BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Peace through Institutions: Woodrow Wilson and the Paris Peace Conference

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 73 - 89, 01.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.85783

Öz

As we approach the centennial of World War I, it is fitting to undertake a retrospective, academic review of the institutions devised in the war’s aftermath. The efforts to build and sustain a global order ensuring peace and cooperation in the international community - which ultimately failed with the beginning of a Second World War—constitute telling and timely lessons for world politics today. This paper looks critically at America’s role in World War I, diplomatic talks preceding the signature of the treaty of Versailles, and domestic and international reactions to President Woodrow Wilson’s signature idealism.The paper begins with a historical overview of how World War I began in Europe in an effort to contextualize the entrance of the United States in 1917, two and a half years after the war began. Since Woodrow Wilson originally promoted American neutrality, and U.S. public opinion had mostly favored isolationism until World War I, Wilson’s presidency represents a historic shift in American foreign policy to interventionism and eventually, its post-Cold War “global policeman” status. Assessing the main actors of WWI and America’s role in it serves to frame Woodrow Wilson’s asymmetrical reception within his own country. In the U.S., Wilson’s foreign affairs record is characterized by his intervention in Mexico, his original attempt to remain uninvolved in Europe’s war, and his failed attempt to keep peace after the war. Wilson garnered domestic support for U.S. entrance with his call to “make the world safe for democracy.” Using such overt idealistic rhetoric in the foreign policymaking decision process was novel at the time, but sounds all too familiar today. Post-WWI, Wilson’s fight with Congress and the U.S. not entering into the League of Nations resembles rifts between U.S. administrations and their Congresses in recent times, and it arguably indirectly contributed to the occurrence of the World War II. As U.S. public opinion once again begins favoring non-interventionism amidst volatility overseas, a critical approach to WWI history and its discourse invites salient questions about today’s international order

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, Christopher (1996). For The President’s Eyes Only. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638071-9.
  • Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram (1966)
  • Bukharin, N., (1972), Imperialism and World Economy, (London).
  • Christie, Norm M. (1999). For King and Empire, the Canadians at Amiens, Au- gust 1918. CEF Books. ISBN 1-896979-20-3.
  • Davis, Robert T. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) with Austria; Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; Treaty of Trianon With Hungary; Treaty of
  • Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire; (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security:
  • Chronology and Index for the 20th Century1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Se- curity International. Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998).
  • Ernest R. May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917 (1959).
  • Gale Virtual Reference Library “Wilson and the League of Nations.” History of World War I. Vol: 2: Victory and Defeat, 1917-1918. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall
  • Cavendish, 2002. .Web. 7 Jan. 2014.
  • Goodell, S. (1965), Woodrow Wilson in Latin America: Interpretations. Histo- rian, 28: 96–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1965.tb01744.x
  • Graebner, N. A., & Bennett, E. M. (2011). The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy:
  • The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision. Cambridge University Press. Group, Gale. “The Spanish-American War (1898).” Gale encyclopedia of U.S. history. War. Thomson Gale, 01 Jan 2008.
  • Henig (2002).The origins of the First World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415- 26205
  • Jentleson, Bruce W. American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century. New York: Norton, 2000. Print.
  • Lieven, D.C.B. (1983). Russia and the origins of the First World War. New York:
  • St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-69608-6.
  • Lillian Goldman Law Library “President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.” Retrieved 07 January 2014 from: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wil- sonasp
  • Link, Arthur S. (1972).Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New
  • York: Harper & Row. pp. 252–282. Masciulli, J., Molchanov, M. A., & Knight, W. A. (2009). Political Leadership in
  • Context. The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Leadership, 3-27. pp.19 Merriam-Webster “Exceptionalism”. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Merriam-Webster “Internationalism”. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Merriam-Webster “Isolationism.” Merriam-Webster.com. 2011. http://www.merri- am-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Oxford Dictionaries. (n.d.). Colonialism. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from Ox- ford colonialism?q=colonialism http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/
  • Sally Marks, “The Myths of Reparations,” Central European History (1978) 11#3 pp. 231-255
  • Schmidt, Donald E. (2005). The Folly of War: American foreign policy, 1898–2005.
  • Algora Publishing. ISBN 0-87586-383-3.
  • Sellen, Robert W. “Why Presidents Fail in Foreign Policy: The Case of Woodrow Wilson.” Social Studies 64.2 (1973): 64. ProQuest. Web. 8 Jan. 2014
  • Source Records of the Great War, Vol. V, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923
  • SparkNotes “SparkNote on Woodrow Wilson.” SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 7
  • Jan. 2014 from: www.sparknotes.com
  • The Library of Congress “Why Did Congress Reject the League of Nations?” Win- ter 2010 Teaching with Primary Sources Quarterly Learning Activity – Secondary Level. , n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/teachers/tps/quarterly/historical_ thinking/pdf/secondary_activity.pdf>.
  • Turner, Henry A. 1957. “Woodrow Wilson and Public Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly 21: 505-20.
  • University of Virginia The Miller Center “Woodrow Wilson: Domestic Af- fairs.” American President: A Reference Resource. , 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014.
  • Van Evera, Stephen. “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War.” (Summer 1984), p. 62.
  • Yates, Richard E. “Zimmerman Telegram.” Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 8. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003. 590- 5 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Jan. 2014.

Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 73 - 89, 01.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.85783

Öz

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın yüzüncü yıldönümüne yaklaştığımız bu günlerde, savaşın ertesinde oluşturulan kurumlara dair retrospektif bir değerlendirme yapmak için zamanlama uygundur. Uluslararası kamuoyunda barışı ve işbirliğini güçlendirecek bir küresel düzeni oluşturma çabaları (İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla nihayetinde başarısız da olsa) günümüz siyaseti için önemli dersler içermektedir. Bu çalışma, ABD’nin Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndaki rolüne, Versay anlaşmasının imzalanması sürecindeki diplomatik görüşmelere ve ABD Başkanı Woodrow Wilson’un ünlü idealizmine eleştirel bir şekilde yaklaşacaktır. Çalışma Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Avrupa’da nasıl başladığına dair tarihsel bir açıklamayla başlayarak, ABD’nin 1917’de savaşa girişini bir bağlama oturtacaktır. Woodrow Wilson esasen Amerika’nın tarafsızlığı yönünde çaba gösterdiği ve ABD kamuoyu Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar izolasyonizmi desteklediği için, Wilson’un başkanlığı ABD dış politikasında müdahaleciliğe ve Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemdeki dünya jandarmalığına gidiş anlamında tarihi bir kırılma dönemidir. Savaşın ve Amerika’nın rolünü değerlendirmek Woodrow Wilson’ın kendi ülkesinde karşılaştığı asimetrik tepkiyi anlamaya yardımcı olacaktır. ABD’de Wilson’ın dış politika karnesi Meksika’ya yapılan müdahale, Avrupa’daki savaşa ilk başta mesafeli kalma çabası ve savaştan sonra barışı tesis etme yönündeki nafile çabalarıyla hatırlanmaktadır. Wilson ABD’nin savaşa katılması için ünlü “dünyayı demokrasi için daha güvenli kılmak” çağrısıyla iç politikada destek toplamıştır. O dönemde, dış politika yapımında bu tür açıkça idealist bir retorik kullanmak yeni bir hamleydi, bugün ise çok daha normalleşmiş durumdadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra, Wilson’ın Kongre ile mücadelesi ve ABD’nin Milletler Cemiyeti’ne girmemesi yakın zamanlardaki ABD yönetimleriyle Kongre arasındaki çatışmaları hatırlatmakta ve bu durum muhtemelen İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın çıkışına da katkıda bulunmuştur. Çatışmalı bir dış politika ortamında ABD kamuoyu bir kez daha izolasyonizme yöneldikçe, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve etrafında kurulan söylemlerin eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi günümüzün uluslararası düzeni açısından da dikkat çekici sorular ortaya koymaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, Christopher (1996). For The President’s Eyes Only. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638071-9.
  • Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram (1966)
  • Bukharin, N., (1972), Imperialism and World Economy, (London).
  • Christie, Norm M. (1999). For King and Empire, the Canadians at Amiens, Au- gust 1918. CEF Books. ISBN 1-896979-20-3.
  • Davis, Robert T. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) with Austria; Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; Treaty of Trianon With Hungary; Treaty of
  • Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire; (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security:
  • Chronology and Index for the 20th Century1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Se- curity International. Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998).
  • Ernest R. May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917 (1959).
  • Gale Virtual Reference Library “Wilson and the League of Nations.” History of World War I. Vol: 2: Victory and Defeat, 1917-1918. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall
  • Cavendish, 2002. .Web. 7 Jan. 2014.
  • Goodell, S. (1965), Woodrow Wilson in Latin America: Interpretations. Histo- rian, 28: 96–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1965.tb01744.x
  • Graebner, N. A., & Bennett, E. M. (2011). The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy:
  • The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision. Cambridge University Press. Group, Gale. “The Spanish-American War (1898).” Gale encyclopedia of U.S. history. War. Thomson Gale, 01 Jan 2008.
  • Henig (2002).The origins of the First World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415- 26205
  • Jentleson, Bruce W. American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century. New York: Norton, 2000. Print.
  • Lieven, D.C.B. (1983). Russia and the origins of the First World War. New York:
  • St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-69608-6.
  • Lillian Goldman Law Library “President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.” Retrieved 07 January 2014 from: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wil- sonasp
  • Link, Arthur S. (1972).Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New
  • York: Harper & Row. pp. 252–282. Masciulli, J., Molchanov, M. A., & Knight, W. A. (2009). Political Leadership in
  • Context. The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Leadership, 3-27. pp.19 Merriam-Webster “Exceptionalism”. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Merriam-Webster “Internationalism”. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Merriam-Webster “Isolationism.” Merriam-Webster.com. 2011. http://www.merri- am-webster.com (8 May 2011).
  • Oxford Dictionaries. (n.d.). Colonialism. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from Ox- ford colonialism?q=colonialism http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/
  • Sally Marks, “The Myths of Reparations,” Central European History (1978) 11#3 pp. 231-255
  • Schmidt, Donald E. (2005). The Folly of War: American foreign policy, 1898–2005.
  • Algora Publishing. ISBN 0-87586-383-3.
  • Sellen, Robert W. “Why Presidents Fail in Foreign Policy: The Case of Woodrow Wilson.” Social Studies 64.2 (1973): 64. ProQuest. Web. 8 Jan. 2014
  • Source Records of the Great War, Vol. V, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923
  • SparkNotes “SparkNote on Woodrow Wilson.” SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 7
  • Jan. 2014 from: www.sparknotes.com
  • The Library of Congress “Why Did Congress Reject the League of Nations?” Win- ter 2010 Teaching with Primary Sources Quarterly Learning Activity – Secondary Level. , n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/teachers/tps/quarterly/historical_ thinking/pdf/secondary_activity.pdf>.
  • Turner, Henry A. 1957. “Woodrow Wilson and Public Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly 21: 505-20.
  • University of Virginia The Miller Center “Woodrow Wilson: Domestic Af- fairs.” American President: A Reference Resource. , 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014.
  • Van Evera, Stephen. “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War.” (Summer 1984), p. 62.
  • Yates, Richard E. “Zimmerman Telegram.” Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 8. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003. 590- 5 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Jan. 2014.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burak Küntay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Küntay, B. (2014). Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 8(15), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.85783
AMA Küntay B. Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı. Gazi Akademik Bakış. Aralık 2014;8(15):73-89. doi:10.19060/gav.85783
Chicago Küntay, Burak. “Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson Ve Paris Barış Konferansı”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 8, sy. 15 (Aralık 2014): 73-89. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.85783.
EndNote Küntay B (01 Aralık 2014) Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı. Gazi Akademik Bakış 8 15 73–89.
IEEE B. Küntay, “Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, c. 8, sy. 15, ss. 73–89, 2014, doi: 10.19060/gav.85783.
ISNAD Küntay, Burak. “Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson Ve Paris Barış Konferansı”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 8/15 (Aralık 2014), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.85783.
JAMA Küntay B. Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2014;8:73–89.
MLA Küntay, Burak. “Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson Ve Paris Barış Konferansı”. Gazi Akademik Bakış, c. 8, sy. 15, 2014, ss. 73-89, doi:10.19060/gav.85783.
Vancouver Küntay B. Kurumlar Yoluyla Barış: Woodrow Wilson ve Paris Barış Konferansı. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2014;8(15):73-89.