996), “Irkçı Bir Dernek: Türkiye Siyonizmle Mücadele Derneği”, Toplumsal Tarih, Vol. 29, p. 32-36.
  • Bali, R. N. (1997), “Çok Partili Demokrasi Döneminde Varlık Vergisi Üzerine Tartışmalar”, Tarih ve Toplum, No.165, 47-59.
  • Bali, R. N. (2000), Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni. (2nd ed.) İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul
  • Bali, R. N. (2001), Musa’nın Evlatları Cumhuriyet’in Yurttaşları, İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Bali, R. N. (2003), Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Aliya- Bir Toplu Göçün Öyküsü 1946-1949, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Bali, R. N. (2006), “From Anatolia to the New World: The First Anatolian Immigrants to America”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.12 No. 1-2, p.53-69.
  • Bali, R. N. (2011), Anadolu’dan Yeni Dünya’ya: Amerika’ya İlk Göç Eden Türklerin Yaşam Öyküleri, İletişim, Istanbul.
  • Bauer, J. (2011), “Jews as Symbols and Reality in Multicultural Canada.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs No.67,
  • Bejarano, M. (2012), “From Turkey to the United States: The Trajectory of Cuban Sephardim in Miami”, in Modern Jewish History: Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse: p.141-158.
  • Bejarano, M. (2005), “Sephardic Communities in Latin America: Past and Present”, Universidad ORT Uruguay, p. 1-19.
  • Ben-ur, A. (2009), Sephardic Jews in America a Diasporic History, New York University Press, New York.
  • Besalel, Y. (1999), Osmanlı ve Türk Yahudileri, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş, Istanbul.
  • Blank, L. (1993), “The Integration of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in Venezuela through the Decision-Making Process in The Educational System”, Jewish Political Studies Reviews, Vol.5 No.3-4, p.209-246.
  • Brodsky, A. (2011), “Educating the Argentina Jews: Sephardim and Their Schools, 1920s-1960s”, in Returning to Babel: Jewish Latin American Experiences, Representations, and Identity, Brill NV, Leiden, p.33-53.
  • Bureau of Jewish Social Services. (1926), The Communal Life of the Sephardic Jews of New York, City Bureau of Jewish Social Services, New York.
  • Canadian Jewish Advocacy, http://cija.ca/resource/canadian-jewry/basic-demographics-of-the-canadian-jewish-community/ (01.03.2018).
  • Çolak, Y. (2004), “Language Policy and Official Ideology in Early Republican Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40 No.6, p. 67-91.
  • Eisenstadt, S. N. (1992), Jewish Civilization: The Jewish Historical Experience in a Comparative Perspective, State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • Eligür, B. (2016), “The 1934 Anti-Jewish Thrace Riots: The Jewish Exodus of Thrace through the Lens of Nationalism and Collective Violence”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.44 No.1, p. 88-109.
  • Franklin, D. D. (2016). The Jewish Lived Experience in Cuba, Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Alabama.
  • Galanti, A. (1995), Türkler ve Yahudiler, Tan Matbaası 1949. (Reprint). Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Genç, H. & Bozkurt, I. M. (2010), “Osmanlı’dan Brezilya ve Arjantin’e Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu”, The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol.28 No.1, p. 71-103.
  • Güleryüz, N. (1993), Türkiye Yahudileri Tarihi I: 20. Yüzyılın Başına Kadar. Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Haker, E. (2002), Bir Zamanlar Kırklareli’de Yahudiler Yaşardı: Kırklarelili Adato Ailesi’nin Öyküsü. N. Medina, trans. İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • İçduygu, A. (1996a), “Citizenship at the Crossroads: Immigration and the Nation-State”, in E. Kofman and G. Youngs (Eds.), Globalization: Theory and Practice, Pinter Publication, London, p. 150-162.
  • İçduygu, A. (1996b), “Becoming a New Citizen in an Immigration Country,” International Migration, Vol. 31 No. 2, p. 257-272.
  • İçduygu, A., Toktaş, Ş. & Soner, B. A. (2008), “The Politics of Population in a Nation Building Process: Emigration of Non-Muslims from Turkey,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 31 No. 2, p. 358-389.
  • Jasso, G. & Rosenzweig M. R. (1990), New Chosen People: The Immigrants in the United States, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
  • Jewish Distribution Committee. (2017), Archives in New York, Microfilms of 1050.1, 1050.2, 1050.3, 1050.4, 1050.5, 1051, 1052, 1059, 1060.
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/venezuela-virtual-jewish-history-tour (15.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/brazil-virtual-jewish-history-tour (15.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/chile-virtual-jewish-history-tour (16.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bolivia-virtual-jewish-history-tour (16.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ecuador-virtual-jewish-history-tour (17.01.2018).
  • Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/colombia-virtual-jewish-history-tour (17.01.2018).
  • Johnson, P. (2000), Yahudi Tarihi, F. Orman, trans. Pozitif Yayınları. Istanbul.
  • Kara, A. (2007), “Amerika'ya Osmanlı Göçleri ve Devletin Aldığı Tedbirler”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, No. 33, p. 84-99.
  • Karpat, K. (1985), “The Ottoman Emigration to America: 1860-1914”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.17 No.2, p. 175-209.
  • Kastoryano, R. (2000), “Settlement, Transnational Communities and Citizenship,” International Social Science Journal, Vol. 52 No. 165, p. 307-312.
  • Kedourie, E. (1988), “Ethnicity, Majority and Minority in the Middle East”, in M. J. Esman and H. Rabinovich, (Eds.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and the State in the Middle East, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p. 25-31.
  • Landau, J. M. (1996). Tekinalp: Bir Türk Yurtseveri (1883-1961), İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Lesser, J. (1997), “‘Jews are Turks who Sell on Credit’: Elite images of Arabs and Jews in Brazil”, Immigrants and Minorities, Vol.16 No.1-2, p. 38-56.
  • Levi, A. (1996), “1934 Trakya Yahudileri Olayı Alınamayan Ders”, Tarih ve Toplum, Vol.10 No. 17, p.10.
  • Levy, A. (1994), The Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Darwin Press, Princeton. Lewis, B. (1996), İslam Dünyasında Yahudiler, B. S. Şener, trans. İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Liberles, A. W. 1984. The Balkan Jewish Communities: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, University Press of America, New York, London, p. 127-170.
  • Lipka, M. (2013), “How many Jews are there in the United States?”, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/ (05.02.2018).
  • Liwerant, B. J. (2013), “Latin American Jewish Life in the 21st Century: The Paradox of Shrinking Communities and Expanded-Revitalized Jewish Life”, The Jewish People Policy Institute, p.159-172.
  • Molinas, I. (2018), “O Güzel İnsanlar O Güzel Atlara Binip Gitmesinler”, http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-105429-o_guzel_insanlar_o_guzel_atlara_binip_gitmesinler.html (01.03.2018).
  • Naar, D. E. (2015), “Turkinos beyond the Empire: Ottoman Jews in America, 1893 to 1924”, The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.105 No.2, p.174-205.
  • Nahum, H. (2000), İzmir Yahudileri: 19.-20. Yüzyıl, E. S. Vali, trans. İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Odman, A. (2007), “Türk Basınında Emperyal Düşler ve Meksika’daki Osmanli Saat Kulesi”, Toplumsal Tarih, No.167, p. 66-74.
  • Osterweil, M. J. (1997), “The Economic and Social Condition of Jewish and Arab Immigrants in Bolivia: 1890–1980”, Immigrants & Minorities, Vol.16 No.1-2, p.146-166.
  • Özcan, Z. (2006), “Güney Amerika’da Yitik Osmanlılar”, http://www.haber7.com/yasam/haber/166714-guney-amerika8217da-yitik-osmanlilar (15.02.2018).
  • Pool, D. S. (1913), “The Levantine Jews in the United States”, American Jewish Year Book, Vol. 15, p.207-220.
  • Porzecanski, T. (2009), “Private Life and Identity Construction: Memories of Immigrant Jews in Uruguay”, Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, Vol. 4 No.1, p. 73-91.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1991), The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. New York University Press, New York.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1992), Turkey and the Holocaust, İnönü Foundation, Istanbul.
  • Shaw, S. J. (2001), “Turkey and the Jews of Europe during World War II”, in M. Tütüncü (Ed.), Turkish-Jewish Encounters, Stichting SOTA, Haarlem, p. 309-334.
  • Şeber, N. I. (2011), “II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Rusya ve Romanya’dan Gelen Yahudi Muhacirler”, Tarih Dergisi, Vol.53 No.11, p.39-61.
  • Toktaş, Ş. (2006), “Turkey’s Jews and Their Immigration to Israel”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.42 No.3, p. 505-519.
  • Toktaş, Ş. (2008), “Cultural Identity, Minority Position and Immigration: Turkey’s Jewish Minority vs. Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44 No. 3, p. 511-525.
  • World Jewish Congress, http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/AR (18.01.2018).
  • Yetkin, Ç. (1996), Türkiye Devlet Yaşamında Yahudiler, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., Istanbul.
  • Zetler, R. (2014), “Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933: What did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 mean for the Turkish Jews?”, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung Bulletin, No. 23, p.13-50.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şule Toktaş

Fatih Resul Kılınç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2018
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Toktaş, Ş., & Kılınç, F. R. (2018). Jewish Immigration to the American Continent. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 30-64.