Besinsel Nitrat Takviyesinin Anaerobik Performans Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2020, , 428 - 442, 14.12.2020

Elif Taşkuyu

https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.805351

Cited By: 3

Öz

Besinsel nitrat önerilen ergojenik özellikleri nedeniyle popüler bir spor takviyesi haline gelmiştir. Besinsel nitrat takviyesinin egzersiz performansı üzerine etkileri nitrik oksit (NO) biyoyararlanımını arttırma kapasitesine atfedilmiştir. Literatürdeki çalışmalar besinsel nitratın metabolizmada bazı yollarla NO 'ya dönüşmesiyle, tüketiminin yüksek yoğunluklu yüklenmelere etkisi olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada amaç besinsel nitrat takviyesinin anaerobik sportif performansa etkilerini incelemek etki mekanizmalarını ortaya koymaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nitrat, Nitrik oksit, Anaerobik, Pancarsuyu

Kaynakça

• 1. Anderson, J. E. (2000). A role for nitric oxide in muscle repair: nitric oxide-mediated activation of muscle satellite cells. Mol Biol Cell, 11(5), 1859-1874.
• 2. Bailey, S. J., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., . . . Jones, A. M. (2010). Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985), 109(1), 135-148. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010.
• 3. Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., & Jones, A. M. (2012). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway: Its role in human exercise physiology. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 309-320.
• 4. Bailey, S. J., Winyard, P., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., Dimenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., . . . Jones, A. M. (2009). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985), 107(4), 1144-1155. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009.
• 5. Basu, S., Azarova, N. A., Font, M. D., King, S. B., Hogg, N., Gladwin, M. T., . . . Kim-Shapiro, D. B. (2008). Nitrite reductase activity of cytochrome c. J Biol Chem, 283(47), 32590-32597. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806934200
• 6. Bernardi, B. B., Schoenfeld, B. J., Alves, R. C., Urbinati, K. S., McAnulty, S. R., & Junior, T. P. S. (2018). Acute Supplementation with Beetroot Juice Does Not Enhance Exercise Performance among Well-trained Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Study. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 21(3).
• 7. Brand, M. D., & Esteves, T. C. (2005). Physiological functions of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3. Cell Metab, 2(2), 85-93. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.002 8. Brown, G. C., & Cooper, C. E. (1994). Nanomolar concentrations of nitric oxide reversibly inhibit synaptosomal respiration by competing with oxygen at cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Lett, 356(2-3), 295-298.
• 9. Byrne, G., Wardrop, B., & Storey, A. (2014). The effect of beetroot juice dosage on high intensity intermittent cycling performance. Journal of Science and Cycling, 3(2), 56.
• 10. Çetinkaya, G. (2019). Pancar Suyunun Voleybolcuların Aerobik ve Anaerobik Performansı Üzerine Etkisi (Master's thesis, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• 11. Chamari, K.; Padulo, J. (2015) ‘Aerobic’ and ‘Anaerobic’ terms used in exercise physiology: A critical terminology reflection. Sports Med. Open , 1, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 12. Christensen PM, Nyberg M, Bangsbo J. (2013) Influence of nitrate supplementation on VO2, kinetics and endurance of elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23: e21–e31.
• 13. Coggan, A.R.; Leibowitz, J.L.; Kadkhodayan, A.; Thomas, D.P.; Ramamurthy, S.; Spearie, C.A.; Waller, S.; Farmer, M.; Peterson, L.R. (2015) Effect of acute dietary nitrate intake on maximal knee extensor speed and power in healthy men and women. Nitric Oxide, 48, 16–21. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 14. Cuenca, E., Jodra, P., Pérez-López, A., González-Rodríguez, L. G., Fernandes da Silva, S., Veiga-Herreros, P., & Domínguez, R. (2018). Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on performance and fatigue in a 30-s all-out sprint exercise: a randomized, double-blind cross-over study. Nutrients, 10(9), 1222.
• 15. Dejam, A.; Hunter, C.; Schechter, A.; Gladwin, M. Emerging role of nitrite in human biology (20014). Blood. Cells Mol. Dis., 32, 423–429. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 16. Domínguez, R.; Cuenca, E.; Maté-Muñoz, J.L.; García-Fernández, P.; Serra-Paya, N.; Estevan, M.C.; Herreros, P.V.; Garnacho-Castaño, M.V.(2017) Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. A systematic review. Nutrients, 9, 43.
• 17. Domínguez, R.; Garnacho-Castaño, M.V.; Cuenca, E.; García-Fernández, P.; Muñoz-González, A.; de Jesús, F.; Lozano-Estevan, M.C.; Fernandes da Silva, S.; Veiga-Herreros, P.; Maté-Muñoz, J.L.(2017) Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on a 30-s high-intensity inertial cycle ergometer test. Nutrients, 9, 12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 18. Domínguez, R.; Maté-Muñoz, J.L.; Cuenca, E.; García-Fernández, P.; Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Lozano-Estevan, M.C.; Veiga-Herreros, P.; Fernandes da Silva, S.; Garnacho-Castaño, M.V.(2018) Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 15, 2. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
• 19. Dykhuizen, R. S., Frazer, R., Duncan, C., Smith, C. C., Golden, M., Benjamin, N., & Leifert, C. (1996). Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on gut pathogens: importance of dietary nitrate in host defense. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40(6), 1422-1425.
• 20. Erzurum, S.C.; Ghosh, S.; Janocha, A.J.; Xu, W.; Bauer, S.; Bryan, N.S.; Tejero, J.; Hermann, C.; Hille, R.; Stuehr, D.J.; et al. (2007). Higher blood flow and circulating NO products offset high-altitude hypoxia among Tibetans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 17593–17598. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 21. Ferguson, S.K.; Hirai, D.M.; Copp, S.W.; Holdsworth, C.T.; Allen, J.D.; Jones, A.M.; Musch, T.I.; Poole, D.C. (2013) Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice on exercising muscle vascular control in rats. J. Physiol., 591, 547–557. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 22. Gaitanos, G.C.;Williams, C.; Boobis, L.H.; Brooks, S.( 1993). Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 75, 712–719. [PubMed]
• 23. Garthwaite, J. (2008). Concepts of neural nitric oxide-mediated transmission. Eur J Neurosci, 27(11), 2783-2802. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06285.x 24. Haider, G.; Folland, G.P.(2014) Nitrate Supplementation Enhances the Contractile Properties of Human Skeletal Muscle. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 46, 2234–2243. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 25. Hart, J. D., & Dulhunty, A. F. (2000). Nitric oxide activates or inhibits skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors depending on its concentration, membrane potential and ligand binding. J Membr Biol, 173(3), 227-236.
• 26. Hernandez, A., Schiffer, T. A., Ivarsoon, N., Cheng, A. J., Bruton, J. D., Lundberg, J. O.,…Westerblad, H. (2012). Dietary nitrate increase tetanic [Ca2+] andcontractile force in mouse fast-twithc muscle. The Journal of Physiology, 590(15), 3575-3583. doi:10.1113/physiol.2012.232777
• 27. Hernández, A.; Schiffer, T.A.; Ivarsson, N.; Cheng, A.J.; Bruton, J.D.; Lundberg, J.O.; Weitzberg, E.; Westerblad, H. (2012) Dietary nitrate increases tetanic [Ca2+]i and contractile force in mouse fasttwitch muscle. J. Physiol., 590, 3575–3583. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 28. Hord, N. G., Tang, Y., & Bryan, N. S. (2009). Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr, 90(1), 1-10. doi:10.3945/ajcn. 27131.
• 29. Jensen L, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. (2004) Effect of high intensity training on capillarization and presence of angiogenic factors in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 557: 571–582.
• 30. Jodra, P., Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Veiga-Herreros, P., & Bailey, S. J. (2020). Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Mood, Perceived Exertion, and Performance During a 30-Second Wingate Test. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(2), 243-248.
• 31. Jones, A. M., & Poole, D. C. (2005). Oxygen uptake dynamics: from muscle to mouth--an introduction to the symposium. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37(9), 1542-1550.
• 32. Jones, A.M.; Ferguson, S.K.; Bailey, S.J.; Vanhatalo, A.; Poole, D.C. (2016) Fiber-type specific effects of dietary nitrate. Exerc. Sci. Sports Rev., 44, 53–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 33. Jonvik, K. L., Nyakayiru, J., Van Dijk, J. W., Maase, K., Ballak, S. B., Senden, J. M. G., ... & Verdijk, L. B. (2018). Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. European journal of sport science, 18(4), 524-533.
• 34. Kramer, S. J., Baur, D. A., Spicer, M. T., Vukovich, M. T. & Ormsbee, M. J. (2016). The effect of six days of dietary nitrate supplementation on performance in trained 59 CrossFit athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13, 39. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0150-y
• 35. Larsen, F. J., Schiffer, T. A., Borniquel, S., Sahlin, K., Ekblom, B., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2011). Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab, 13(2), 149-159. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.004.
• 36. Lundberg, J.O.; Weitzberg, E.; Gladwin, M.T. (2008) The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 7, 156–167. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 37. Maughan, R.J.; Burke, L.M.; Dvorak, J.; Larson-Meyer, D.E.; Peeling, P.; Phillips, S.M.; Rawson, E.S.; Walsh, N.P.; Garthe, I.; Geyer, H.; et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br. J. Sports Med., 52, 439–455. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 38. Merry, T. L., Lynch, G. S., & McConell, G. K. (2010). Downstream mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 299(6), R1656-1665. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00433.2010
• 39. Ormsbee MJ, Lox J, & Arciero PJ, (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise performance. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, 5, 27-35.
• 40. Palevo, G., Williams, N., Harp, A., Barring, E., & Mize, L. B. (2019). High Concentrated Beetroot Juice Supplement Improves Cycling Power, VO 2, Time to Exhaustion, Heart Rate and Anaerobic Threshold in Trained Cyclists. Journal of Professional Exercise Physiology, 16(3).
• 41. Percival, J. M., Anderson, K. N., Huang, P., Adams, M. E., & Froehner, S. C. (2010). Golgi and sarcolemmal neuronal NOS differentially regulate contraction-induced fatigue and vasoconstriction in exercising mouse skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest, 120(3), 816-826. doi:10.1172/jci40736
• 42. Pinder, M. (2018). Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance.
• 43. Pinna, M.; Roberto, S.; Milia, R.; Maronquiu, E.; Olla, S.; Loi, A.; Migliaccio, G.M.; Padulo, J.; Orlandi, C.; Tocco, F.; et al. (2014). Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on aerobic response during swimming. Nutrients, 6, 605–615. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 44. Qu, X.M.; Wu, Z.F.; Pang, B.X.; Jin, L.Y.; Qin, L.Z.; Wang, S.L.( 2016). From nitrate to nitric oxide: The role of salivary glands and oral bacteria. J. Dent. Res., 95, 1452–1456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 45. Richardson, R.S.; Noyszewski, E.A.; Kendrick, K.F.; Leigh, J.S.; Wagner, P.D. (1995). Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise. Evidence of limited O2 transport. J. Clin. Investig. 96, 1916–1926. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 46. Rolfe, D. F., Hulbert, A. J., & Brand, M. D. (1994). Characteristics of mitochondrial proton leak and control of oxidative phosphorylation in the major oxygen-consuming tissues of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1188(3), 405-416.
• 47. Rothwell, S., & Alkhatib, A. (2014). PP15 Effects Of Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation On 30-second Wingate Performance In Healthy Collegiate Males.
• 48. Santana, J., Madureira, D., de França, E., Rossi, F., Rodrigues, B., Fukushima, A., ... & Caperuto, E. (2019). Nitrate Supplementation Combined with a Running Training Program Improved Time-Trial Performance in Recreationally Trained Runners. Sports, 7(5), 120.
• 49. Takaki, M., Kohzuki, H., Sakata, S., Ohga, Y., Shimizu, S., Ishidate, H., . . . Suga, H. (1998). Oxygen consumption and motility of mechanically unloaded myocardial slices. Adv Exp Med Biol, 453, 499-506.
• 50. Tatlici, A., & Cakmakci, O. (2019). The effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on anaerobic power of elite boxers. Medicina Dello Sport, 72(2), 225-233.
• 51. Thompson, C.; Vanhatalo, A.; Fulford, J.; Carter, J.; Nyman, L.; Bailey, S.J.; Jones, A.M. (2016) Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance. Nitric Oxide, 61, 55–61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 52. Tiso, M.; Schechter, A.N. (2015)Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0119712.
• 53. Totzeck M, Hendgen-Cotta U, Rammos C, Frommke L, Knackstedt C, Predel H, Kelm M, Rassaf T. (2012.) Higher endogenous nitrite levels are associated with superior exercise capacity in highly trained athletes. Nitric Oxide 27: 75–81.
• 54. Walsh, B., Howlett, R. A., Stary, C. M., Kindig, C. A., & Hogan, M. C. (2006). Measurement of activation energy and oxidative phosphorylation onset kinetics in isolated muscle fibers in the absence of cross-bridge cycling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290(6), R1707-1713. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00687.2005
• 55. Whitfield, J.; Ludzki, A.; Heigenhauser, G.; Senden, S.; Verdijk, L.; Van, L.; Spriet, L.L.; Holloway, G.P. (2016). Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Whole Body Oxygen Consumption But Does Not Improve Indices Of Mitochondrial Efficiency in Human Skeletal Muscle. J. Physiol. 594, 421–435. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• 56. Wilkerson DP, Hayward GM, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, Jones AM.( 2012). Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on 50 mile time trial performance in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 112: 4127–4134.
• 57. Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Skiba PF, Winyard PG, Jeukendrup AE, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. J Appl Physiol 115: 325–336.
• 58. Wylie, L. J., Bailey, S. J., Kelly, J., Blackwell, J. R., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A. M. (2016). Influence of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology, 116(2), 415-425.
• 59. Zamzow, Clare Margaret, "Effects of Natural Nutritional Beverages on Anaerobic Exercise Performance"(2017). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. 1362. https://doi.org/10.18122/B2RH91