Türkiye’deki tip cami projelerinin derece gün bölgelerine göre iç mekân hava sıcaklığı ve enerji tüketimi açısından değerlendirilmesi: Faz değiştirici malzeme kullanılarak iyileştirme önerisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de bulunan altı farklı iklim bölgesinde yer alan camilerin iç mekân sıcaklık ve enerji tüketimi analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada her bir iklim bölgesinde bulunan caminin güney duvarına 5 cm kalınlığında faz değiştirici malzeme (FDM) eklenmiştir. Çalışmada modelleme Revit programı ile yapıldıktan sonra OpenStudio arayüzü kullanılarak model EnergyPlus programına aktarılmıştır. EnergyPlus programında FDM’li ve FDM’siz sıcaklıklar her iklim bölgesi için farklı şekilde yıl içerisinde en sıcak beş gün ve en soğuk beş gündeki namaz vakitleri esas alınarak simüle edilmiştir. Simülasyon sonucu FDM malzemesinin ısı depolama ve ısıyı iç mekâna yayma değerleri sayısal bir model ile doğrulanarak CFD analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre FDM malzemesinin tüm iklim bölgelerinde iç mekân sıcaklıklarında denge sağladığı ve enerji tüketimini azalttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Yaz döneminde 1 ve 2. derece gün bölgelerinde daha verimli olan sistemin, kış mevsiminde ise 4 ve 6. derece gün bölgelerinde daha verimli olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca CFD analizleri irdelendiğinde ise ısı yayılımının 1.derece gün bölgesinde daha verimli olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma iç mekân hava sıcaklığı ve enerji verimliliğini iyileştirmek amacıyla FDM malzemesinin duvar yüzeyine entegre bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle cami gibi ısıl konforun dengesiz olabileceği yapılara yönelik uygulanabilir çözümler sunması açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İç mekân hava sıcaklığı
• cami yapıları
• iklim bölgeleri
• faz değiştirici malzeme
• EnergyPlus programı

Kaynakça

1. 1. Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. ISBN: 978-92-807-4131-5, 2022.
2. 2. Karagöl, T., Kavaz, İ. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji. SETA, analiz dergisi, 4 (197), 5-32, 2017.
3. 3. International Energy Agency. 2017, IEA statistics: World energy balances overview 2017.
4. 4. Abdullah, F. H., Majid, N. H. A., Othman, R. Defining Issue of Thermal Comfort Control Through Urban Mosque Façade Design, Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 234, 416-423, 2016.
5. 5. Azmi, N. A., Arıcı, M., Baharun, A. A Review on The Factors İnfluencing Energy Efficiency of Mosque Buildings, Journal of cleaner production, 292, 126010, 2021.
6. 6. Kahera, A., Abdulmalik, L., Anz, C. Design Criteria for Mosques and Islamic Centres. Routledge, 2009.
7. 7. Harsritanto, B. I. R., Nugroho, S., Dewanta, F., Prabowo, A. R. Mosque Design Strategy For Energy and Water Saving, Open engineering, 11 (1), 723-733, 2021.
8. 8. Azmi, N. A., Kandar, M. Z. Factors Contributing in the Design of Environmentally Sustainable Mosques, Journal of building engineering, 23, 27-37, 2019.

9. 9. Azmi, N. A., Baharun, A., Arıcı, M., Ibrahim, S. H. Improving Thermal Comfort in Mosques of Hot-Humid Climates Through Passive and Low-Energy Design Strategies, Frontiers of architectural research, 12 (2), 361-385, 2023.
10. 10. Ahriz, A., Mesloub, A., Elkhayat, K., Alghaseb, M. A., Abdelhafez, M. H., Ghosh, A. Development of a Mosque Design for a Hot, Dry Climate Based on A Holistic Bioclimatic Vision, Sustainability, 13 (11), 6254, 2021.
11. 11. Atmaca, A. B., Gedik, G. Z. Evaluation Of Mosques in terms of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Temperate-Humid Climate, Energy and buildings, 195, 195-204, 2019.
12. 12. Manaf, M. Z. A., Mohamed, M. F., Yusoff, W. F. M., Sulaiman, M. K. A. M. A, Study on the Thermal Comfort of Prayer Hall Based on the Roof Design of Mosque with Natural Ventilation, International Journal of advanced science and technology, 29 (9), 1900–1915, 2020.
13. 13. Sarıaydın E.U., Güçyeter B., Halaç H.H, Planning the Monitoring Process and Energy Performance Evaluation in Historical Buildings: The Case of Tiryakizade Süleyman Ağa Mosque, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (2), 943-958, 2024.
14. 14. Azmi, N. A., Ibrahim, S. H. A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Performance and Envelope Thermal Design of Mosque Buildings, Building and environment, 185, 107305, 2020.
15. 15. Al-Tamimi, N., Qahtan, A., Abuelzein, O. Rear Zone for Energy Efficiency in Large Mosques in Saudi Arabia, Energy and buildings, 223, 110148, 2020.
16. 16. Budaiwi, I., Abdou, A. HVAC System Operational Strategies for Reduced Energy Consumption in Buildings with Intermittent Occupancy: The Case of Mosques, Energy conversion and management, 73, 37-50, 2013.
17. 17. Bughrara, K. S., Arsan, Z. D., Akkurt, G. G. Applying Underfloor Heating System for Improvement of Thermal Comfort in Historic Mosques: The Case Study of Salepçioğlu Mosque, Izmir, Turkey, Energy procedia, 133, 290-299, 2017.
18. 18. Al-Homoud, M. S., Abdou, A. A., Budaiwi, I. M. Assessment of Monitored Energy Use and Thermal Comfort Conditions in Mosques in Hot-Humid Climates, Energy and buildings, 41 (6), 607-614, 2009.
19. 19. Al-ajmi, F. F. Thermal Comfort in Air-Conditioned Mosques in the Dry Desert Climate, Building and environment, 45, 2407–2413, 2010.
20. 20. Yüksel, A., Arıcı, M., Krajčík, M., Karabay, H. Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and CO2 Concentration in Mosques: A Case Study in Warm Temperate Climate of Yalova, Turkey, Sustainable cities and society, 52, 101809, 2020.
21. 21. Yusoff, W. F. M. Initial Assessment of İndoor Environmental Condition and Thermal Comfort of Malaysia Heritage Mosque, Jurnal kejuruteraan, 32 (2), 271–280, 2020.
22. 22. Yusoff, M., Fatimah, W. Indoor Thermal Comfort in Modern Mosque of Tropical Climate, International journal of architecture and planning (ICONARP), 9 (2), 720-741, 2021.
23. 23. Hussin, A., Salleh, E., Chan, H. Y., Mat, S. The Reliability of Predicted Mean Vote Model Predictions in an Air-Conditioned Mosque During Daily Prayer Times in Malaysia, Architectural science review, 58 (1), 67–76, 2015.
24. 24. Kahwaji, S., White, M. A. Organic Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: Influence of Molecular Structure on Properties, Molecules, 26 (21), 6635, 2021.
25. 25. Wang, X., Li, W., Luo, Z., Wang, K., Shah, S. P. A Critical Review on Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Sustainable and Energy Efficient Building: Design, Characteristic, Performance and Application, Energy and buildings, 260, 111923, 2022.
26. 26. Rao, V. V., Parameshwaran, R., Ram, V. V. PCM-Mortar Based Construction Materials for Energy Efficient Buildings: A Review on Research Trends, Energy and buildings, 158, 95-122, 2018.
27. 27. Lamrani, B., Johannes, K., Kuznik, F. Phase Change Materials İntegrated into Building Walls: An updated review, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 140, 110751, 2021.
28. 28. Xiong, Q., Alshehri, H. M., Monfaredi, R., Tayebi, T., Majdoub, F., Hajjar, A., Delpisheh, M., Izadi, M. Application of Phase Change Material in Improving Trombe Wall Efficiency: An up-to-date and Comprehensive Overview, Energy and buildings, 258, 111824, 2022.
29. 29. Meng, E., Yu, H., Zhou, B. Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Composite Phase Change Material (PCM) Room in Summer and Winter, Applied thermal engineering, 126, 212-225, 2017.
30. 30. Cengiz H.T., Gedik G.Z., Korkmaz E., Evaluation of energy-efficient retrofits in glazing areas of building envelope and the impact of PCM application on energy performance: A case study in İstanbul and Diyarbakır, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (4), 2395-2408, 2024.
31. 31. Kheradmand, M., Azenha, M., de Aguiar, J. L., Castro-Gomes, J. Experimental and Numerical Studies of Hybrid PCM Embedded in Plastering Mortar for Enhanced Thermal Behaviour of Buildings, Energy, 94, 250-261, 2016.
32. 32. El Rhafiki, T., Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Benomar, W., Zennouhi, H., Jamil, A., Zeraouli, Y. Numerical Analysis of a Micro-encapsulated PCM Wallboard: Fluxmeter Applications, Journal of building engineering, 14, 127-133, 2017.
33. 33. Mahdaoui, M., Hamdaoui, S., Msaad, A. A., Kousksou, T., El Rhafiki, T., Jamil, A., Ahachad, M. Building Bricks with Phase Change Material (PCM): Thermal Performances, Construction and building materials, 269, 121315, 2021.
34. 34. İlgar G., Terhan M., Effect of Thickness and Melting Temperature of Phase Change Material İntegrated İnto Exterior Wall on Building Energy Performance and CO2 Emission Reduction, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (2), 959-976, 2024.
35. 35. Soares, N., Gaspar, A. R., Santos, P., Costa, J. J. Multi-Dimensional Optimization of the Incorporation of PCM-Drywalls in Lightweight Steel-Framed Residential Buildings in Different Climates, Energy and buildings, 70, 411-421, 2014.
36. 36. Lee, K. O., Medina, M. A., Raith, E., Sun, X. Assessing the İntegration of a Thin Phase Change Material (PCM) Layer in a Residential Building Wall for Heat Transfer Reduction and Management, Applied energy, 137, 699-706, 2015.
37. 37. Mi, X., Liu, R., Cui, H., Memon, S. A., Xing, F., Lo, Y. Energy and Economic Analysis of Building İntegrated with PCM in Different Cities of China, Applied energy, 175, 324-336, 2016.
38. 38. Wang, X., Yu, H., Li, L., Zhao, M. Experimental Assessment on the Use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs)-Bricks in the Exterior Wall of a Full-Scale Room, Energy conversion and management, 120, 81-89, 2016.
39. 39. Fateh, A., Klinker, F., Brütting, M., Weinläder, H., Devia, F. Numerical and Experimental Investigation of an Insulation Layer with Phase Change Materials (PCMs), Energy and buildings, 153, 231-240, 2017.
40. 40. Saafi, K., Daouas, N. Energy and Cost Efficiency of Phase Change Materials İntegrated in Building Envelopes Under Tunisia Mediterranean Climate, Energy, 187, 115987, 2019.
41. 41. Li, D., Zheng, Y., Liu, C., Wu, G. Numerical Analysis on Thermal Performance of Roof Contained PCM of a Single Residential Building, Energy conversion and management, 100, 147-156, 2015.
42. 42. Nurlybekova, G., Memon, S. A., Adilkhanova, I. Quantitative Evaluation of the Thermal and Energy Performance of the PCM Integrated Building in the Subtropical Climate Zone for Current and Future Climate Scenario, Energy, 219, 119587, 2021.
43. 43. Barzin, R., Chen, J. J., Young, B. R., Farid, M. M. Application of PCM Underfloor Heating in Combination with PCM Wallboards for Space Heating Using Price-Based Control System, Applied energy, 148, 39-48, 2015.
44. 44. Ahangari, M., Maerefat, M. An Innovative PCM System for Thermal Comfort Improvement and Energy Demand Reduction in Building Under Different Climate Conditions, Sustainable cities and society, 44, 120-129, 2019.
45. 45. Souayfane, F., Biwole, P. H., Fardoun, F., Achard, P. Energy Performance and Economic Analysis of a TIM-PCM Wall Under Different Climates, Energy, 169, 1274-1291, 2019.
46. 46. TS825 Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları, 2024.
47. 47. Freemeteo veri tabanı, URL 1: https://freemeteo.me/ Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2, 2025.
48. 48. URL 2: https://iranpetrochemical/paraffin-wax-solid/ Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 15, 2025.
49. 49. Devaux, P., Farid, M. M. Benefits of PCM Underfloor Heating with PCM Wallboards for Space Heating in Winter, Applied energy, 191, 593-602, 2017.
50. 50. Pandey, B., Banerjee, R., Sharma, A. Coupled EnergyPlus and CFD Analysis of PCM for Thermal Management of Buildings, Energy and buildings, 231, 110598, 2021.
51. 51. Lygerakis, F., Gioti, C., Gournis, D., Yentekakis, I. V., Karakassides, M., Kolokotsa, D. Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency with Innovative Paraffin-Based Phase Change Materials, Energies, 17 (16), 4155, 2024.
52. 52. Jiang, L., Gao, Y., Zhuang, C., Feng, C., Zhang, X., Guan, J. Experiment Verification and Simulation Optimization of Phase Change Material Cool Roof in Summer-A Case Study of Chongqing, China, Energy, 293, 130613, 2024.
53. 53. Saafi, K., Daouas, N. Energy and Cost Efficiency of Phase Change Materials İntegrated in Building Envelopes Under Tunisia Mediterranean Climate, Energy, 187, 115987, 2019.
54. 54. Kishore, R. A., Bianchi, M. V., Booten, C., Vidal, J., Jackson, R. Parametric and Sensitivity Analysis of A PCM-İntegrated Wall for Optimal Thermal Load Modulation in Lightweight Buildings, Applied thermal engineering, 187, 116568, 2021.
55. 55. Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Torres, J. F., Wang, X. PCM-Based Ceiling Panels for Passive Cooling in Buildings: A CFD Modelling, Energy and buildings, 285, 112898, 2023.
56. 56. Dabiri, S., Mehrpooya, M., Nezhad, E. G. Latent and Sensible Heat Analysis of PCM İncorporated in a Brick for Cold and Hot Climatic Conditions, Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics, Energy, 159, 160-171, 2018.