TÜRKİYE’DE BİYOETANOL ÜRETİMİ VE POTANSİYELİ

Öz

Küresel enerji talebindeki sürekli artış ve ihtiyaç, yeni enerji kaynaklarının bulunmasını zorunlu halegetirmektedir. Türkiye kullandığı petrolün neredeyse tamamını ithal etmektedir buda ekonomik açıdan ciddisıkıntılar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bir tahıl ambarı olan Türkiye’de enerji tarımının yapılması ve biyoetanolüretilmesi petrole olan bağımlılığı ve sera gazı salınımlarını azaltacaktır. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye’de biyoetanolüretimi petrole karşı ciddi bir alternatif olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlarneticesinde Türkiye’de şu anki tarımsal üretim ile hiçbir tahıldan, hasadının %100 kullanılsa bile, benzintüketimine eşdeğer miktarda biyoetanol üretilmesi mümkün değildir. Ancak, E5 ve E10 benzin üretimi buğdayhasadın %4 ve %7’lik kısımları kullanılarak karşılanabilecektir. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de kullanılmayan tarımsalaraziler üzerinde patates, şeker pancarı ve buğday ekimi ile yıllık 5.8, 8.7 ve 13.7 milyar litre biyoetanolüretilebilecektir ve bu üretim ile Türkiye’nin benzin ihtiyacının tamamı biyoetanol üretimi ile karşılanabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alternatif enerji kaynakları, buğday, biyoetanol, karbon döngüsü, yenilenebilir enerji.

Kaynakça

1. Zhu, S., Wu, Y., Yu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, C.,
2. Yu, F., Jin, S., Zhao, Y., Tu, S., Xue, Y.,
3. "Simultaneous Saccharification and
4. Fermentation of Microwave/Alkali Pre-treated
5. Rice Straw to Ethanol", Biosystems
6. Engineering, 92, 229-235, 2005.
7. Anonim, Energy use per capita, World Bank,
8. http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wbwdi&

9. met=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&tdim=true&dl=
10. en&hl=en&q=world+energy+consumption#met
11. =eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&tdim=true, 2010.
12. Anonim, Energy Consumption per Capita,
13. Wikimedia Commons,
14. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Energy
15. -consumption-per-capita-2003.png, 2010.
16. Anonim, World Per Capita Total Primary
17. Energy Consumption,1980-2006, Energy
18. Information Administration,
19. www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1
20. c.xls, 2010.
21. Shafiee, S., Topal, E., "When will fossil fuel
22. reserves be diminished?", Energy Policy, 37,
23. -189, 2009.
24. Barbir, F., Veziroglu, T.N., Plass Jr, H.J.,
25. "Environmental damage due to fossil fuels use",
26. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
27. , 739-749, 1990.
28. Schlamadinger, B., Johns, T., Ciccarese, L.,
29. Braun, M., Sato, A., Senyaz, A., Stephens, P.,
30. Takahashi, M., Zhang, X., "Options for
31. including land use in a climate agreement post-
32. : improving the Kyoto Protocol approach",
33. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 295-305,
34. -
35. Gross, R., Leach, M., Bauen, A., "Progress in
36. renewable energy", Environment
37. International, 29, 105-122, 2003.
38. Ong, Y.K., Bhatia, S., "The current status and
39. perspectives of biofuel production via catalytic
40. cracking of edible and non-edible oils", Energy,
41. , 111-119, 2010.
42. Frondel, M., Peters, J., "Biodiesel: A new
43. Oildorado?", Energy Policy, 35, 1675-1684,
44. -
45. Prasad, S., Singh, A., Joshi, H.C., "Ethanol as an
46. alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and
47. urban residues", Resources, Conservation and
48. Recycling, 50, 1-39, 2007.
49. Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Galbe, M., Gorwa-
50. Grauslund, M.F., Lidén, G., Zacchi, G., "Bioethanol
51. - the fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today", Trends in Biotechnology, 24, 549-
52. , 2006.
53. Malça, J., Freire, F., "Renewability and lifecycle
54. energy efficiency of bioethanol and bioethyl
55. tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): Assessing
56. the implications of allocation", Energy, 31,
57. -3380, 2006.
58. Demirbas, A., "Progress and recent trends in
59. biofuels", Progress in Energy and
60. Combustion Science, 33, 1-18, 2007.
61. Demirbas, A., "Biofuels securing the planet's
62. future energy needs", Energy Conversion and
63. Management, 50, 2239-2249, 2009.
64. Jonsson, J.Â., Saab BioPower: Daha Yeşil Bir
65. Geleceğe Doğru,
66. http://gmmediaturkey.com/news/news_detail.asp
67. ?newsID=527&customerID=3, 2006.
68. Liu, R., Li, J., Shen, F., "Refining bioethanol
69. from stalk juice of sweet sorghum by
70. immobilized yeast fermentation", Renewable
71. Energy, 33, 1130-1135, 2008.
72. Anonim, Biyoetanol Çalışmaları, Elektrik İşleri
73. Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü,
74. http://www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/YEK/biyoenerji/03
75. -biyoetanol/be_uretim.html, 2010.
76. Harrison, M.A., Moselio, S., "Beer/Brewing",
77. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Academic
78. Press, Oxford, 23-33, 2009.
79. Guasch-Jané, M.R., Andrés-Lacueva, C.,
80. Jáuregui, O., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., "First
81. evidence of white wine in ancient Egypt from
82. Tutankhamun's tomb", Journal of
83. Archaeological Science, 33, 1075-1080, 2006.
84. Leegood, R.C., William, J.L., Lane, M.D.,
85. "Photosynthesis", Encyclopedia of Biological
86. Chemistry, Elsevier, New York, 330-335,
87. -
88. Bergthaller, W., Hollmann, J., Johannis, P.K.,
89. "Starch", Comprehensive Glycoscience,
90. Elsevier, Oxford, 579-612, 2007.
91. Jarvis, M.C., Brian, T., "PRIMARY
92. PRODUCTS | Cellulose", Encyclopedia of
93. Applied Plant Sciences, Elsevier, Oxford, 865-
94. , 2003.
95. Amutha, R., Gunasekaran, P., "Production of
96. ethanol from liquefied cassava starch using coimmobilized
97. cells of Zymomonas mobilis and
98. Saccharomyces diastaticus", Journal of
99. Bioscience and Bioengineering, 92, 560-564,
100. -
101. Demirbas, A., Bioethanol from Cellulosic
102. Materials: A Renewable Motor Fuel from
103. Biomass, Energy Sources, Taylor & Francis
104. Ltd, 327-337, 2005.
105. Ben-Gera, I., Rokey, G.J., Smith, O.B.,
106. "Extrusion cooking of grains for ethanol
107. production", Journal of Food Engineering, 2,
108. -187, 1983.
109. Arifeen, N., Kookos, I.K., Wang, R., Koutinas,
110. A.A., Webb, C., "Development of novel wheat
111. biorefining: Effect of gluten extraction from
112. wheat on bioethanol production", Biochemical
113. Engineering Journal, 43, 113-121, 2009.
114. Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, A.B.,
115. Kongjan, P., Angelidaki, I., "Bioethanol,
116. biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat
117. straw in a biorefinery concept", Bioresource
118. Technology, 100, 2562-2568, 2009.
119. Botella, C., Diaz, A.B., Wang, R., Koutinas, A.,
120. Webb, C., "Particulate bioprocessing: A novel
121. process strategy for biorefineries", Process
122. Biochemistry, 44, 546-555, 2009.
123. Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., Angelidaki, I.,
124. "Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: An
125. overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and
126. fermentation", Bioresource Technology, 101,
127. -4753, 2010.
128. Xu, Y., Wang, R.H., Koutinas, A.A., Webb, C.,
129. "Microbial biodegradable plastic production
130. from a wheat-based biorefining strategy",
131. Process Biochemistry, 45, 153-163, 2010.
132. Turov, Y.Y., "Petrochemical production of
133. Japan", Chemistry and Technology of Fuels
134. and Oils, 1, 160-164, 1965.
135. Demirbas, A., "Biofuels sources, biofuel policy,
136. biofuel economy and global biofuel
137. projections", Energy Conversion and
138. Management, 49, 2106-2116, 2008.
139. Hilton, B., Duddy, B., "The effect of E20
140. ethanol fuel on vehicle emissions", Proceedings
141. of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
142. Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering,
143. , 1577-1586, 2009.
144. Clarke, Z., Enna, S.J., David, B.B., "Ethanol",
145. xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology
146. Reference, Elsevier, New York, 1-5, 2007.
147. Sarkar, D.K., George FinkAssociate
148. Editors:Bruce, M., Kloet, E.R.d., Robert, R.,
149. George, C., Andrew, S., Noel, R., Ian, C., Giora,
150. F., "Ethanol and Endogenous Opioids",
151. Encyclopedia of Stress, Academic Press, New
152. York, 955-959, 2007.
153. Demirbas, A., "Political, economic and
154. environmental impacts of biofuels: A review",
155. Applied Energy, 86, S108-S117, 2009.
156. Solomon, B.D., Barnes, J.R., Halvorsen, K.E.,
157. "Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History,
158. economics, and energy policy", Biomass and
159. Bioenergy, 31, 416-425, 2007.
160. Thomas, V., Kwong, A., "Ethanol as a lead
161. replacement: phasing out leaded gasoline in
162. Africa", Energy Policy, 29, 1133-1143, 2001.
163. Hsieh, W.-D., Chen, R.-H., Wu, T.-L., Lin, T.-
164. H., "Engine performance and pollutant emission
165. of an SI engine using ethanol-gasoline blended
166. fuels", Atmospheric Environment, 36, 403-
167. , 2002.
168. Song, C.-L., Zhou, Y.-C., Huang, R.-J., Wang,
169. Y.-Q., Huang, Q.-F., Lü, G., Liu, K.-M.,
170. "Influence of ethanol-diesel blended fuels on diesel exhaust emissions and mutagenic and
171. genotoxic activities of particulate extracts",
172. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149, 355-
173. , 2007.
174. González-García, S., Gasol, C.M., Gabarrell, X.,
175. Rieradevall, J., Moreira, M.T., Feijoo, G.,
176. "Environmental profile of ethanol from poplar
177. biomass as transport fuel in Southern Europe",
178. Renewable Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof,
179. -
180. Topgül, T., Yücesu, H.S., Çinar, C., Koca, A.,
181. "The effects of ethanol-unleaded gasoline
182. blends and ignition timing on engine
183. performance and exhaust emissions",
184. Renewable Energy, 31, 2534-2542, 2006.
185. Yu, S., Tao, J., "Economic, energy and
186. environmental evaluations of biomass-based
187. fuel ethanol projects based on life cycle
188. assessment and simulation", Applied Energy,
189. , S178-S188, 2009.
190. Yu, S., Tao, J., "Simulation-based life cycle
191. assessment of energy efficiency of biomassbased
192. ethanol fuel from different feedstocks in
193. China", Energy, 34, 476-484, 2009.
194. Yunoki, S., Saito, M., "A simple method to
195. determine bioethanol content in gasoline using
196. two-step extraction and liquid scintillation
197. counting", Bioresource Technology, 100,
198. -6128, 2009.
199. Lal, R., "Soil quality impacts of residue removal
200. for bioethanol production", Soil and Tillage
201. Research, 102, 233-241, 2009.
202. Hammond, G.P., Kallu, S., McManus, M.C.,
203. "Development of biofuels for the UK
204. automotive market", Applied Energy, 85, 506-
205. , 2008.
206. Qiu, H., Huang, J., Yang, J., Rozelle, S., Zhang,
207. Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., "Bioethanol
208. development in China and the potential impacts
209. on its agricultural economy", Applied Energy,
210. , 76-83, 2010.
211. Anonim, Carbon Cycle,
212. http://blufiles.storage.live.com/y1pT8nKZoSDh
213. q0Qr_8AVhQxgwioJQXTFkqGAB4hf1E1wUw
214. QePgeP3UtXYulu2P5RYHvEhW83eVT7Ow,
215. -
216. Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., "Progress in
217. bioethanol processing", Progress in Energy
218. and Combustion Science, 34, 551-573, 2008.
219. Hettinga, W.G., Junginger, H.M., Dekker, S.C.,
220. Hoogwijk, M., McAloon, A.J., Hicks, K.B.,
221. "Understanding the reductions in US corn
222. ethanol production costs: An experience curve
223. approach", Energy Policy, 37, 190-203, 2009.
224. Dias, M.O.S., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A.,
225. Maciel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., Maciel,
226. M.R.W., "Production of bioethanol and other
227. bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse:
228. Integration to conventional bioethanol
229. production process", Chemical Engineering
230. Research and Design, 87, 1206-1216, 2009.
231. Koutinas, A.A., Arifeen, N., Wang, R., Webb,
232. C., "Cereal-based biorefinery development:
233. Integrated enzyme production for cereal flour
234. hydrolysis", Biotechnology and
235. Bioengineering, 97, 61-72, 2007.
236. Wang, R., Godoy, L.C., Shaarani, S.M.,
237. Melikoglu, M., Koutinas, A., Webb, C.,
238. "Improving wheat flour hydrolysis by an
239. enzyme mixture from solid state fungal
240. fermentation", Enzyme and Microbial
241. Technology, 44, 223-228, 2009.
242. Anonim, Türkiye'de Biyoyakıtlar,
243. www.albiyobir.org.tr/biyoyakitlar01.htm, 2010.
244. Anonim, Türkiye'nin Biyoetanol Üretim
245. Projeksiyonu, Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel
246. Müdürlüğü,
247. http://www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/YEK/biyoenerji/03
248. -biyoetanol/be_Turkiye.html, 2010.
249. Mathews, J.A., "Biofuels: What a Biopact
250. between North and South could achieve",
251. Energy Policy, 35, 3550-3570, 2007.
252. Pohit, S., Biswas, P.K., Kumar, R., Jha, J.,
253. "International experiences of ethanol as
254. transport fuel: Policy implications for India",
255. Energy Policy, 37, 4540-4548, 2009.
256. Mabee, W.E., Saddler, J.N., "Bioethanol from
257. lignocellulosics: Status and perspectives in
258. Canada", Bioresource Technology, In Press,
259. Corrected Proof, 2009.
260. Anonim, Biyoetanol Fiyat Analizi, Elektrik
261. İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü,
262. http://www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/YEK/biyoenerji/03
263. -biyoetanol/be_fiyat.html, 2010.
264. Anonim, Dünya ve AB Biyoetanol Üretimi,
265. Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü,
266. http://www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/YEK/biyoenerji/03
267. -biyoetanol/be_dunya_AB.html, 2010.
268. Wikipedia-Contributors, Ethanol fuel,
269. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
270. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel, 2009.
271. Anonim, Biyoetanol ve Biyoetanol Üretimi,
272. Konya Şeker,
273. http://www.konyaseker.com.tr/?sayfa=icerik&p
274. gid=208&text=208, 2010.
275. Anonim, Türkiye'nin İlk Üç Biyoetanol
276. Üretim Tesislerinden Biri Olan Tezkim,
277. Açılış için Başbakan Erdoğan'ı Bekliyor,
278. Haberler.com, http://www.haberler.com/turkiyenin-
279. ilk-uc-biyoetanol-uretim-tesislerindenhaberi/,
280. -
281. Ar, F., Şeker Sanayi ve Biyoetanol Üretimi,
282. Pankobirlik,
283. www.albiyobir.org.tr/files/img.../e06-1008-
284. Panko-Birlik-FigenAR.pp, 2006.
285. Sobrino, F.H., Monroy, C.R., "Critical analysis
286. of the European Union directive which regulates
287. the use of biofuels: An approach to the Spanish case", Renewable and Sustainable Energy
288. Reviews, 13, 2675-2681, 2009.
289. Afacan, T., Türkiye'de Biyoyakıtların
290. Gelişimi, Uygulamalar, Sorunlar ve
291. Öneriler:, Alternatif Enerji ve Biyodizel
292. Üreticileri Birliği Derneği (ALBİYOBİR),
293. http://dektmk.org.tr/pdf/enerji_kongresi_10/tam
294. erafacan.pdf, 2010.
295. Yetkin, A.E., Türkiye'de Tarım Sektöründe
296. Üretimin Gelişmesi,
297. http://www.gencmusiad.org.tr/GM/Icerik.aspx?
298. VERSION=112&TIP=SEB&ALT_TIP=SGS&
299. N=3072, 2010.
300. Anonim, FAOSTAT, FOOD AND
301. AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE
302. UNITED NATIONS,
303. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor
304. , 2009.
305. Anonim, FAOSTAT - Yields of Different
306. Crops for Turkey, FOOD AND
307. AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE
308. UNITED NATIONS,
309. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.as
310. px?PageID=567#ancor, 2010.