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The indispensable factor in oral health: toothpastes

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3, 149 - 56, 11.10.2013

Öz

Currently, several caries-preventive programs are implemented worldwide in order to protect the community oraldental health. These programs are focused mainly on communities or individuals. However, it is difficult to put into practice a community program because of reasons including infrastructure deficiencies, cost and ethic issues. For this reason, individual-orientated preventive programs appear to be more feasible. Toothbrushing is among the basic individual measures against dental caries. By developing this habit, it is possible to achieve community dental health at a minimized cost. This fact increases the attention on the toothpastes. In recent years, various agents have been added to the toothpaste formulae and different types and forms have been produced. The purpose of this review was to give information on the evolution and the composition of toothpastes.

Kaynakça

  • Nakonieczna-Rudnicka M, Bachanek T, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Kobyłecka E. Oral hygiene habits among tobacco-smoking and nonsmoking students of the Medical University of Lublin--chosen aspects. Przegl Lek 2010;67:871-4.
  • Lindenmüller H, Lambrecht JT. Oral care. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;40:107-15.
  • Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F. Primary preventive dentistry. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Pearson Education; 2004.
  • Forward GC, James AH, Barnett P, Jackson RJ. Gum health product formulations: what is in them and why? Periodontol 2000 1997;15:32-9.
  • Shulman JD, Wells LM. Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting homeuse dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age. J Public Health Dent 1997;57:150-8.
  • Clarkson JJ, McLoughlin J. Role of fluoride in oral health promotion. Int Dent J 2000;50:119-28.
  • Wülknitz P. Cleaning power and abrasivity of European toothpastes. Adv Dent Res 1997;11:576-9.
  • Claydon NC, Moran J, Bosma ML, Shirodaria S, Addy M, Newcombe R. Clinical study to compare the effectiveness of a test whitening toothpaste with a commercial whitening toothpaste at inhibiting dental stain. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1088-91.
  • Moore C, Addy M. Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:1242-6.
  • West NX, Hughes JA, Addy M. Dentine hypersensitivity: the effects of brushing toothpaste on etched and unetched dentine in vitro. J Oral Rehabil 2002;29:167-74.
  • Zero DT. Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies. BMC Oral Health 2006;6 Suppl 1:S9.
  • Dyer D, Addy M, Newcombe RG. Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2000;27:99-103.
  • Joiner A, Schwarz A, Philpotts CJ, Cox TF, Huber K, Hannig M. The protective nature of pellicle towards toothpaste abrasion on enamel and dentine. J Dent 2008;36:360-8.
  • Quirynen M, de Soete M, Pauwels M, Goossens K, Teughels W, van Eldere J, et al. Bacterial survival rate on tooth- and interdental brushes in relation to the use of toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:1106-14.
  • Neppelberg E, Costea DE, Vintermyr OK, Johannessen AC. Dual effects of sodium lauryl sulphate on human oral epithelial structure. Exp Dermatol 2007;16:574-9.
  • Sano H, Nakashima S, Songpaisan Y, Phantumvanit P. Effect of a xylitol and fluoride containing toothpaste on the remineralization of human enamel in vitro. J Oral Sci 2007;49:67-73.
  • Takatsuka T, Exterkate RA, ten Cate JM. Effects of Isomalt on enamel de- and remineralization, a combined in vitro pH-cycling model and in situ study. Clin Oral Investig 2008;12:173-7.
  • Andersson M, Hindsén M. Rhinitis because of toothpaste and other menthol-containing products. Allergy 2007;62:336-7.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD002278.
  • Tulga F, Gümüşsoy S, Durutürk L, Ören MC. Farklı kompozisyonlardaki florürlü diş macunlarında minenin florür alınımının değerlendirilmesi. Pedodonti Klinik / Araştırma 1995;2:81-7.
  • Davies RM, Ellwood RP, Davies GM. The rational use of fluoride toothpaste. Int J Dent Hyg 2003;1:3-8.
  • Mascarenhas AK, Burt BA. Fluorosis risk from early exposure to fluoride toothpaste. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:241-8.
  • White DJ. Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:508-22.
  • Ammari JB, Baqain ZH, Ashley PF. Effects of programs for prevention of early childhood caries. A systematic review. Med Princ Pract 2007;16:437-42.
  • Splieth CH, Flessa S. Modelling lifelong costs of caries with and without fluoride use. Eur J Oral Sci 2008;116:164-9.
  • Efstratiou M, Papaioannou W, Nakou M, Ktenas E, Vrotsos IA, Panis V. Contamination of a toothbrush with antibacterial properties by oral microorganisms. J Dent 2007;35:331-7.
  • Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Källestål C, Lagerlöf F, et al. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;61:347-55.
  • Pine CM, Curnow MM, Burnside G, Nicholson JA, Roberts AJ. Caries prevalence four years after the end of a randomised controlled trial. Caries Res 2007;41:431-6.
  • Ellwood RP, Davies GM, Worthington HV, Blinkhorn AS, Taylor GO, Davies RM. Relationship between area deprivation and the anticaries benefit of an oral health programme providing free fluoride toothpaste to young children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:159-65.
  • Borremans M, Van Loco J, Van Den Meerssche P, Meunier J, Vrindts E, Goeyens L. Analysis of fluoride in toothpastes on the Belgian market. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008;30:145-52.
  • Moran J, Addy M, Corry D, Newcombe RG, Haywood J. A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a new zinc citrate toothpaste formulation. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:157-61.
  • Moran J, Newcombe RG, Wright P, Haywood J, Marlow I, Addy M. A study into the plaque-inhibitory activity of experimental toothpaste formulations containing antimicrobial agents. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:841-5.
  • Hatti S, Ravindra S, Satpathy A, Kulkarni RD, Parande MV. Biofilm inhibition and antimicrobial activity of a dentifrice containing salivary substitutes. Int J Dent Hyg 2007;5:218-24.
  • Robertshaw H, Leppard B. Contact dermatitis to triclosan in toothpaste. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:383-4.
  • Moran J, Addy M, Newcombe RG, Marlow I. A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a newly formulated triclosan toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:86-9.
  • Jacobsen PL, Bruce G. Clinical dentin hypersensitivity: understanding the causes and prescribing a treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2001;2:1-12.
  • Wara-aswapati N, Krongnawakul D, Jiraviboon D, Adulyanon S, Karimbux N, Pitiphat W. The effect of a new toothpaste containing potassium nitrate and triclosan on gingival health, plaque formation and dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:53-8.
  • Rosin M, Kramer A, Bradtke D, Richter G, Kocher T. The effect of a SCN-/H2O2 toothpaste compared to a commercially available triclosancontaining toothpaste on oral hygiene and gingival health -- a 6-month home-use study. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:1086-91.
  • Walters PA. Dentinal hypersensitivity: a review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005;6:107-17.
  • Markowitz K, Pashley DH. Discovering new treatments for sensitive teeth: the long path from biology to therapy. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:300-15.
  • Sauro S, Gandolfi MG, Prati C, Mongiorgi R. Oxalate-containing phytocomplexes as dentine desensitisers: an in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:655-64.
  • Davies R, Scully C, Preston AJ. Dentifrices--an update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010;15:e976-82.
  • Ayad F, Ayad N, Delgado E, Zhang YP, DeVizio W, Cummins D, et al. Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in Mississauga, Canada. J Clin Dent 2009;20:115-22.
  • Docimo R, Montesani L, Maturo P, Costacurta M, Bartolino M, Zhang YP, et al. Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study in Rome, Italy. J Clin Dent 2009;20:137-43.
  • Que K, Fu Y, Lin L, Hu D, Zhang YP, Panagakos FS, et al. Dentin hypersensitivity reduction of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride: an 8-week clinical study on Chinese adults. Am J Dent 2010;23 Spec No A:28A-35A.
  • Altenburger MJ, Bernhart J, Schicha TD, Wrbas KT, Hellwig E. Comparison of in vitro fluoride uptake from whitening toothpastes and a conventional toothpaste in demineralised enamel. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2010;120:104-13.
  • Lima DA, Silva AL, Aguiar FH, Liporoni PC, Munin E, Ambrosano GM, et al. In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of whitening dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stains. Braz Oral Res 2008;22:106-11.
  • Schemehorn BR, Moore MH, Putt MS. Abrasion, polishing, and stain removal characteristics of various commercial dentifrices in vitro. J Clin Dent 2011;22:11-8.
  • Hilgenberg SP, Pinto SC, Farago PV, Santos FA, Wambier DS. Physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpaste and evaluation of its effects on enamel roughness. Braz Oral Res 2011;25:288-94.
  • Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res 2009;23 Suppl 1:64-70.
  • Joiner A, Philpotts CJ, Ashcroft AT, Laucello M, Salvaderi A. In vitro cleaning, abrasion and fluoride efficacy of a new silica based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine. J Dent 2008;36 Suppl 1:S32-7.
  • Niwa M, Sato T, Li W, Aoki H, Aoki H, Daisaku T. Polishing and whitening properties of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001;12:277-81.
  • Moran J, Claydon NC, Addy M, Newcombe R. Clinical studies to determine the effectiveness of a whitening toothpaste at reducing stain (using a forced stain model). Int J Dent Hyg 2005;3:25-30.

Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3, 149 - 56, 11.10.2013

Öz

Günümüzde, toplum ağız diş sağlığını korumak amacıyla pek çok çürük önleyici program üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Bu programlar bireysel veya toplumsal düzeydedir. Ancak topluma yönelik çürük önleyici programların uygulanması alt yapı eksikliği, maliyet, etik kurallar gibi bir takım etkenler nedeniyle çok daha güçtür. Bu durum çürük önlemede bireysel uygulamaları ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu konuda ise başvurulacak en basit yöntem bireylere diş fırçalama alışkanlığı kazandırılmasıdır. Bu sayede toplum ağız diş sağlığını çok daha düşük maliyetle geliştirmek mümkündür. Bu durum günümüzde diş macunlarına olan ilgiyi giderek arttırmaktadır. Son yıllarda diş macunlarının yapısına farklı maddeler katılmış ve değişik tip ve formlardaki diş macunları piyasaya sunulmuştur. Bu derlemenin amacı en yaygın kullanılan ağız bakım ürünü olan diş macunlarının yapısal özelliklerinin ve gelişimlerinin incelenmesidir.

Kaynakça

  • Nakonieczna-Rudnicka M, Bachanek T, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Kobyłecka E. Oral hygiene habits among tobacco-smoking and nonsmoking students of the Medical University of Lublin--chosen aspects. Przegl Lek 2010;67:871-4.
  • Lindenmüller H, Lambrecht JT. Oral care. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;40:107-15.
  • Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F. Primary preventive dentistry. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Pearson Education; 2004.
  • Forward GC, James AH, Barnett P, Jackson RJ. Gum health product formulations: what is in them and why? Periodontol 2000 1997;15:32-9.
  • Shulman JD, Wells LM. Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting homeuse dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age. J Public Health Dent 1997;57:150-8.
  • Clarkson JJ, McLoughlin J. Role of fluoride in oral health promotion. Int Dent J 2000;50:119-28.
  • Wülknitz P. Cleaning power and abrasivity of European toothpastes. Adv Dent Res 1997;11:576-9.
  • Claydon NC, Moran J, Bosma ML, Shirodaria S, Addy M, Newcombe R. Clinical study to compare the effectiveness of a test whitening toothpaste with a commercial whitening toothpaste at inhibiting dental stain. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1088-91.
  • Moore C, Addy M. Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:1242-6.
  • West NX, Hughes JA, Addy M. Dentine hypersensitivity: the effects of brushing toothpaste on etched and unetched dentine in vitro. J Oral Rehabil 2002;29:167-74.
  • Zero DT. Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies. BMC Oral Health 2006;6 Suppl 1:S9.
  • Dyer D, Addy M, Newcombe RG. Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2000;27:99-103.
  • Joiner A, Schwarz A, Philpotts CJ, Cox TF, Huber K, Hannig M. The protective nature of pellicle towards toothpaste abrasion on enamel and dentine. J Dent 2008;36:360-8.
  • Quirynen M, de Soete M, Pauwels M, Goossens K, Teughels W, van Eldere J, et al. Bacterial survival rate on tooth- and interdental brushes in relation to the use of toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:1106-14.
  • Neppelberg E, Costea DE, Vintermyr OK, Johannessen AC. Dual effects of sodium lauryl sulphate on human oral epithelial structure. Exp Dermatol 2007;16:574-9.
  • Sano H, Nakashima S, Songpaisan Y, Phantumvanit P. Effect of a xylitol and fluoride containing toothpaste on the remineralization of human enamel in vitro. J Oral Sci 2007;49:67-73.
  • Takatsuka T, Exterkate RA, ten Cate JM. Effects of Isomalt on enamel de- and remineralization, a combined in vitro pH-cycling model and in situ study. Clin Oral Investig 2008;12:173-7.
  • Andersson M, Hindsén M. Rhinitis because of toothpaste and other menthol-containing products. Allergy 2007;62:336-7.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD002278.
  • Tulga F, Gümüşsoy S, Durutürk L, Ören MC. Farklı kompozisyonlardaki florürlü diş macunlarında minenin florür alınımının değerlendirilmesi. Pedodonti Klinik / Araştırma 1995;2:81-7.
  • Davies RM, Ellwood RP, Davies GM. The rational use of fluoride toothpaste. Int J Dent Hyg 2003;1:3-8.
  • Mascarenhas AK, Burt BA. Fluorosis risk from early exposure to fluoride toothpaste. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:241-8.
  • White DJ. Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:508-22.
  • Ammari JB, Baqain ZH, Ashley PF. Effects of programs for prevention of early childhood caries. A systematic review. Med Princ Pract 2007;16:437-42.
  • Splieth CH, Flessa S. Modelling lifelong costs of caries with and without fluoride use. Eur J Oral Sci 2008;116:164-9.
  • Efstratiou M, Papaioannou W, Nakou M, Ktenas E, Vrotsos IA, Panis V. Contamination of a toothbrush with antibacterial properties by oral microorganisms. J Dent 2007;35:331-7.
  • Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Källestål C, Lagerlöf F, et al. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;61:347-55.
  • Pine CM, Curnow MM, Burnside G, Nicholson JA, Roberts AJ. Caries prevalence four years after the end of a randomised controlled trial. Caries Res 2007;41:431-6.
  • Ellwood RP, Davies GM, Worthington HV, Blinkhorn AS, Taylor GO, Davies RM. Relationship between area deprivation and the anticaries benefit of an oral health programme providing free fluoride toothpaste to young children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:159-65.
  • Borremans M, Van Loco J, Van Den Meerssche P, Meunier J, Vrindts E, Goeyens L. Analysis of fluoride in toothpastes on the Belgian market. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008;30:145-52.
  • Moran J, Addy M, Corry D, Newcombe RG, Haywood J. A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a new zinc citrate toothpaste formulation. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:157-61.
  • Moran J, Newcombe RG, Wright P, Haywood J, Marlow I, Addy M. A study into the plaque-inhibitory activity of experimental toothpaste formulations containing antimicrobial agents. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:841-5.
  • Hatti S, Ravindra S, Satpathy A, Kulkarni RD, Parande MV. Biofilm inhibition and antimicrobial activity of a dentifrice containing salivary substitutes. Int J Dent Hyg 2007;5:218-24.
  • Robertshaw H, Leppard B. Contact dermatitis to triclosan in toothpaste. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:383-4.
  • Moran J, Addy M, Newcombe RG, Marlow I. A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a newly formulated triclosan toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:86-9.
  • Jacobsen PL, Bruce G. Clinical dentin hypersensitivity: understanding the causes and prescribing a treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2001;2:1-12.
  • Wara-aswapati N, Krongnawakul D, Jiraviboon D, Adulyanon S, Karimbux N, Pitiphat W. The effect of a new toothpaste containing potassium nitrate and triclosan on gingival health, plaque formation and dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:53-8.
  • Rosin M, Kramer A, Bradtke D, Richter G, Kocher T. The effect of a SCN-/H2O2 toothpaste compared to a commercially available triclosancontaining toothpaste on oral hygiene and gingival health -- a 6-month home-use study. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:1086-91.
  • Walters PA. Dentinal hypersensitivity: a review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005;6:107-17.
  • Markowitz K, Pashley DH. Discovering new treatments for sensitive teeth: the long path from biology to therapy. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:300-15.
  • Sauro S, Gandolfi MG, Prati C, Mongiorgi R. Oxalate-containing phytocomplexes as dentine desensitisers: an in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:655-64.
  • Davies R, Scully C, Preston AJ. Dentifrices--an update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010;15:e976-82.
  • Ayad F, Ayad N, Delgado E, Zhang YP, DeVizio W, Cummins D, et al. Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in Mississauga, Canada. J Clin Dent 2009;20:115-22.
  • Docimo R, Montesani L, Maturo P, Costacurta M, Bartolino M, Zhang YP, et al. Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study in Rome, Italy. J Clin Dent 2009;20:137-43.
  • Que K, Fu Y, Lin L, Hu D, Zhang YP, Panagakos FS, et al. Dentin hypersensitivity reduction of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride: an 8-week clinical study on Chinese adults. Am J Dent 2010;23 Spec No A:28A-35A.
  • Altenburger MJ, Bernhart J, Schicha TD, Wrbas KT, Hellwig E. Comparison of in vitro fluoride uptake from whitening toothpastes and a conventional toothpaste in demineralised enamel. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2010;120:104-13.
  • Lima DA, Silva AL, Aguiar FH, Liporoni PC, Munin E, Ambrosano GM, et al. In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of whitening dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stains. Braz Oral Res 2008;22:106-11.
  • Schemehorn BR, Moore MH, Putt MS. Abrasion, polishing, and stain removal characteristics of various commercial dentifrices in vitro. J Clin Dent 2011;22:11-8.
  • Hilgenberg SP, Pinto SC, Farago PV, Santos FA, Wambier DS. Physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpaste and evaluation of its effects on enamel roughness. Braz Oral Res 2011;25:288-94.
  • Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res 2009;23 Suppl 1:64-70.
  • Joiner A, Philpotts CJ, Ashcroft AT, Laucello M, Salvaderi A. In vitro cleaning, abrasion and fluoride efficacy of a new silica based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine. J Dent 2008;36 Suppl 1:S32-7.
  • Niwa M, Sato T, Li W, Aoki H, Aoki H, Daisaku T. Polishing and whitening properties of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001;12:277-81.
  • Moran J, Claydon NC, Addy M, Newcombe R. Clinical studies to determine the effectiveness of a whitening toothpaste at reducing stain (using a forced stain model). Int J Dent Hyg 2005;3:25-30.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Canan Dağ Bu kişi benim

Nurhan Özalp Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Ekim 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağ, C., & Özalp, N. (2013). Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 30(3), 149-56.
AMA Dağ C, Özalp N. Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları. Acta Odontol Turc. Ağustos 2013;30(3):149-56.
Chicago Dağ, Canan, ve Nurhan Özalp. “Ağız-Diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: Diş Macunları”. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30, sy. 3 (Ağustos 2013): 149-56.
EndNote Dağ C, Özalp N (01 Ağustos 2013) Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30 3 149–56.
IEEE C. Dağ ve N. Özalp, “Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları”, Acta Odontol Turc, c. 30, sy. 3, ss. 149–56, 2013.
ISNAD Dağ, Canan - Özalp, Nurhan. “Ağız-Diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: Diş Macunları”. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30/3 (Ağustos 2013), 149-56.
JAMA Dağ C, Özalp N. Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları. Acta Odontol Turc. 2013;30:149–56.
MLA Dağ, Canan ve Nurhan Özalp. “Ağız-Diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: Diş Macunları”. Acta Odontologica Turcica, c. 30, sy. 3, 2013, ss. 149-56.
Vancouver Dağ C, Özalp N. Ağız-diş sağlığının vazgeçilmezi: diş macunları. Acta Odontol Turc. 2013;30(3):149-56.