Effect of MWCNT added biodiesel, n-octanol blend on the performance, combustion and noise level of a single cylinder CRDI diesel engine

Öz

Regarding diesel engines, various problems such as the increasing need for diesel fuel, polluting gases released into the environment and more stringent exhaust emissions have led researchers to search for alternative fuels. Researchers are focusing on biodiesel fuels that are sustainable and less harmful to the environment. In order to increase the use of high-rate biodiesel in diesel engines, there is a need to investigate the effects of various additives. In this study, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) contribution to the biodiesel-n-octanol mixture on the performance, combustion and engine noise of a diesel engine with CRDI system was investigated. B95O5 fuel was created by adding 5% n-octanol by volume to biodiesel. By adding 100 ppm MWCNT to this mixture fuel, B95O5100MWCNT fuel was obtained. Four different test fuels, pure diesel (D100), pure biodiesel (B100), B95O5 and B95O5100MWCNT, were used in the experimental study. The experimental study was carried out under four different load conditions (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. According to the results, the engine torque of MWCNT added fuel increased compared to B95O5. Brake specific energy consumption (BSFC) and combustion efficiency were improved with MWCNT additive. While the maximum cylinder gas pressure was achieved with D100, the heat release rate reached the maximum value with B95O5. Engine noise level increased in operation with B95O5. The noise level was reduced with the addition of MWCNT.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanoparticle
• multi-walled carbon nanotube
• CRDI
• engine noise
• combustion

MWCNT katkılı biyodizel, n-oktanol karışımının tek silindirli CRDI bir dizel motorun performans, yanma ve gürültü düzeyine etkisi

Öz

Dizel motorlarla ilgili olarak, günden güne artan dizel yakıt ihtiyacı, çevreye salınan kirletici gazlar ve daha sıkı hale gelen egzoz emisyonları gibi çeşitli sorunlar araştırmacıları alternatif yakıt arayışına yöneltmiştir. Araştırmacılar, sürdürülebilir, çevreye daha az zarar veren biyodizel yakıtlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Dizel motorlarda yüksek oranlı biyodizel kullanımının arttırılabilmesi için çeşitli katkı maddelerinin etkilerinin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada, biyodizel, n-oktanol karışımına çok duvarlı karbon nanotüp (MWCNT) katkısının common rail direk enjeksiyon (CRDI) sistemine sahip bir dizel motorun performans, yanma ve motor gürültüsü üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Biyodizele hacimsel olarak %5 n-oktanol ilave edilerek B95O5 yakıtı oluşturulmuştur. Bu karışım yakıta 100 ppm dozajda MWCNT eklenerek B95O5100MWCNT yakıtı elde edilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmada dört farklı test yakıtı, saf dizel (D100), saf biyodizel (B100), B95O5 ve B95O5100MWCNT kullanılmıştır. Deneysel çalışma, 1500 d/d sabit hızda dört farklı yük şartlarında (%25, %50, %75 ve %100) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, MWCNT katkılı yakıtın motor torku B95O5’e kıyasla yükselmiştir. Fren özgül enerji tüketimi (FÖET) ve yanma verimi MWCNT katkısı ile iyileştirilmiştir. Maksimum silindir gaz basıncı D100 ile sağlanırken, ısı açığa çıkış hızı B95O5 ile maksimum değere ulaşmıştır. Motor gürültü düzeyi B95O5 ile çalışmada yükselmiştir. MWCNT ilavesi ile gürültü seviyesi azaltılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanopartikül
• çok duvarlı karbon nanotüp
• CRDI
• motor gürültüsü
• yanma

Etik Beyan

Bu makalenin yazarları çalışmalarında kullandıkları materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve/veya yasal olarak özel bir izin gerektirmediğini beyan ederler.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Chetia B., Debbarma S., Das B., An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen-Enriched and Nanoparticle Blended Waste Cooking Biodiesel on Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, In press, 2023.
2. 2. Aslan F.B., Mürtezaoğlu K., Melikoğlu M., Techno-economic analysis and calculation of environmental impacts of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes in Turkey, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (4), 2077-2090, 2024.
3. 3. Vellaiyan S., Subbiah A., Chockalingam P., Combustion, Performance, and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Water-Biodiesel Emulsion Fuel and Nanoadditive, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33478-33489, 2018.
4. 4. Shariff S.H., Vadapalli S., Sagari J., Influence of FeCl3 Nanoparticle Dispersion in Cassia fistula Biodiesel Blend on the Analysis of Vibration and Noise Intensity of a Diesel Engine, Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, 10, 1531-1539, 2022.
5. 5. Sanatha K., Bhatti S.K., Jaikumar S., Influence of ZnO Nanoparticle Dispersed Baheda Oil Biodiesel Blend in Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine: Vibration and Noise Assessment, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 102, 941-949, 2021.
6. 6. Krishna A.M., Salam P.A., Tongroon M., Chollacoop N., Performance and Emission Assessment of Optimally Blended Biodiesel-Diesel-Ethanol in Diesel Engine Generator, Applied Thermal Engineering, 155, 525-533, 2019.
7. 7. Nagappan B., Devarajan Y., Kariappan E., Philip S.B., Gautam S., Influence of Antioxidant Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Beef Tallow Biodiesel-Fuelled C.I Engine, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 12041-12055, 2021.
8. 8. Şimşek F., Investigation of the effects of ultrasonic bath application on the characteristic properties of biodiesel obtained from hazelnut oil, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (3), 1583-1595, 2024.

9. 9. Gundoshmian T.M., Heidari-Maleni A., Jahanbakhshi A., Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine Using Functional Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) Additives in Biodiesel-Diesel Blends, Fuel, 287, 119525, 2021.
10. 10. Demirtaş G., Balki M.K., Sayin C., Effects of a CRDI Engine Running on Biodiesel, n-Octanol and Nanoparticle Blended Nanofuel on Performance, Emissions and Combustion, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08266-x, 2023.
11. 11. Hoang A.T., Le M.X., Nizeic Z., Huan, Z., Ağbulut Ü., Veza I., Said Z., Le A.T., Tran V.D., Nguyen X.P., Understanding Behaviors of Compression Ignition Engine Running on Metal Nanoparticle Additives-Included Fuels: A Control Comparison Between Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel, Fuel, 326, 124981, 2022.
12. 12. Jaikumar S., Srinivas V., Rajasekhar M., Influence of Dispersant Added Nanoparticle Additives with Diesel-Biodiesel Blend on Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine: Combustion, Engine Performance, and Exhaust Emissions Approach, Energy, 224, 120197, 2021.
13. 13. Atabani A.E., Kulthoom A.S., Spectral, Thermoanalytical Characterizations, Properties, Engine and Emission Performance of Complementary Biodiesel-Diesel-Pentanol/Octanol Blends. Fuel, 282, 118849, 2020.
14. 14. Ashok B., Nanthagopal K., Anand V., Aravind K.M., Jeevanantham A.K., Balusamy S., Effects of n-Octanol as a Fuel Blend with Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Characteristics. Fuel, 235, 363-373, 2019.
15. 15. Shekofteh M., Gundoshmian T.M., Jahanbakhshi A., Heidari-Maleni A., Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Functionalized Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) and Diesel-Biodiesel-Bioethanol Blends, Energy Reports, 6, 1438-1447, 2020.
16. 16. Ealias A.M., Saravanakumar M.P., A Review on the Classification, Characterisation, Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Application. 14th ICSET IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 263, 032019, 2017.
17. 17. Soudagar M.E.M., Nik-Ghazali N.N., Kalam M.A., Badruddin I.A., Banapurmath N.R., Akram N., The Effect of Nano-Additives in Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blends : A Comprehensive Review on Stability, Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics. Energy Conversion and Management, 178, 146-177., 2018.
18. 18. Sezer İ., Effect of nano materials additives on fuel properties and combustion characteristics, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 34 (1) 115-136, 2019.
19. 19. Sürer E., Solmaz H., Yılmaz E., Calam A., İpci D., Investigation of the effect of carbon nanotube addition to diesel biodiesel blend on engine performance and exhaust emissions, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 38 (2), 1055-1064, 2023.
20. 20. Solmaz H., Calam A., Yılmaz E., Şahin F., Ardebili S.M.S., Aksoy F., Evaluation of MWCNT as Fuel Additive to Diesel-Biodiesel Blend in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine, Biofuels, 14, 147-156, 2022.
21. 21. Alenezi R.A., Norkhizan A.M., Mamat R., Erdiwansyah, Najafi G., Mazlan M., Investigating The Contribution of Carbon Nanotubes and Diesel-Biodiesel Blends to Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine, Fuel, 285, 119046, 2021.
22. 22. Xuan T., Abdullah A.S., He Z., Mujtaba M.A., Veza I., El-Seesy A.I., Enhancement of the Applicability of Jatropha Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine Using n-Heptanol and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Additives, International Journal of Ambient Energy, https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2023.2224336, 2023.
23. 23. Lakshmi R.V., Jaikumar S., Srinivas V., Rajasekhar M., Vibration and Noise Study on the Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Running with Nanoparticle Dispersed Abrus Precatorius Biodiesel Blend, Silicon, 14, 4887-4897, 2022.
24. 24. Kanimozhi B., Karthikeyan L., Praveenkumar T.R., Alharbi S.A., Alfarraj S., Gavurova, B., Evaluation of Karanja and Safflower Biodiesel on Engine’s Performance and Emission Characteristics along with Nanoparticles in DI Engine, Fuel, 352, 129101, 2023.
25. 25. El-Seesy A.I., Waly M.S., El-Batsh H.M., El-Zoheiry R.M., Enhancement of the Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Usability in the Diesel Engine by Using n-Decanol, Nitrogen-Doped, and Amino Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Energy Conversion Management, 277, 116646, 2023.
26. 26. El-Adawy M., Effects of Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blends Doped with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Combustion Attributes of a Diesel Engine, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 80, 269-281, 2023.
27. 27. Pulluri G.K., Balaram Padal K.T., Sagari J., Experimental Investigation on a Compression Ignition Engine Operating with Al2O3 Nanoparticles and Schleichera Oleosa Biodiesel: Combustion, Vibration, and Noise Approach, Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 8, 499-509, 2023.
28. 28. Tomar M., Kumar N., Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Alumina Nano-Additives in a Light Duty Diesel Engine Fuelled with Schleichera Oleosa Biodiesel Blends, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 42, 100833, 2020.
29. 29. Sateesh K.A., Yaliwal V.S., Banapurmath N.H., Soudagar M.E.M., Yunus Khan T.M., Harari P.A., El-Shafay A.S., Mujtaba M.A., Elfaskhany A., Kalam M.A., Effect of MWCNTs Nano-Additive on a Dual-Fuel Engine Characteristics Utilizing Dairy Scum Oil Methyl Ester and Producer Gas. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 42, 102661, 2023.
30. 30. El-Seesy A.I., Hassan H., Investigation of the Effect of Adding Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nanoplatelet, and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Additives with n-Butanol-Jatropha Methyl Ester on a Diesel Engine Performance. Renewable Energy, 132, 558-574, 2019.
31. 31. Ooi J.B., Kau C.C., Manoharan D.N., Wang X., Tran M.V., Hung Y.M., Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm-Oil Biodiesel-Diesel Blend. Energy, 281, 128350, 2023.
32. 32. El-Seesy A.I., Waly M.S., He Z., El-Batsh H.M., Nasser A., El-Zoheiry R.M., Enhancement of the Combustion and Stability Aspects of Diesel Methanol-Hydrous Methanol Blends Utilizing n-Octanol, Diethyl Ether, and Nanoparticle Additives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 371, 133673, 2022.
33. 33. Atelge M.R., Arslan E., Krisa D., Al-Samaraae R.R., Abut S., Ünalan S., Atabani A.E., Kahraman N., Akansu S.O., Kaya M., Sarıkoç S., Kıvrak H.D., Comparative Investigation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Diesel Fuel and Biogas in Dual Fuel Mode on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics. Fuel, 313, 123008, 2022.
34. 34. Ramalingam S., Babu M.N., Devarajan Y., Babu M.D., Varuvel E.G., Environmental and Energy Valuation of Wastederived Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester Combined with Multi-Walled Carbon (MWCNTs) Additives in Hydrogen-Enriched Dual Fuel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, In Press, 2023.
35. 35. Sunil S., Chandra Prasad B.S. Kotresh M., Kakkeri S., Studies on Suitability of Multiwalled CNT as Catalyst in Combustion on a CI Engine Fueled with Dairy Waste Biodiesel Blends, Materials Today Proceedings, 26, 613-619, 2019.
36. 36. Gad M.S., Abdel Aziz M.M., Kayet H., Performance, Emissions and Exergy Analyses of Adding CNTs to Various Biodiesel Feedstocks, Propulsion and Power Research, 11, 511-526, 2022.
37. 37. Tran V.D., Le A.T., Hoang A.T., An Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with ULSD-Biodiesel Blends, Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10, 183-190, 2021.
38. 38. Örs I., Sarıkoç S., Atabani A.E., Ünalan S., Akansu S.O., The Effects on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of DICI Engine Fuelled with TiO2 Nanoparticles Addition in Diesel/Biodiesel/n-Butanol Blends, Fuel, 234, 177-188, 2018.
39. 39. Esteban B., Riba J.R., Baquero G., Puig R., Rius A., Characterization of the Surface Tension of Vegetable Oils To Be Used as Fuel in Diesel Engines, Fuel, 102, 231-238, 2012.
40. 40. Basha J.S., Impact of Carbon Nanotubes and Di-Ethyl Ether as Additives with Biodiesel Emulsion Fuels in a Diesel Engine-An Experimental Investigation, Journal of the Energy Institute, 91, 289-303, 2018.
41. 41. Raju V.D., Kishore P.S., Nanthagopal K., Ashok B., An Experimental Study on the Effect of Nanoparticles with Novel Tamarind Seed Methyl Ester for Diesel Engine Applications, Energy Conversion and Management, 164, 655-666, 2018.
42. 42. Srinidhi C., Madhusudhan A., A Diesel Engine Performance Investigation Fuelled with Nickel Oxide Nano Fuel-Methyl Ester, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 7, 676-681, 2017.
43. 43. Basha J.S., Anand R.B., The Influence of Nano Additive Blended Biodiesel Fuels on the Working Characteristics of a Diesel Engine, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 35, 257-264, 2013.
44. 44. Gad M.S., Jayaraj S., A Comparative Study on the Effect of Nano-Additives on the Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Run on Jatropha Biodiesel, Fuel, 267, 117168, 2020.
45. 45. Chen A.F., Adzmi M.A., Adam A., Othman M.F., Kamaruzzaman M.K., Mrwan A.G., Combustion Characteristics, Engine Performances and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Using Nanoparticle-Diesel Fuel Blends with Aluminium Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Oxide, Energy Conversion and Management, 171, 461-477, 2018.
46. 46. Putrasari Y., Lim O., A Study on Combustion and Emission of GCI Engines Fueled with Gasoline-Biodiesel Blends, Fuel, 189, 141-154, 2017.
47. 47. Nabi M.N., Rasul M.G., Anwar M., Mullins B.J., Energy, Exergy, Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using New Series of Non-Edible Biodiesels, Renewable Energy, 140, 647-657, 2019.
48. 48. Sürer, E., Dizel-Biyodizel Karışımına Metalik Esaslı Karbon Nanotüp Katkı Maddesi İlavesinin Motor Performansı ve Egzoz Emisyonlarına Etkisinin İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2020.
49. 49. Prasad K.B., Meduri O., Raju V.D., Azmeera A.K., Venu H., Subramani L., Soudagar M.E.M., Effect of Split Fuel Injection Strategies on the Diverse Characteristics of CRDI Diesel Engine Operated with Tamarind Biodiesel, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1-19, 2020.
50. 50. Sayin C., Gumuş M., Canakci M., Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure on the Injection, Combustion and Performance Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Canola Oil Methyl Esters-Diesel Fuel Blends, Biomass and Bioenergy, 46, 435-446, 2012.
51. 51. El-Seesy A.I., Hassan H., Investigation of the Effect of Adding Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nanoplatelet, and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Additives with n-Butanol-Jatropha Methyl Ester on a Diesel Engine Performance, Renewable Energy, 132, 558-574, 2019.
52. 52. Wu G., Ge J.C., Choi N.J., A Comprehensive Review of the Application Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines, Applied Sciences, 10, 8015, 2020.
53. 53. Ağbulut Ü., Karagöz M., Sarıdemir S., Öztürk A., Impact of Various Metal-Oxide Based Nanoparticles and Biodiesel Blends on The Combustion, Performance, Emission, Vibration and Noise Characteristics of a CI Engine, Fuel, 270, 117521, 2020.
54. 54. Sarıdemir S., Ağbulut Ü., Pamuk Tohumu Metil Ester-Dizel Karışımları Yakıtlı Motorun Yanma, Performans, Titreşim ve Gürültü Özellikleri, Biyoyakıtlar, 13, 201-210, 2019.
55. 55. Patel C., Lee S., Tiwari N., Agarwal A.K., Lee C.S., Park S., Spray Characterization, Combustion, Noise and Vibrations Investigations of Jatropha Biodiesel Fuelled Genset Engine, Fuel, 185, 410-420, 2016.
56. 56. Jaikumar S., Bhatti S.K., Srinivas V., Emission and Vibration Characteristics of Niger Seed Oil Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 13, 5862-5874, 2019.
57. 57. Varadappan A.M.S., Sundaram A.G., Effect of Diesterol Blends on the Noise Vibration and Harshness of a Genset Engine, Materialstodays Proceedings, 90, 86-95, 2023.
58. 58. Pulluri G.K., Balaram Padal K.T., Sagari J., Vibration and Noise Assessment of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Al2O3 Nanoparticles Dispersed Schleichera Oleosa Biodiesel, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04652-4, 2022.