ÇALIŞANLARIN TOPLAM İŞ YÜKÜ SEVİYELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR MODEL VE UYGULAMASI

Öz

İş kazaları ve yaralanmaların en büyük nedenlerinden biri yanlış tasarlanmış iş ve çalışma ortamlarıdır. Tasarım aşamasında ergonomik faktörler dikkate alınmadan yetersiz veya eksik tasarlanmış olan çalışma ortamları; hata ve kaza oranlarının artmasına ve bu artışlara paralel olarak verimliliğinin düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Çalışma yeri tasarımında dikkate alınacak konulardan biri de çalışma ortamına bağlı olarak çalışanın katlanacağı Toplam İş Yükü (TİY) seviyesidir. TİY seviyesi çalışma ortamı, yapılan iş ve çalışanın fiziksel ve zihinsel özelliklerine bağlı olarak hesaplanan bir katsayıdır. Bu makalede TİY seviyesinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir model geliştirilmiş ve geliştirilen model Analitik Ağ Prosesi (AAP) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. AAP yönteminin en önemli özelliği değerlendirme sürecinde kullanılan faktörler arasındaki bağımlılıkları dikkate alması ve bu yönüyle daha doğru sonuçların elde edilmesini sağlamasıdır. Çalışmanın sonucunda geliştirilen modele ilişkin bir uygulama yapılmış ve bu uygulama üzerinde modelin kullanımı gösterilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çalışma yeri düzenleme, toplam iş yükü, çok kriterli analiz, analitik ağ prosesi.

Kaynakça

1. Jung, H.S, Jung, H.S., ”Establishment of overall workload assessment technique for various tasks and workplaces”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28, 341-353, 2001.
2. Weiner, J.S., ”The measurement of human workload”, Ergonomics, 25, 953-965, 1982.
3. Hart, S.G., Wickens, C.D., In: Harold R. Booher (Ed.), Manprint, an approach to systems integration, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1990.
4. Karwowski, W., Mulholland, N., Ward, T., Jagannathan, V., Kirchner, R., ”Liftan: an experimental expert system for analysis of manuel lifting tasks”, Ergonomics, 29, 1213-1234, 1986.
5. London, M., Klimoski, J.R., ”A study of perceived job complexity”, Personnel Psychology, 28, 45-56, 1975.
6. Ivancevich, J.M., Smith, S., ”Identification and analyses of job diffuculty dimensions an emprical study”, Ergonomics, 24, 651-363, 1981.
7. Yüksel, İ., Kurt, M., ”Hekimlerin iş güçlüğü boyutlarının belirlenmesi”, 6. Ergonomi Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 631-642, Ankara, 1998.
8. Oberne, D.J., ”Examples of the use of rating scales in ergonomics research”, Applied Ergonomics, 7(4), 201-204, 1976.

9. Hill, S.G., Iavecchia, H.P., Byers, J.C., Bittner, A.C., Zaklad, A.L., Christ, R.E., ”Comparison of four subjective workload rating scales”, Human Factors, 34, 429-439, 1992.
10. Hart, S.C., Staveland, L.E., Development of a multi-dimensiol workload rating scale: result of empirical and theoretical research. In: Handcock, P.A., Meshkati, N. (Ed.), Human Mental Workload. Elseiver, Netherlands, 1988.
11. Reid, G., Shingledecker, C., Eggemeier, F., ”Application of conjoint measurement to workload scale development”, Prodeedings of the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, CA, 522-526, 1981.
12. Sanders, M.S., Mccormick, E.J., Human factors in engineering and design, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1992.
13. Cooper, G., Harper, R., The use of pilot ratings in the evaluation of aircraft handling qualities, NASA Ames Technical Report, NASA Tn-D-5153, NASA Ames Research Center, USA, 1969.
14. Wierwille, W.W., Casali, J.G., ”A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications”, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 27 th Annual Meeting, 129-133, 1983.
15. Bielski, J., Wolowicki, J., Zeyland, A., ”The ergonomic evaluation of work stres in the furniture industry”, Applied Ergonomics, 7(2), 89-91, 1976.
16. Gomer, F.E., Siverstein, L.D., Berg, W.K., Lassiter, D.L., ”Changes in electromyographic activity associated with occupational stress and poor performance in the workplace”, Human Factors, 29(2), 131-143, 1987.
17. Hancock, P.A., ”A dynamic model of stress and sustained attention”, Human Factors, 31(5), 519-537, 1989.
18. Saaty, T.L., The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill, New York, A.B.D., 1980.
19. Saaty, T.L., Decision Making with Dependence and Feedback: The Analytic Network Process, RWS Publications, Pittsburgh, A.B.D., 1996.
20. Karsak, E.E., Sozer, S., Alptekin, S.E., ”Production planning in quality function deployment using a combined analytical network process and goal programming approach”, Computers&Industrial Engineering, 44(1), 171-190, 2002.
21. Chung, S.H., Lee, A.H.L., Pearn, W.L., “Analytic network process (ANP) approach for product mix planning in semiconductor fabricator”, International Journal of Production Economics, In press, 2004.
22. Meade, L.M., Sarkis, J., ”Analyzing organizational project alternatives for agile manufacturing processes: an analytical network apprpach”, International Journal of Production Research, 37(2), 241-261, 1999.
23. Meade, L.M., Sarkis, J., ”Strategic analysis of logistics and supply chain management systems using the analytical network process”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 34(3), 201-215, 1998.
24. Lee, J.W., Kim, S.H., ”An ıntegrated approach for ındependent ınformation system project selection”, International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), 111-118 2001.
25. Lee, J.W., Kim, S.H., ”Using analytic network process and goal programming for ınterdependent ınformation system project selection”, Computers&Operations Research, 27(4), 367-382, 2001.
26. Partovi, F.Y., Corredoira, R.A., ”Quality function deployment for the good of soccer”, European Journal of Operational Research, 137(3), 642-656, 2002.
27. Meade, L.M., Presley, A., ”R&D project selection using the analytic network process”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), 59-66, 2002.
28. Bayazıt, O., ”A new methodology in multiple criteria decision-making systems: analytical network process and an application”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 15-34 2002.
29. Sarkis, J., ”A model for strategic supplier selection”, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(1), 18-28, 2002.
30. Mikhailov, L., Singh, M.S., ”Fuzzy analytic network process and its application to the development of decision support systems”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part C: Applications and Reviews, 33(1), 33-41, 2003.
31. Yurdakul, M., ”Measuring long-term performance of a manufacturing firm using the analytical network process (ANP) approach”, International Journal of Production Research, 41(11), 2501-2529, 2003.
32. Momoh, J.A., Zhu, J., ”Optimal generation-scheduling based on AHP/ANP”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernetics, 33(3), 531-535, 2003.
33. Niemira, M.P., Saaty, T.L., ”An analytical network process model for financial-crisis forecasting”, International Journal of Forecasting, Article in Pres, 2004.
34. Chaffin, D., ”Ergonomics guide for the assessment of human static strength”, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 36, 505-510, 1975.
35. Kosiak, M., Aurelius, J., Herfield, W., ”Backache in industry”, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 8, 51-58, 1966.
36. Rowe, M.L., ”Low back pain: updated position”, Journal of occupational Medicine, 13, 476-478, 1981.
37. Grandjean, E., Fitting the task to the Man-An Ergonomic Approach, Taylor and Francis, London, 1985.
38. Haslegrave, C.M, ”What do we mean by a working posture?”, Ergonomics, 37(4), 781-799, 1994.
39. Akay, D., Dağdeviren, M., Kurt, M., ”Çalışma Duruşlarının Ergonomik Analizi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 73-84, 2003.
40. Zimmer, A. C., ”A model for the interpretation of verbal predictions”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 20, 121-134, 1984.
41. Wilson, J.R., Corlett, E.N., Evaluation of Human Work, Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA, 1990.
42. Luczak, H., Ge, S., ”Fuzzy modelling of relations between physical weight and perceived heaviness: the effect illusion in industrial lifting tasks”, Ergonomics, 32, 823-837, 1989.
43. Chen, J.G., Jung, H.S., Peacock, B.J., ”A Fuzzy sets modelling approach for ergonomic workload stres analysis”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 13(3), 189-216, 1994.