Antimicrobial effect of propolis against oral microorganisms

Öz

Natural products have been used for thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. Among them, propolis has attracted increased interest due to its antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The content of propolis presents diversity depending on the season it is collected and on the native vegetation, the flora, the bees derive the material from. All propolis samples from different geographical locations, in spite of the variations between chemical compositions, exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. The pharmacologically active molecules in propolis are flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters. According to the latest studies, propolis exhibits inhibitory activity against oral pathogenic microorganisms. Considering development of resistance by microorganisms against antimicrobials and transfer of this trait between bacteria and considering other side effects of the antimicrobials, search for new therapies against the diseases of the oral cavity becomes of great importance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antimicrobial Agents,Bacteria,Dental Caries,Fungus,Oral Health,Periodontitis,Propolis,Virus

Oral mikroorganizmalara karşı propolisin antimikrobiyal etkinliği

Öz

Çeşitli amaçlarla halk hekimliğinde binlerce yıldır doğal ürünler kullanılmaktadır. Bu ürünlerin arasında, patojenik mikroorganizmalar üzerine antimikrobiyal aktivitesi çok iyi olan propolis, son zamanlarda çok fazla ilgi çekmektedir. Propolis içeriği, arının gezdiği alanlardaki floraya ve toplandığı zamana göre oldukça farklılık ve zenginlik göstermektedir. Kimyasal bileşimlerindeki farklılıklara rağmen, tüm propolis ürünleri belirgin biçimde antimikrobiyal etkinlik göstermektedir. Bunlar, farmakolojik olarak aktif moleküller flavonoidler, fenolik asitler ve esterler olarak sayılabilir. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen verilere göre propolis, ağızdaki patojenik mikroorganizmalar üzerine belirgin inhibisyon göstermektedir. Antimikrobiyal ajanlara karşı mikroorganizmaların direnç geliştirmeleri, geliştirdikleri direnç mekanizmalarını bakteriler arası ilişki ile birbirlerine aktarmaları ve diğer yan etkileri de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ağız boşluğu hastalıklarının tedavisinde yeni tedavi yöntemleri oldukça önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağız Sağlığı,Antimikrobiyal Ajanlar,Bakteri,Diş Çürükleri,Mantar,Periodontitis,Propolis,Virüs

Kaynakça

1. Bankova V. Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:114-7.
2. Markham KR, Mitchell KA, Wilkins AL, Daldy JA, Lu Y. HPLC and GC-MS identification of the major organic constituents in New Zealand propolis. Phytochem 1996;42:205-11.
3. DaSilva Cunha IB, Sawaya AC, Caetano FM, Shimizu MT, Marcucci MC, Drezza FT, et al. Factors that influence the yield and composition of Brazilian propolis extracts. J Braz Chem Soc 2004;15:964-70.
4. Lairon D, Amiot MJ. Flavonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10:23-8.
5. Isla MI, Zampini IC, Ordóñez RM, Cuello S, Juárez BC, Sayago JE, et al. Effect of seasonal variations and collection form on antioxidant activity of propolis from San Juan, Argentina. J Med Food 2009;12:1334- 42.
6. Çimen MB. Flavonoidler ve antioksidan özellikleri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 1999;19:296-304.
7. Patil S, Rao RS, Sanketh DS, Amrutha N. Microbial flora in oral diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14:1202-8.
8. Sbordone L, Bortolaia C. Oral microbial biofilms and plaque-related diseases: microbial communities and their role in the shift from oral health to disease. Clin Oral Investig 2003;7:181-8.

9. Schuster GS. Oral flora and pathogenic organisms. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999;13:757-74,v.
10. DeStefano F, Anda RF, Kahn HS, Williamson DF, Russell CM. Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. BMJ 1993;306:688-91.
11. Mattila KJ, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, Rasi VP, Kesäniemi YA, Syrjälä SL, et al. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1989;298:779-81.
12. Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996;67 Suppl 10:1103-13.
13. Dodman T, Robson J, Pincus D. Kingella kingae infections in children. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:87-90.
14. Scannapieco FA, Papandonatos GD, Dunford RG. Associations between oral conditions and respiratory disease in a national sample survey population. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:251-6.
15. Gendron R, Grenier D, Maheu-Robert L. The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections. Microbes Infect 2000;2:897-906.
16. Galuscan A, Jumanca D, Vacaru R, Timisoara AP. Oral microbial flora and oral, maxillary and facial infections. OHDMBSC 2004;3:27- 30.
17. Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res 1994;8:263-71.
18. Moore WE, Moore LV. The bacteria of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1994;5:66-77.
19. Paster BJ, Boches SK, Galvin JL, Ericson RE, Lau CN, Levanos VA. Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J Bacteriol 2001;183:3770-83.
20. Thoden van Velzen SK, Abraham-Inpijn L, Moorer WR. Plaque and systemic disease: a reappraisal of the focal infection concept. J Clin Periodontol 1984;11:209-20.
21. Suddick RP, Harris NO. Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990;1:135-51.
22. Nikiforuk G. Understanding dental caries. 1st edn. Basel: Karger; 1985.
23. Dahlén G. Role of suspected periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of periodontitis. Adv Dent Res 1993;7:163-74.
24. Hepburn HR, Kurstjens SP. On the strength of propolis (bee glue). Naturwissenschaften 1984;71:591-2.
25. Ghisalberti EL. Propolis: a review. Bee World 1979;60:59-84.
26. Koo H, Gomes BP, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Park YK, Cury JA. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens. Arch Oral Biol 2000;45:141-8.
27. Pellati F, Prencipe FP, Bertelli D, Benvenuti S. An efficient chemical analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids in raw propolis by microwaveassisted extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography using the fused-core technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013;81-82:126-32.
28. Marcucci MC, Ferreres F, García-Viguera C, Bankova VS, De Castro SL, Dantas AP, et al. Phenolic compounds from Brazilian propolis with pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;74:105- 12.
29. Cook NC, Samman S. Flavonoids-Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. J Nutr Biochem 1996;7:66-76.
30. Haenen GR, Paquay JB, Korthouwer RE, Bast A. Peroxynitrite scavenging by flavonoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;236:591-3.
31. Nieva Moreno MI, Isla MI, Cudmani NG, Vattuone MA, Sampietro AR. Screening of antibacterial activity of Amaicha del Valle (Tucumán, Argentina) propolis. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68:97-102.
32. Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC. Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: the effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiol Res 1997;152:239-46.
33. Dobrowolski JW, Vohora SB, Sharma K, Shah SA, Naqvi SA, Dandiya PC. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;35:77-82.
34. Koo H, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Ikegaki M, Park YK. Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation. Caries Res 2002;36:445-8.
35. Samet N, Laurent C, Susarla SM, Samet-Rubinsteen N. The effect of bee propolis on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2007;11:143-7.
36. Skaba D, Morawiec T, Tanasiewicz M, Mertas A, Bobela E, Szliszka E, et al. Influence of the toothpaste with brazilian ethanol extract propolis on the oral cavity health. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:215391. doi: 10.1155/2013/215391.
37. Parolia A, Kundabala M, Rao NN, Acharya SR, Agrawal P, Mohan M, et al. A comparative histological analysis of human pulp following direct pulp capping with Propolis, mineral trioxide aggregate and Dycal. Aust Dent J 2010;55:59-64.
38. Nishihara T, Koseki T. Microbial etiology of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2004;36:14-26.
39. Madhubala MM, Srinivasan N, Ahamed S. Comparative evaluation of propolis and triantibiotic mixture as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2011;37:1287-9.
40. Kayaoglu G, Ömürlü H, Akca G, Gürel M, Gençay Ö, Sorkun K, et al. Antibacterial activity of Propolis versus conventional endodontic disinfectants against Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules. J Endod 2011;37:376-81.
41. Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2010;43:419-23.
42. Ferreira FB, Torres SA, Rosa OP, Ferreira CM, Garcia RB, Marcucci MC, et al. Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104:709-16.
43. Duarte S, Rosalen PL, Hayacibara MF, Cury JA, Bowen WH, Marquis RE, et al. The influence of a novel propolis on mutans streptococci biofilms and caries development in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:15-22.
44. Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Barreto IM, Coelho MH, Araujo MW, Cortelli SC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontally-involved subjects. J Int Acad Periodontol 2005;7:90-6.
45. Gebaraa EC, Pustiglioni AN, de Lima LA, Mayer MP. Propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;1:29-35.
46. Murray MC, Worthington HV, Blinkhorn AS. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:796-8.
47. Ozan F, Sümer Z, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Deger O. Effect of mouthrinse containing propolis on oral microorganisms and human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Dent 2007;1:195-201.